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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1986

Total lung capacity, residual volume and predicted residual volume in a densitometric study of older men.

Results of investigations using various lung volumes for hydrostatic weighing determinations (HWD) appear to be inconclusive. Often, these lung volumes are predicted and not clinically determined. For this reason, total lung capacity (TLC), a measured residual volume (RV), and a predicted residual volume (PRV) were used during HWDs to compare the techniques. Twenty-five older men, 56 to 70 years (means +/- 62.1 + 4.2 years) performed HWDs at RV (10 trials) and at TLC (3-5 trials). Values for body density and fat free mass were not significantly different between RV and TLC; both values were, however, significantly different from those derived using PRV. There were statistically significant differences (p less than 0.05) between all 3 per cent body fat values but the 1.1 per cent difference between TLC and RV may not be physiologically important. It was concluded that TLC and RV may be used comparably during HWDs, but a PRV may produce significantly different values. Since HWD at TLC is easily performed and circumvents the difficulties associated with the RV technique, it may be the preferred method for older subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Changes in residual volume following oxygen breathing.

Nineteen volunteers breathed 100% oxygen for 10 min and then for a further 5 min at a restricted lung volume. Residual volume (RV) was shown to be significantly decreased by 120 ml when compared with control values breathing air. Functional residual capacity (FRC) also was decreased significantly by this manoeuvre. Other measurements indicated that the volume of FRC minus the closing capacity (CC) (FRC-CC) was not of importance in the development of the reduction in RV. It is postulated that such decreases in alveolar volume may contribute to postoperative hypoxia and morbidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Hydrostatic weighing at residual volume and functional residual capacity.

Hydrostatic weighing (HW) was performed at both residual volume (RV) and functional residual capacity (FRC) to determine if underwater weighing at different lung volumes affected the measurement of body density. Subjects were 43 males, 18-25 yr. Subjects were submerged in the prone position, and the lung volume was measured by helium dilution at the time of the underwater weighing. Underwater weight was first assessed at FRC followed by assessment at RV. Changes in lung volume were accurately reflected in the underwater weight. Body density (D) was not different with the use of the FRC (mean D = 1.0778) or RV (mean D = 1.0781) data. Percent fat values for the FRC and RV data were 9.3 +/- 5.4 and 9.2 +/- 5.1%, respectively, and were not statistically different. The results indicate that the difference between percent fat determinations by HW in the prone position at FRC and RV is negligible. Because measurement of underwater weight at FRC is more comfortable for the subject, this may be the method of choice when the lung volume can be measured during the underwater weighing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Potassium is not a good solute to estimate residual volume in CAPD.

Residual volume is defined as the volume of dialysate remaining in the peritoneal cavity after complete drainage of fluid. In this study the residual volume was estimated in 9 patients, age 42 +/- 9 years, on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for 14 +/- 12 months, using two different solutes: dextran 70 and potassium. The residual volume was calculated from the change induced in drain dialysate solute concentration by the known volume and solute concentration of the newly infused dialysis solution. The residual volume estimated with dextran 70 was 195 +/- 105 mL (75-375 mL) and with potassium 411 +/- 108 mL (245-596 mL) (K > D, p < 0.001). The correlation between these two measurements was close to significance (r = 0.654; p = 0.056). In conclusion, potassium overestimates the residual volume, probably because of its rapid diffusion during the infusion time.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Data from frequency-volume charts versus maximum free flow rate, residual volume, and voiding cystometric estimated urethral obstruction grade and detrusor contractility grade in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

AIMS: To examine associations of data from frequency-volume charts with maximum free flow rate, residual volume, and voiding cystometric estimated urethral obstruction grade and detrusor contractility in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: The 160 men included in the study met the criteria of the International Scientific Committee on BPH, i.e., they voided more than 150 mL during uroflowmetry, their residual volume and prostate size were estimated, and they completed frequency-volume charts correctly. From the frequency-volume charts, voiding habits and fluid intake were evaluated. Pressure-flow studies were performed as well. RESULTS: Increasing residual volume was related to a decrease of maximum voided volume and to a decrease of maximum free flow rate. Cystometric capacity was little affected by residual volume. Low contractility did not result in high residual volume. A marked decrease in voided volumes with increasing obstruction grade was observed, due to a decrease of cystometric capacity and an increase of residual volume. Detrusor contractility was little associated with voided volumes. A higher voiding frequency was related to a higher fluid intake. However, increased standardized frequency (number of voidings per 1,000 mL) was associated with a substantial reduction of fluid intake. CONCLUSIONS: Infravesical obstruction is the most important factor influencing voided volumes, cystometric capacity, and residual urine volume. Frequency of voiding was not influenced significantly because patients with small voided volumes minimized their fluid intake.

Diuresis↗
PubMed1987

[The oscillation method for the diagnosis of respiratory function of adults--arrangement and possibilities for optimization. 4. The oscillatory residual volume determination (RVOS)].

The residual volume can oscillatorily be estimated in an easy way with the help of diving-gas. The oscillatory unit, furnished with a sensor of density, serves as a quick helium-analyser. An overestimation of the residual volume can appear as a result of the high volatility of the used gas, an underestimation can result because of the non-registration of lung parts with entrapped air. Therefore a differentiated interpretation of the curve of wash-in is suggested. Thus a good conformity can be found with the body plethysmographic results also in patients with obstructive airways diseases including persons with disturbances of ventilatory distribution.

Helium↗
PubMed1980

Mechanism of controlling residual volume and emptying rate of the lung in young and elderly healthy subjects.

The mechanisms of controlling residual volume and lung emptying in different ages have been examined. Elastic bandage was wrapped around the abdomen, chest and shoulder (chest strapping). The measurements of various lung volumes and airway resistance were performed with and without chest strapping. Reduction in all lung volumes including residual volume (-12%) and light increase in airway resistance were obtained in subjects below 25 years with chest strapping, whereas residual volumes were higher (+ 17%, + 12%) under chest strapping in subjects between 35 and 50 years and > 60 years of age, respectively. The airway resistance was also considerably higher in these two groups. A decrease in residual volume points to the fact that the major controlling mechanism of residual volume lies in the chest wall. Chest strapping removes the outward force on the airways, enhances their closure, and traps more air, which increases residual volume. This means that the limitation of emptying lies in the airways in advanced age (> 34 years).

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Previous volume history of the lung and regional distribution of residual volume.

By use of 133Xe, the regional distribution of residual volume (RV) was measured in six seated healthy men, following a fast vital capacity (VC) expiration a) without and b) with a breath hold at residual volume of approximately 30 s and c) following a slow (greater than 30 s) VC expiration from total lung capacity (TLC) without a breath hold at RV. After the breath hold at RV, regional RV/TLC in the lower lung zones decreased significantly compared wih results obtained with fast expiratory VC and no breath hold at RV. At lung top the opposite was true. The distribution of regional RV/TLC was the same following the slow VC expiration with no breath hold at RV as with the fast expiration with the breath hold at RV. The different regional distribution of RV in b and c relative to a was probably due mainly to collateral ventilation, i.e., during the breath hold at RV and the slow expiration some of the gas that was trapped in the dependent lung zones behind closed airways escaped into the upper regions of the lung where the small airways had remained patent, leading to increased expansion of upper alveoli.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Breathing near to residual volume with positive expiratory pressure.

Breathing near to residual volume produces arterial desaturation demonstrable by ear oximetry. This paper describes the effect on arterial saturation measured by an ear oximeter of expiring to residual volume, taking a normal inspired volume of air from ambient pressure, and then expiring to residual volume against a pressure of 10-15 cm of water. This breathing pattern was continued for several minutes. Carbon dioxide output and oxygen consumption were measured during the study and the closing volume at ambient pressure was compared with that at increased expiratory pressure. Arterial desaturation was actually increased by the increased airways pressure, the increase being modified both by minute volume and tidal volume. Closing volume was only slightly increased, but residual volume was considerably increased, by the raised pressure. The desaturation is only partially explicable on a ventilatory basis, and there is probably a component concerned with perfusion, and the absence of perfusion adaptation from hypoxic areas does not appear to accord with current hypotheses.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Residual volume in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients from various solute calculations.

Residual volume (RV) has been measured using various methods and various solutes. This prospective study set out to determine residual volume by using various solute calculations, and to estimate mean residual volume in stable Thai CAPD patients. Complete data from 9 patients (6 males, 3 females) were analyzed. Residual volume was calculated using various solutes including sodium (Na), potassium (P), glucose (G), urea (U), and creatinine (C). The calculation using sodium was too variable to use to calculate a mean. Mean of residual volume was calculated from the other solutes as RV1 (mean of PUC), RV2 (mean of GUC), and RV3 (mean of PGUC). Mean residual volumes did not correlate with sex, body weight, body surface area, hematocrit, albumin, or membrane characteristics (drained volume). Comparing all means calculated in our study, creatinine was the solute that yielded the most accurate mean, with a correlation coefficient of 0.877, 0.965, and 0.956 for RV1, RV2, and RV3 respectively. In this study, mean residual volumes were 212.49 +/- 100.03 mL, 255.23 +/- 142.58 mL, and 250.42 +/- 121.60 mL for RV1, RV2, and RV3 respectively.

Creatinine↗
PubMed2006

Residual volume on land and when immersed in water: effect on percent body fat.

There is a large residual volume (RV) error when assessing percent body fat by means of hydrostatic weighing. It has generally been measured before hydrostatic weighing. However, an individual's maximal exhalations on land and in the water may not be identical. The aims of this study were to compare residual volumes and vital capacities on land and when immersed to the neck in water, and to examine the influence of the measurement error on percent body fat. The participants were 20 healthy Japanese males and 20 healthy Japanese females. To assess the influence of the RV error on percent body fat in both conditions and to evaluate the cross-validity of the prediction equation, another 20 males and 20 females were measured using hydrostatic weighing. Residual volume was measured on land and in the water using a nitrogen wash-out technique based on an open-circuit approach. In water, residual volume was measured with the participant sitting on a chair while the whole body, except the head, was submerged . The trial-to-trial reliabilities of residual volume in both conditions were very good (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.98). Although residual volume measured under the two conditions did not agree completely, they showed a high correlation (males: 0.880; females: 0.853; P < 0.05). The limits of agreement for residual volumes in both conditions using Bland-Altman plots were -0.430 to 0.508 litres. This range was larger than the trial-to-trial error of residual volume on land (-0.260 to 0.304 litres). Moreover, the relationship between percent body fat computed using residual volume measured in both conditions was very good for both sexes (males: r = 0.902; females: r = 0.869, P < 0.0001), and the errors were approximately -6 to 4% (limits of agreement for percent body fat: -3.4 to 2.2% for males; -6.3 to 4.4% for females). We conclude that if these errors are of no importance, residual volume measured on land can be used when assessing body composition.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Location of flow-limiting segments via airway catheters near residual volume in humans.

Previous studies have demonstrated sites of flow limitation in the central airways of dogs and humans. At low lung volumes, however, during a forced expiration, it is not clear whether flow-limiting segments (FLS) move into the lung periphery. Using intrabronchial lateral pressure catheters, we located FLS in human subjects at all lung volumes between functional residual capacity (FRC) and residual volume (RV). Three individuals with severe intracranial hemorrhage maintained on ventilators were studied. Partial maximal flow-volume curves were generated from 1 liter above FRC to RV by lowering downstream pressure and using the interrupter technique. Sites of FLS were defined as the most downstream points where lateral pressure did not change with driving pressure. FLS were found in all subjects in the central airways. In one subject, FLS moved from segmental bronchi to the first subsegmental bronchus as RV was approached but not beyond. In the other two subjects, FLS remained fixed in location at all measured lung volumes. At constant volume, multiple FLS were located, all in parallel, e.g., fixed in left upper, left lower, and right middle lobar bronchi. In conclusion, sites of flow limitation remain in the central airways as lung volume approaches RV. FLS may move peripherally within the central airways but not beyond proximal subsegmental bronchi.

Aged↗