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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Raising awareness about reproductive morbidity.

Lack of awareness of the extent and effect of reproductive morbidity on the health and quality of life of women in developing countries is evident at national, community and individual levels. Raising awareness at national level requires population-based, epidemiological information which must be validated. At community level, public opinion mediates women's actions when they are sick and fear of social consequences provides a barrier to treatment. Individually, women find it difficult to talk about sexual reproductive health and its management. Methodologies currently being developed for raising awareness at all levels are described.

Awareness↗
PubMed1988

Women's health and women's work in health services: what statistics tell us.

This article draws together statistical information in several broad areas that relate to women's health, women's reproductive activities and women's occupations in Sweden. The statistical analysis reflects the major changes that have occurred in Swedish society and that have had a major impact on the health and well-being, as well as on the social participation rate, of women. Much of the data is drawn from a recent special effort at Statistic Sweden aimed at influencing the classification, collection and presentation of statistical data in all fields in such a way that family, working, education, health and other conditions of women can be more readily and equitably compared with those of men. In addition, social changes have seen the shifting of the responsibility of health care from the unpaid duties of women in the home to health care institutions, where female employees predominate. These trends are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The untold story: how the health care systems in developing countries contribute to maternal mortality.

This article attempts to put together evidence from maternal mortality studies in developing countries of how an inadequate health care system characterized by misplaced priorities contributes to high maternal mortality rates. Inaccessibility of essential health information to the women most affected, and the physical as well as economic and sociocultural distance separating health services from the vast majority of women, are only part of the problem. Even when the woman reaches a health facility, there are a number of obstacles to her receiving adequate and appropriate care. These are a result of failures in the health services delivery system: the lack of minimal life-saving equipment at the first referral level; the lack of equipment, personnel, and know-how even in referral hospitals; and worst of all, faulty patient management. Prevention of maternal deaths requires fundamental changes not only in resource allocation, but in the very structures of health services delivery. These will have to be fought for as part of a wider struggle for equity and social justice.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1991

Benefits of oral contraception: thirty years' experience.

A brief overview is presented of some benefits derived during 30 years of oral contraceptive use. Many benefits are significant improvements, and those women desiring to use oral contraceptives have benefited indirectly from lowered doses. Benefits include lowered incidence of endometrial and ovarian cancer, reduced cardiovascular risks, and a decreased incidence of rheumatoid arthritis. It is hoped that such an overview may prove useful during counseling of prospective users for whom oral contraceptives are recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A longitudinal study of sexuality and gynecologic health in abused women.

Although the nature of the sexual dysfunctions that result from rape and abuse may vary, the study reported here suggests that the dysfunctions become chronic. Sexually violent assaults alter a woman's affective as well as her gynecologic and physiologic life. The author determined the frequency of sexual dysfunction in 100 women: 30 rape victims, 35 abuse victims, and 30 case-matched controls. The sexual inventory evaluated for sexual fears, sexual desire, sexual arousal, and orgasm. To evaluate the impact of the abuse on the gynecologic health of the victims, the gynecologic examination and interview focused on pain, dyspareunia, vaginismus, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, vaginitis, and pelvic surgery. Over a period of two to four years after the violent event, 61% of the raped and abused women had some sexual dysfunction. Almost the same percentage had gynecologic problems. Studies of this nature are difficult because the victims are reluctant to participate and resistant to cooperate. Only 45% of the victims in the rape-crisis centers were willing to cooperate, while only 25% of those in the shelter for abused women were willing to provide a sexual history and consent to an interview and pelvic examination. Such factors need to be kept in mind when interpreting the data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

List randomization for prevalence estimation of sensitive behavioral data among women with HIV of reproductive age in Lilongwe, Malawi.

Self-reported data are subject to reporting biases, including social desirability bias. List randomization is one method that can help mitigate the impact of such biases. Here, we examined the utility of list randomization among women of reproductive age living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. In the Family Planning and Antiretroviral Therapy study, participants were randomized to answer 5 blocks of true/false statements via either direct or list response. Each block contained 3 nonsensitive statements and 1 sensitive statement related to either condom use or HIV disclosure. For each sensitive statement, we calculated the prevalence difference (PD) comparing list response to direct response overall and stratified by socioeconomic status. The PD for 4 of the sensitive statements was negligible. However, we found that self-report of always using a condom was reported by 53.1% at list response visits vs 34.7% at direct response visits (PD, 18.5%; 95% CI, 6.2%-30.7%), a difference that was attenuated among those with higher socioeconomic status. In this setting, list randomization did not meaningfully change the estimated prevalence for most questions, except for one question, which unexpectedly produced a higher estimate for a positive behavior. Examining this method in other settings and populations is warranted.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

High prevalence of gynaecological diseases in rural Indian women.

A population-based cross-sectional study of gynaecological and sexual diseases in rural women was done in two Indian villages. Of 650 women who were studied, 55% had gynaecological complaints and 45% were symptom-free. 92% of all women were found to have one or more gynaecological or sexual diseases, and the average number of these diseases per woman was 3.6. Infections of the genital tract contributed half of this morbidity. Only 8% of the women had undergone gynaecological examination and treatment in the past. There was an association between presence of gynaecological diseases and use of female methods of contraception, but this could explain only a small fraction of the morbidity. In the rural areas of developing countries, gynaecological and sexual care should be part of primary health care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

A feminist framework for graduate education in women's health.

Graduate programs in the area of women's health have focused primarily on childbearing issues. Titles of programs such as Parent-Child Nursing, Maternal-Newborn Nursing, and Maternal-Child Nursing suggest a focus on reproduction and reproductive organs. It cannot be assumed that programs presume a feminist framework or produce graduates who are women-centered and look beyond reproductive issues. It is essential that graduate education in women's health encompasses the values of feminism and women-centered philosophy. Feminist theory, as a world view of women, brings to nursing the underpinnings for a conceptual framework in women's health. Women's health is committed to health promotion, maintenance, and restoration of the whole person through women-centered practice. The graduate curriculum provides students with the philosophy and tools for advanced nursing practice; therefore graduate curricula in women's health must include two important purposes. The first purpose is refocusing the curriculum on the whole person-woman, not solely on obstetrics and gynecology. The second purpose is socialization of students towards feminist practice, in the profession, in clinical practice, and in research.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1992

Women in the HIV epidemic.

In the United States, the majority of women with HIV/AIDS are women whose lives have been touched by injection drug use--their own or that of their sexual partners. The pattern of opportunistic infections in women is more similar to that of injection drug users than that of homosexual men. Specific complications associated with a woman's reproductive tract include persistent Candida vaginitis, human papillomavirus infections, cervical dysplasias, and, possibly, pelvic inflammatory disease. Childbearing decisions for women with HIV infection are complex and culturally mediated. Meeting the challenge of providing high quality services to women with HIV infection requires major changes in the service delivery system.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Women's workload and its impact on their health and nutritional status.

This paper highlights various issues in relation to the workload of women in developing countries and its impact on health and nutritional status. The determining factors in women's workload and work-time and the methods employed for assessment are described. The drawbacks of the methods used and the resulting inconsistencies in the data are reviewed. How women are subjected to different health stresses owing to their productive and reproductive roles has been examined under three categories of work: economic, domestic and agricultural. The interaction of women's workload and health is complex and multifactorial owing to variations in the environment and socio-economic conditions within developing countries. There is a critical need to re-examine the assumptions existing about women's workload in programmes aimed at reducing work-time and workload of women in developing countries.

Developing Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Marriage law and practice in the Sahel.

The legal systems of Sahelian African countries combine customary law, Islamic law, French colonial law, and civil law introduced since independence in 1960. Utilizing a framework developed by the Faculty of Law, University of Dakar, Senegal, and the Development Law and Policy Program, Center for Population and Family Health, Columbia University, the Sahel Institute undertook a comprehensive study of the legal and social status of women in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Senegal. Since 1960, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Senegal have replaced French family law with national marriage codes. Niger has not yet adopted a family code; the laws on the family inherited from the French remain in force. The postindependence marriage codes have attempted to give young women more say in choosing a husband, to regulate the practice of bride price, and to limit the practice of polygyny. They have done this by integrating customary law and government-passed civil law. Mali, Niger, and Senegal have repealed provisions in their codes prohibiting the distribution of contraception, based on a 1920 French law. Although it has taken no formal legal action, Burkina Faso has adopted family planning policies that effectively nullify the 1920 law.

Burkina Faso↗