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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

[Developmental trends in reproduction medicine].

In the last few years reproductive medicine has developed into a medical research field of its own. It deals with the theoretical and practical problems of human reproduction and is characterized by close cooperation between medical and scientific specialists both clinically and in research. Far-reaching social effects arise from the application of hitherto unknown research and treatment methods. The results of research in reproductive medicine led, due to the development of effective contraceptives, to a reduced connection between sexual intercourse and reproduction, and have made possible reproduction even without sexual intercourse, by means of artificial insemination and in-vitro fertilization. These latest and most exciting developments in reproductive medicine are based on and justified by the right of every couple to a child of their own. In-vitro fertilization and related treatments, eg. gamete intrafallopian transfer, are expected to dominate the treatment of the sterile couple in future. The social effects of the new techniques in reproductive medicine nessecitate the development of ethical standpoints, in which human welfare must predominate. In the GDR, in accordance with the recommendations of the "Ethics in medicine" working group, in-vitro fertilization using gametes of the same couple is ethically accepted, as is also oocyte and embryo donation, provided they aim to fulfil a couple's wish for a child. Surrogate mothers are rejected, however. The combination of in-vitro fertilization and genetic engineering could potentially be used in the treatment of certain types of hereditary disease, but there is also the possibility of misuse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Female↗
PubMed1994

[Morals, logic and ethics in reproductive medicine].

Human reproduction has always been a matter of philosophical interrogations and controversies. This situation has been reinforced by the technical evolution which has occurred during the past years. Both hopes and concerns have been raised at the same time. Two recent advancements deserve consideration and are given as demonstrative examples: intracytoplasmic injection of spermatozoon, preimplantatory diagnosis. Their consequences are very important for both the medical and the philosophical approach. One of the questions which arises at this occasion is to determine if research on pre embryos is legitimate or not. This evolution has provoked some reluctancy and several criticisms concerning the future of the children obtained by such techniques: the risk of slippery slope, possibly leading to a form of eugenics, and the fundamental and philosophical problem of the status of the embryo. However, behind these discussions a deeper and heavier controversial matter may be discovered; it deals with the role and the responsibilities of the governmental power. An opposition does exist between two different perceptions: on the one hand, the concept of a powerful governmental body, responsible for the respect of a statutory law, grounded on a sort of universal ethical rule, to be followed by all, a concept which bears the risk of totalitarianism; on the other hand, the concept of a law with a limited responsibility to protect public order, allowing a normal social life. Amongst the numerous responsibilities of the governmental power, one is often neglected, everywhere; its concerns the protection of the female life and health. Some examples are given. However the most frightening risk, much more dangerous than the frequently alleged risk of biological eugenics, is what can be called "economical eugenics". Again some examples are given, in all the systems of social protection. Submitted to ethical rules imposed by political and legal powers, and to the influence of economical forces, what will be the role and the responsibilities of the practitioner? Unfortunately the answer may be obvious: the only way is leading to a relinquishment of medical responsibility. Far away from the dialogue which was the rule of the "dual relationship" between the patient and the practitioner, away too from the more complicated situation of today, characterized by the intervention of "third parties", the evolution, probably unavoidable, appears to be towards the withdrawal of the psychological, moral, human and humanistic involvement of the practitioner, leading him or her to a technical role.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1986

[Perspectives of reproductive medicine].

The physiology and pathology of human reproduction constitute the main focus of "reproductive" medicine, the major tasks of which lie in the treatment of infertile couples and in birth control. The current relevance of research into human reproduction is illustrated by the population explosion in developing countries, the high rate of abortion in industrialized nations and the technical and ethical implications of in vitro fertilization. Since the complex phenomenon of reproduction can only be elucidated through the cooperation of many disciplines, reproductive medicine is a truly interdisciplinary field. Dermatology also plays a role in reproductive medicine via andrology, a subspecialty of dermatology. However, in contrast to the worldwide trend, in Germany andrology is showing signs of stagnation. Only if andrology gains in strength and does not isolate itself, will it be in a position to contribute to solving the urgent problems involved in reproductive medicine.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1997

Reproductive immunology update: the 52nd annual meeting of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine.

The American Society of Reproductive Medicine meeting (formerly the American Fertility Society) was held in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, on November 2-6, 1996. Numerous abstracts concerning original research in reproductive immunology were presented at the meeting. In addition, seminars and round table discussions were held on the topics of hormonal immunocontraception, immunologic testing in reproduction, antiphospholipid syndrome, endometriosis, and immunologic infertility.

Allergy and Immunology↗
PubMed1990

The role of law in reproductive medicine: a new approach.

It is a common feature of debates on the regulation of reproductive medicine to find law portrayed as a crude form of intervention consisting in the imposition of inflexible rules on doctors and medical researchers. This paper argues that this view must be replaced by a more accurate assessment of the law's potential role in the regulation of reproductive medicine. From an analysis of the White Paper on human fertilisation and embryology, and in particular the proposed Statutory Licensing Authority, the author contends that far from being an inflexible method of regulation law can foster discussion and compromise.

Contracts↗
PubMed1988

Future directions: anti-hormones in reproductive medicine.

Anti-hormones are important in reproductive medicine because they are useful tools that teach us about the normal physiological actions of hormones. They also provide effective therapies to control or treat a variety of pathogenic processes. We expect that the future repertoire of anti-hormones will include the paracrine and autocrine regulators of specific cell functions, in addition to the endocrine systems described here. The availability of recombinant DNA expression systems for an ever larger portion of the human genome will surely accelerate the development of novel anti-hormones.

Hormone Antagonists↗
PubMed1993

[Responsibility of the physician in reproductive medicine].

The article explores the responsibility of the physician in reproductive medicine as a therapist of the couple and the child. It is based on the understanding of responsibility as a term with six relations. The article emphasizes that responsibility can only be ascribed to the physician with regard to the structure of the physicians acting.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1988

Fundamental and clinical research and patient care: a triad for progress in reproductive medicine.

This essay reviews select instances in the modern history of reproductive medicine, with particular emphasis on the past 25 years since the establishment of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. It considers five examples of how fundamental and clinical research have contributed to patient care and, in turn, received stimulus from them; that is, fertility regulation and reproductive endocrinology, prematurity and the initiation of parturition, antenatal testing of fetal maturity, antenatal diagnosis, and neonatal intensive care. Finally, some lessons regarding the interrelationships between research and clinical obstetrics and gynecology are considered.

Female↗
PubMed1988

Anti-oestrogens: their clinical physiology and use in reproductive medicine.

The anti-oestrogens are important both as therapeutic agents in reproductive medicine and as tools to investigate the physiology of the oestrogen receptor and hormonal control mechanisms. Clomiphene occupies the oestradiol receptor and, although initially stimulatory, has a net antagonistic effect as oestrogen receptors are not replenished. The major fertility-enhancing effect is to cause an increase in LH and FSH output by increasing the frequency of pulsatile output of these hormones. Many effects due to an anti-oestrogenic effect have been postulated; some, such as an adverse effect on cervical mucus, have been proven. The clinical use of the anti-oestrogens is outlined in Table 1. In well chosen patients a rewarding pregnancy rate is obtained with minimal intervention and few important side-effects. The challenge for the reproductive biologist is successfully to manage the patient who is clomiphene-resistant, either because of failure to ovulate or failure to conceive once ovulation is induced.

Anovulation↗
PubMed1997

[The internet--new information sources on reproductive medicine?].

Within the last two years Internet pages have become a highly interesting source of up-to-date information. The scientific value of those homepages for reproductive medicine differ in a wide range. The Internet still remains a very interesting source for up-to-date information covering the field of infertility treatment with a growing influence on patient decisions and with increasing economical impact.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transplantation in reproductive medicine: previous experience, present knowledge and future prospects.

The use of transplantation in reproductive medicine has been considered by physicians and scientists alike for many years. Despite being side-tracked into futile pursuits of rejuvenation in the early days, the possibility of usefulness remains, particularly for preserving fertility in patients undergoing ablative chemo- or radiotherapy. These aims have been enhanced by advances in tissue cryopreservation. When isolated primordial follicles are transferred in the mouse, or ovarian tissue slices are grafted into sheep, it is possible to obtain follicular survival with subsequent maturation and oestrogen secretion and even restore fertility to sterilized hosts. For preservation of fertility, autografts avoid both the immunological problems of allografts and the ethical dilemmas when using donor tissue. In the male, the concept of spermatogonial cell transfer after isolation and frozen storage of cells recovered from a testicular biopsy is most attractive, since it may provide another option for rescuing fertility in cancer patients, and provide a much needed one in children. Recent results demonstrate that gonocytes from immature mice injected into the tubules of sterilized hosts restore spermatogenesis and produce fertile spermatozoa. Furthermore, the gonocytes can be stored frozen prior to transfer and still produce fertile tubules. This review presents a broad history of transplantation in the male and female genital tracts as well as attempts to anticipate possible future developments.

Animals↗