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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1980

Influenza in children. Relationship to other respiratory agents.

During the 1975-1976 respiratory disease season, influenza A/Victoria virus exceeded respiratory syncytial (RS) virus as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease (LRD) in children admitted to the hospital. This was a reversal of their usual roles in the etiology of LRD; however, the importance of influenza viruses in causing serious disease in children has been underestimated because of failure to appreciate the full spectrum of disease associated with influenza virus infections. In addition to those with LRD, several children were hospitalized with nonspecific febrile illnesses or CNS involvement. Furthermore, in the ambulatory care setting, influenza viruses were the most important cause of illness that necessitated children's being brought for medical care during a three-year period. During the peak of epidemics, influenza viruses appeared to interfere with the spread of other major respiratory viruses--particularly RS virus.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toxicity and antiviral activity of LY253963 against respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza type 3 viruses in tissue culture and in cotton rats.

LY253963, the sodium salt of 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylcyanamide, was evaluated in tissue culture and in cotton rats for toxicity and antiviral efficacy against respiratory syncytial (RSV) and parainfluenza type 3 (PIV3) viruses. The selective index (ratio of the median toxic dose: median efficacious dose) of LY253963 in HEp2 tissue culture cells was greater than 100 against both RSV and PIV3. When given intraperitoneally to cotton rats, the minimum protective dose of LY253963 against both of these viruses was between 1 and 3 mg/kg/day. In contrast, doses of LY253963 as high as 30 mg/kg/day, administered orally after experimental inoculation of virus, did not significantly reduce pulmonary virus titers in treated animals compared to control animals given placebo. No toxic effects were noted in cotton rats, even in those given 20 mg/kg/day for eight consecutive days.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Current approaches to the development of vaccines effective against parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial viruses.

Vaccines against parainfluenza (PIV) and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) that are currently being developed include both live and subunit vaccines. Candidate live PIV vaccines that have been found to be attenuated and efficacious in rodents or primate models are (1) cold-adapted, temperature-sensitive mutants of PIV-type 3 that have been serially passaged at low temperature (20 degrees C) in simian kidney tissue culture; (2) protease-activation mutants (PIV-1-Sendai), which have mutations that decrease the cleavability of their F glycoprotein by host cell protease; (3) an animal virus, bovine PIV-3 virus, which is antigenically related to the human PIV-3 virus, and (4) vaccinia recombinant viruses bearing RSV or PIV-3 glycoproteins. Subunit RSV and PIV-3 viruses are being produced and evaluated as immunogens. A major concern with these vaccines is the possibility of disease potentiation following virus infection as occurred previously with formalin-inactivated measles and RSV vaccines. Studies indicate that PIV-3 and RSV glycoprotein vaccines are immunogenic and efficacious in animals but insufficient data exist to estimate their capacity to potentiate disease. However, since a cotton rat model is available to detect potentiated disease resulting from infection of cotton rats previously immunized with formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine, it is now possible to systematically evaluate new vaccines in experimental animals for disease potentiation before studies are initiated in humans. It is likely within the next several years that one or more of these PIV or RSV vaccines will be tested in humans for safety and immunogenicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiology and aetiology of acute bronchiolitis in Hong Kong infants.

The epidemiological, clinical and virological features of 1220 children with acute bronchiolitis admitted to the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, from 1985 to 1988 are reported. They accounted for 6.6% of total paediatric admissions and provided a case incidence of bronchiolitis requiring admission to hospital of approximately 21 per 1000 children 0-24 months of age. The clinical course and outcome was in general benign. The average hospital stay was 5 days and there were no deaths. Ten per cent of patients were repeatedly admitted to hospital with recurrent wheezing after discharge. Two infants developed bronchiolitis obliterans. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was shown by direct immunofluorescence, virus culture and serology to be the commonest cause of acute bronchiolitis in Hong Kong. Other aetiological agents included parainfluenza and influenza viruses, adenoviruses, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In contrast to western countries, a seasonal variation of bronchiolitis was found with a peak incidence in the summer months. The significance of these observations is discussed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Viral vaccines for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing nations: priorities and prospects.

In concert with bacteria, respiratory viruses play a major role in the high rates of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) experienced in developing nations. Respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and influenza viruses, and the adenoviruses are the predominant viral causes of ALRI in both developed and developing regions. In this review, the epidemiologic data from developing nations for these viral infections are summarized and the current status of viral vaccines for prevention of ALRI are described. Among the questions to be addressed before these vaccines are used in developing nations are (1) the age-specific rates of infection and disease, (2) the effect of high-dose early exposure to these viruses, and (3) the effect of malnutrition on the immunogenicity of the vaccines. Prospective family studies and other community-based approaches will be required in the acquisition of these data.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1987

Efficiency of immunofluorescence for rapid detection of common respiratory viruses.

Rapid immunofluorescence (FA) methods for the detection of common respiratory viruses were compared with culture results over a 3-year period to assess the relative efficiency of FA in a clinical laboratory setting. For respiratory syncytial virus, efficiencies were high (sensitivity, 90 to 95%; specificity, 92 to 95%). The sensitivity of FA for detection of parainfluenza virus type 1, parainfluenza virus type 3, influenza A virus, and adenoviruses ranged from 28 to 63%, but specificities for these viruses were uniformly 98 to 100%. The observations form a basis for consideration of selective reduction of routine culture procedures for specimens with initial positive rapid FA results; however, the possibility of dual viral infection in some situations must also be considered.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1988

Serologic study of febrile upper respiratory tract infections in adults.

We prospectively studied serum antiviral antibody response in adult patients with febrile upper respiratory tract infections. Paired sera were obtained in 158 patients from January 1982 to December 1983. Eighteen patients (11.4 percent) showed a significant antibody rise in the convalescent phase of the disease compared to the acute phase. Significant antibody rise was observed against all viruses examined: influenza viruses type A and B, adenovirus type 3, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza viruses type 1, 2 and 3. Two patients responded simultaneously to two viruses. Serum interferon was detected in acute phase of the disease in 4 of 8 patients examined in whom viral infections were proved. Detected interferon was alpha type.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1985

Rapid diagnosis of viral infections with fluorescent antisera.

Viral immunofluorescence tests were performed with commercial antisera on 1046 specimens of respiratory, conjunctival corneal and dermal origin to compare the diagnostic effectiveness of direct examination by immunofluorescence with culture. The fluorescence assays were found to be highly sensitive for respiratory syncytial and measles virus in nasopharyngeal aspirates from children, but less satisfactory for other respiratory viruses. The test detected 38% of the adenovirus positives from conjunctival specimens and 67% of the combined herpes simplex virus positives from the latter 3 groups. Despite the reduced sensitivity of fluorescence for some viruses, a case is presented for more widespread use of fluorescence in routine microbiology laboratories because of its simplicity, speed and cost-effectiveness compared with culture which is labour-intensive and time consuming.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1988

Antigen detection in the diagnosis of viral infections.

The value of viral antigen detection from nasopharyngeal secretion (NPS) by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in everyday clinical practice was evaluated in 570 children hospitalized because of infections. NPS-EIA gave a positive result in 32% of all cases. Virus isolation was positive in the NPS in 25%, virus isolation in stool samples in 14%, and virus serology in 28% of the cases. NPS-EIA was superior for detecting adenovirus, respiratory syncytial (RS) and parainfluenza viruses. In a series of 124 patients in whom 3 methods were compared, NPS-EIA was the only positive method in 48% of all findings positive for adenoviruses, in 73% for RSV, and in 58% for parainfluenza viruses. Antigen detection by NPS-EIA markedly increased the diagnostic potential in everyday clinical practice, especially for viral respiratory diseases.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1980

Experimental infection and serologic survey for selected paramyxoviruses in red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus).

Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were experimentally exposed to three avian paramyxoviruses: turkey parainfluenza virus, Yucaipa virus, and two strains of Newcastle disease virus. Aerosol exposure resulted in infection but exposure in food or drinking water rarely or never did. Tracheal swabs contained virus for up to eight days post exposure, cloacal swabs were negative. Transmission to contact birds occurred infrequently. Antibody response was of low titer and short duration. No hemagglutination inhibition activity against these viruses was found in 387 sera collected from red-winged blackbirds and tricolored blackbirds (Agelaius tricolor) trapped in six states.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Acute respiratory tract infections of children in hospital: a viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae profile.

Respiratory specimens and blood were collected from all infants and children admitted with acute respiratory illness to a paediatric unit in Christchurch from May to November (late autumn, winter and spring) 1983, to define the viral aetiological agents involved. A virus or Mycoplasma pneumoniae was identified in 160 (50%) of 317 children studied by the rapid indirect immunofluorescence, virus culture and/or serological techniques. Aetiological agents were detected in 71% of children with bronchiolitis, 57% with pneumonia, 53% with bronchitis, 40% with laryngotracheitis (croup), and 45% with upper respiratory tract illness. Respiratory syncytial virus was the most frequently identified virus, confirming the importance of this virus as a cause of respiratory illness requiring hospitalisation of young children in Christchurch. An epidemic due to influenza A/Dunedin/7/83 (HINI) and A/New Caledonia/4/83 (HINI) viruses occurred during the study period.

Bronchiolitis, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Virological and immunological research on patients with influenza and acute respiratory diseases with central nervous system involvement].

Virological examinations of the cerebrospinal fluid and nasopharyngeal washings from 96 patients with influenza and other acute respiratory viral diseases and of the autopsy material from 14 patients who had had symptoms of the involvement of the central nervous system permitted isolation of respiratory viruses and detection of viral antigens in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue. The level of immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid was found to be increased, however, their concentration did not exceed that in the blood serum which only indicates the possibility of their penetration through the hematoencephalic barrier. This factor, as well as the pattern of pathomorphological changes in the brain tissues indicate the toxicoallergic genesis of meningoencephalitis in acute respiratory diseases.

Acute Disease↗