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Results for “Rhodotorula toruloides”

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PubMed2025

Engineering of xylose metabolic pathways in Rhodotorula toruloides for sustainable biomanufacturing.

The oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula toruloides is a promising microbial cell factory for the sustainable production of biofuels and value-added chemicals from renewable carbon sources. Unlike the conventional yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, R. toruloides can naturally metabolize xylose, the second most abundant sugar in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. However, its native xylose metabolism is inefficient, characterized by slow xylose uptake and accumulation of D-arabitol. Moreover, despite its phenotype, research on the enzymes involved in xylose metabolism has yet to reach a consensus. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of the non-canonical xylose metabolism in R. toruloides, focusing on the properties of key enzymes involved in xylose metabolism. Native xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase exhibit broad substrate promiscuity compared to their counterparts in the xylose-fermenting Scheffersomyces stipitis. Additionally, the absence of xylulokinase expression under xylose-utilizing conditions redirects metabolism toward D-arabitol accumulation. Consequently, D-arabitol dehydrogenases and ribulokinase play essential roles in the xylose metabolism of R. toruloides. These findings highlight the fundamental differences between R. toruloides xylose metabolism and the oxidoreductase pathways observed in other xylose-fermenting yeast, providing insights for metabolic engineering strategies to improve xylose utilization and enhance bioconversion of cellulosic hydrolysates to different bioproducts by R. toruloides.

Xylose↗
PubMed1979

Urea: obligate intermediate of pyrimidine-ring catabolism in Rhodosporidium toruloides.

Urea has been shown to be an obligate intermediate in and the penultimate product of the catabolism of pyrimidine-ring nitrogen in Rhodosporidium toruloides (Rhodotorula). One of a series of mutants selected for its inability to utilize uracil as a sole source of nitrogen was unable to utilize urea also. The mutant accumulated urea and failed to form 14CO2 during supplementation with [2-14C]uracil. Radioautograms from the resulting cell extracts and media failed to reveal expected intermediates. Cell-free extracts of the mutant were shown to lack urease activity. Revertants of the mutant were essentially wild type in all tested attributes. Elements of the reductive pathway for pyrimidine catabolism are present in Rhodosporidium (O. A. Milstein and M. L. Bekker, J. Bacteriol. 127: 1-6, 1976), but is has not been determined whether this pathway is involved with production of urea.

Cell-Free System↗
PubMed1977

[Taxonomical investigations in sexual strains of Rhodotorula glutinis (Fres.) Harrison, Rh. aurantiaca (Saito) Lodder and Rh. rubra (Demme) Lodder (author's transl)].

Several strains of Rhodotorula were crossed with the strains IFO 0559a and IFO 0880alpha of Rhodotorula glutinis. We found nine new sexual Rhodotorula strains, belongong to the species Rh. glutinis, Rh. aurantiaca and Rh. rubra. 22 combinations, whose physiological and biochemical qualities were found out, followed from crossings of all sexual strains. The cell walls of some selected mycel combinations contained a pore in the center. Resting spores and life cycles of all combinations correspond to Rhodosporidium toruloides Banno. Results and taxonomical problems are being discussed.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed2024

Binary vector copy number engineering improves Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.

The copy number of a plasmid is linked to its functionality, yet there have been few attempts to optimize higher-copy-number mutants for use across diverse origins of replication in different hosts. We use a high-throughput growth-coupled selection assay and a directed evolution approach to rapidly identify origin of replication mutations that influence copy number and screen for mutants that improve Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) efficiency. By introducing these mutations into binary vectors within the plasmid backbone used for AMT, we observe improved transient transformation of Nicotiana benthamiana in four diverse tested origins (pVS1, RK2, pSa and BBR1). For the best-performing origin, pVS1, we isolate higher-copy-number variants that increase stable transformation efficiencies by 60-100% in Arabidopsis thaliana and 390% in the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. Our work provides an easily deployable framework to generate plasmid copy number variants that will enable greater precision in prokaryotic genetic engineering, in addition to improving AMT efficiency.

Genetic Vectors↗
PubMed1976

Some physiological observations on the uptake of D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose by starving and exponentially-growing yeasts.

Some methods for measuring the uptake of sugars by yeasts were investigated critically. A study was made of the effects of starvation of Pichia pinus, Candida utilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodosporidium toruloides on their uptake of D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Marked changes in the rates of uptake of these sugars occured during 10 h of starvation, including (a) an immediate increase of up to 75% above that for growing cells and (b) a continuous decline to as little as 4%. Each yeast behaved differently. The rates did not remain constant during the periods of starvation often used for studies on the transport of sugars into yeasts. For Pichia pinus, there were striking differences, associated with starvation, between the transport of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and D-glucose, despite evidence that the two sugars enter this yeast by means of the same carrier. Some physiological explanations for these findings are discussed.

Biological Transport↗