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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Simultaneous detection of influenza A, B, and C viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenoviruses in clinical samples by multiplex reverse transcription nested-PCR assay.

The clinical presentation of infections caused by the heterogeneous group of the respiratory viruses can be very similar. Thus, the implementation of virological assays that rapidly identify the most important viruses involved is of great interest. A new multiplex reverse transcription nested-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay that is able to detect and type different respiratory viruses simultaneously is described. Primer sets were targeted to conserved regions of nucleoprotein genes of the influenza viruses, fusion protein genes of respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV), and hexon protein genes of adenoviruses. Individual influenza A, B, and C viruses, RSV (A and B), and a generic detection of the 48 serotypes of adenoviruses were identified and differentiated by the size of the PCR products. An internal amplification control was included in the reaction mixture to exclude false-negative results due to sample inhibitors and/or extraction failure. Detection levels of 0.1 and 0.01 TCID50 of influenza A and B viruses and 1-10 molecules of cloned amplified products of influenza C virus, RSV A and B, and adenovirus serotype 1 were achieved. The specificity was checked using specimens containing other respiratory viruses and no amplified products were detected in any case. A panel of 290 respiratory specimens from the 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 seasons was used to validate the assay. Accurately amplifying RNA from influenza and RSV prototype strains and DNA from all adenovirus serotypes demonstrates the use of this method for both laboratory routine diagnosis and surveillance of all these viruses.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1982

Different effects of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and Sendai virus on human lymphocytes and macrophages.

Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and Sendai virus depress human cell-mediated immune responses, such as mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation, but differ in their ability to induce other immune defense mechanisms, such as interferon production. Exposure to the different viruses resulted in depressed transformation responses to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin by affecting the function of lymphocytes, or macrophages, or both cell types.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, hepatitis A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, and poliovirus type 2 by hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization.

BACKGROUND: Studies were conducted to determine the capability of a hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization process to inactivate several types of viruses. Six test agents were used: HIV type 1, human hepatitis A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, vaccinia, herpes simplex virus type 1, and poliovirus type 2. METHODS: The test viruses were suspended in cell culture medium and dried on the bottom of sterile glass petri dishes. The inoculated dishes were processed in the hydrogen peroxide gas plasma system for half the normal sterilization cycle time. Four inoculated carriers for each virus were used in two separate half cycles. Infectivity of the test viruses and cytotoxicity to the indicator cell lines were assayed. RESULTS: The hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization process produced inactivation of the six viral test agents under these experimental conditions. The reduction in viral titers ranged from 2.5 log10 to 5.5 log10, a 99.68% to 99.999% decrease. CONCLUSIONS: These results clearly demonstrate the virucidal effectiveness of the hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization process against both lipid and nonlipid viruses.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immune responses of infants to infection with respiratory viruses and live attenuated respiratory virus candidate vaccines.

Respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the parainfluenza viruses (PIV), and the influenza viruses cause severe lower respiratory tract diseases in infants and children throughout the world. Experimental live attenuated vaccines for each of these viruses are being developed for intranasal administration in the first weeks or months of life. A variety of promising RSV, PIV-3, and influenza virus vaccine strains have been developed by classical biological methods, evaluated extensively in preclinical and clinical studies, and shown to be attenuated and genetically stable. The ongoing clinical evaluation of these vaccine candidates, coupled with recent major advances in the ability to develop genetically engineered viruses with specified mutations, may allow the rapid development of respiratory virus strains that possess ideal levels of replicative capacity and genetic stability in vivo. A major remaining obstacle to successful immunization of infants against respiratory virus associated disease may be the relatively poor immune response of very young infants to primary virus infection. This paper reviews the immune correlates of protection against disease caused by these viruses, immune responses of infants to naturally-acquired infection, and immune responses of infants to experimental infection with candidate vaccine viruses.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Self-replicative RNA vaccines elicit protection against influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and a tickborne encephalitis virus.

In genetic vaccination, recipients are immunized with antigen-encoding nucleic acid, usually DNA. This study addressed the possibility of using the recombinant alpha virus RNA molecule, which replicates in the cytoplasm of transfected cells, as a novel approach for genetic vaccination. Mice were immunized with recombinant Semliki Forest virus RNA-encoding envelope proteins from one of 3 viruses: influenza A virus, a tickborne flavivirus (louping ill virus), or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Serologic analyses showed that antigen-specific antibody responses were elicited. IgG isotyping indicated that predominantly Th1 type immune responses were induced after immunization with RSV F protein-encoding RNA, which is relevant for protection against RSV infection. Challenge infection showed that RNA immunization had elicited significant levels of protection against the 3 model virus diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The association between serological titers in infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine virus diarrhea virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, respiratory syncytial virus and treatment for respiratory disease in Ontario feedlot calves.

A seroepidemiological study of the association between antibody titers to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3, bovine virus diarrhea and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses, and treatment for bovine respiratory disease was conducted. A total of 322 calves from five different groups were bled on arrival, then one month later all cases (cattle treated for bovine respiratory disease) were rebled together with an equal number of controls (cattle not treated for any disease). Titers to these viruses varied significantly from group to group. Based on seroconversion, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus was active in 4.4%, bovine virus diarrhea virus in 24%, parainfluenza-3 virus in 69.5% and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in 71.3% of the cattle. Cattle with low titers to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and/or bovine respiratory syncytial viruses on arrival, were at increased risk of subsequent treatment for bovine respiratory disease. Treated cattle also had significantly greater increases to parainfluenza-3 and/or bovine virus diarrhea viruses than control calves. Treatment rates varied considerably from group to group and were not strongly correlated with weight gain in the postarrival period.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Standardization of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for quantitative estimation of antibodies specific for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus.

Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for detection of serum antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), parainfluenza-3 virus (PI3V), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) were standardized to give a quantitative result when testing was performed at a single optimum dilution. For each test, serum samples were titrated and their end point titers calculated by an algebraic method directly from a plot of each titration series and also from a regression line fitted to this plot. The corrected optical density (COD) of each sample when tested at dilutions of 1/25, 1/50, and 1/100 was expressed as a percentage of the COD of a positive reference serum included on each plate, this value was the sample/positive (S/P) ratio. For each test, the linear relationship between the S/P ratio obtained at a dilution of 1/25, 1/50, and 1/100 and the end point titer calculated by each method was determined. In each case, the best linear relationship existed when samples were tested at a dilution of 1/100 (r = 0.973 for BVDV, 0.962 for PI3V, 0.961 for RSV, 0.947 for IBRV). From the equation of these lines, an increase in the S/P ratio between acute and convalescent serum samples of 31%, 23%, 21%, and 35% would correspond to a 4-fold rise in ELISA titer to BVDV, PI3V, RSV, and IBRV, respectively. ELISA titers calculated from S/P ratios at 1/100 were significantly related to virus neutralization titers to BVDV, RSV, and IBRV and to hemagglutination inhibition titers to PI3V (P < < 0.001 in all cases). Samples with low S/P ratios had the greatest intraassay and interassay variation. Intraassay reproducibility ranged from 3.5% to 22.3% (coefficient of variation), with a median value of 9.5%. Interassay reproducibility was lower, ranging from 6.0% to 50.6%, with a median of 17.4%.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of various transport media for viability maintenance of herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus.

Seven viral transport media (VTM) were compared for effectiveness in preserving the infectivity of herpes simplex virus (HSV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and adenovirus. The media tested were Richards viral transport, sucrose-phosphate-glutamate (SPG), Virocult, HH medium, tryptose phosphate broth, cell culture medium, and Bartel's viral transport. Two laboratory strains of HSV (McIntyre and 333) and two clinical isolates (A0301 and A0386), comprising two HSV-1 types and two HSV-2 types, were suspended in each transport medium, kept at 4 degrees C and 22 degrees C, and assayed for surviving virus at various times of up to 2 weeks. Similar testing was done with RSV Long strain and adenovirus type 2. Of the seven media, Richards viral transport, SPG, Virocult, and HH medium, followed closely by tryptose phosphate broth, best preserved HSV infectivity at both 4 degrees C and 22 degrees C. Analysis of decay rates of RSV revealed comparatively rapid decay in SPG and Virocult. Adenovirus was stable in all media and at both temperatures tested. These results indicate that viral transport and subsequent culture isolation are possible using many different VTMs if transport times are kept to a minimum (< 1 day), but if transport extends to longer times, or low levels of virus are present in the specimen, Richards viral transport and HH medium appeared to be the best overall transport media for the viruses tested.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2004

Rapid and sensitive method using multiplex real-time PCR for diagnosis of infections by influenza a and influenza B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Laboratory diagnosis of viral respiratory infections is generally performed by virus isolation in cell culture and immunofluorescent assays. Reverse transcriptase PCR is now recognized as a sensitive and specific alternative for detection of respiratory RNA viruses. A rapid real-time multiplex PCR assay was developed for the detection of influenza A and influenza B viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus 1 (PIV1), PIV2, PIV3, and PIV4 in a two-tube multiplex reaction which used molecular beacons to discriminate the pathogens. A total of 358 respiratory samples taken over a 1-year period were analyzed by the multiplex assay. The incidence of respiratory viruses detected in these samples was 67 of 358 (19%) and 87 of 358 (24%) by culture and real-time PCR, respectively. Culture detected 3 influenza A virus, 2 influenza B virus, 57 RSV, 2 PIV1, and 2 PIV3 infections. All of these culture-positive samples and an additional 5 influenza A virus, 6 RSV, 2 PIV1, 1 PIV2, 1 PIV3, and 3 PIV4 infections were detected by the multiplex real-time PCR. The application of real-time PCR to clinical samples increases the sensitivity for respiratory viral diagnosis. In addition, results can be obtained within 6 h, which increases clinical relevance. Therefore, use of this real-time PCR assay would improve patient management and infection control.

Cell Line↗
PubMed2004

A sensitive, specific, and cost-effective multiplex reverse transcriptase-PCR assay for the detection of seven common respiratory viruses in respiratory samples.

Cell culture and direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) assays have been traditionally used for the laboratory diagnosis of respiratory viral infections. Multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (m-RT-PCR) is a sensitive, specific, and rapid method for detecting several DNA and RNA viruses in a single specimen. We developed a m-RT-PCR assay that utilizes multiple virus-specific primer pairs in a single reaction mix combined with an enzyme-linked amplicon hybridization assay (ELAHA) using virus-specific probes targeting unique gene sequences for each virus. Using this m-RT-PCR-ELAHA, we examined the presence of seven respiratory viruses in 598 nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples from patients with suspected respiratory infection. The specificity of each assay was 100%. The sensitivity of the DFA was 79.7% and the combined DFA/culture amplified-DFA (CA-DFA) was 88.6% when compared to the m-RT-PCR-ELAHA. Of the 598 NPA specimens screened by m-RT-PCR-ELAHA, 3% were positive for adenovirus (ADV), 2% for influenza A (Flu A) virus, 0.3% for influenza B (Flu B) virus, 1% for parainfluenza type 1 virus (PIV1), 1% for parainfluenza type 2 virus (PIV2), 5.5% for parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV3), and 21% for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The enhanced sensitivity, specificity, rapid result turnaround time and reduced expense of the m-RT-PCR-ELAHA compared to DFA and CA-DFA, suggests that this assay would be a significant improvement over traditional assays for the detection of respiratory viruses in a clinical laboratory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Community respiratory viruses in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Respiratory viruses, particularly influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses, and adenoviruses, are ubiquitous pathogens among humans, especially among young children. However, relatively little is known about the impact of these common infections on individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A review of the literature identifies three key areas that need further exploration. First, moderate-to-severe and even fatal lower respiratory viral illnesses in HIV-infected individuals have been reported. In general, the clinical presentation of these respiratory viral infections in persons with HIV infection is similar to their presentation in individuals without HIV infection. The major exception is the occurrence of fulminant, and often fatal, disseminated adenovirus infection in adults and children with HIV disease. Despite these reports, no information is available regarding the frequency of moderate-to-severe respiratory viral illnesses in individuals with HIV infection. Epidemiologic studies of respiratory viral illnesses in cohorts of HIV-infected adults and children are needed. Second, prolonged shedding of respiratory viruses for weeks and even months has been documented in HIV-infected adults and children. The frequency of prolonged shedding in this population has not been well defined, but data from a small newborn cohort study suggest that, at least for RSV, prolonged shedding is common. Prolonged respiratory viral shedding has implications for infection control in medical facilities where HIV-infected individuals are treated and in nursing homes, child care centers, and group foster homes that provide care for HIV-infected individuals. Therapies to help eliminate these chronic viral infections should be explored. Finally, indirect evidence suggests that respiratory viral infection may result in changes in HIV replication and, theoretically, HIV disease progression. Increased HIV-1 replication has been demonstrated in vitro in T lymphoma cells exposed to genetic material from adenovirus. Increased HIV replication in peripheral blood from adults following inactivated influenza vaccination has been reported. The impact of natural respiratory viral infection (and perhaps vaccination against these pathogens) on HIV replication and disease progression will be an important area of study.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence of antibodies against respiratory viruses (parainfluenza virus type 3, respiratory syncytial virus, reovirus and adenovirus) in relation to productivity in Syrian Awassi sheep.

Awassi sheep sera from all the provinces of the Syrian Arab Republic were tested for RSV, P13, REO and Adeno viruses (IIF and AGID tests). RSV was the most prevalent infection with 63.6% of samples seropositive, followed by REO, P13 and Adenovirus with seroprevalences of 27.3%, 24% and 8.1% respectively. Animals were more frequently infected by RSV alone. Mixed infections were also identified but the occurrence was not high. The RSV and REO virus infections occurred more frequently when transhumant flocks travelled for long distances (P < 0.001). The prevalence of RSV, P13, REO and Adenovirus infections was higher in animals sheltered in poor conditions compared to those in good shelter or with no shelter (P < 0.001; P < 0.001; n.s.; P < 0.05, respectively). RSV and P13 infections were related to an adult mortality rate of 10 to 20% (P < 0.001); REO virus was also proportionally related to mortality from low to high rates (P < 0.05). Concerning mortality of lambs, only Adenovirus infection was related to losses (> 20%) (P < 0.001). REO virus was related to low milk yield (P < 0.05).

Adenoviridae↗