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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Validity and reliability in reporting sexual partners and condom use in a Swiss population survey.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the validity and reliability of indicators of sexual behaviour and condom use in annual telephone surveys (n=2800) of the general population aged 17 to 45 for the evaluation of AIDS prevention in Switzerland. METHODS: A test-retest study with additional focused interviews was conducted on a subsample (n=138) of the respondents aged 17 to 22 years. RESULTS: The subsample included more French speaking respondents (OR: 1.7, CI: 1.1-2.5) and more people in a stable relationship (OR: 2.2, CI: 1.5-3-3) than the initial sample but did not differ in any other way, although no data is available on their attitudes towards sex. The reliability of the indicators considered was high: number of lifetime, casual sex partners in the last 6 months and condom use with them, acquisition of a new steady partner during the year and condom use with this partner, condom use at last intercourse. However, the focused interviews raised questions about the validity of some of these indicators, presumably due to imprecise wording of the questionnaire items. Among sexually active respondents, 12.5% (95% CI: 4.7-25.5) of the men included non-penetrative sex in the definition of 'sexual intercourse', but only 1.9% (95% CI: 0.1-10.3) of the women. The propensity for men of counting acts or partners with whom no penetration had taken place in the total reported sex acts or partners was not significantly associated with any socio-demographic variables. In addition, among the 15 respondents who had reported consistent condom use with casual sex partners at interview, 40% (95% CI: 16.3-67.7) admitted at reinterview that sometimes they also had unprotected sex. CONCLUSIONS: The reliability of reports on sexual behaviour and condom use in this Swiss evaluation survey is good. The indicators derived from the annual surveys are robust measures and the monitoring of trends seems to be based on reliable measurement. However, more research is required on the validity of the data.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Nutritional status, age and survival: the muscle mass hypothesis.

The relevance of nutritional indices derived from comparison with growth standards to assess the risk of dying was evaluated in a 2-year prospective study in rural Senegal. An average of 3151 children aged 6-59 months were measured twice a year and followed up during the intervening 6-month periods. Children who survived and those who died during follow-up were found to differ more by anthropometric measures directly related to absolute muscle mass (viz. weight, height or arm circumference) than by nutritional indices obtained from comparison with growth standards (weight-for-age, weight-for-height and height-for-age). The findings could not be explained by a confounding effect of age. This brings into question the current approach used to identify high-risk children.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Condom use prevents genital ulcers in women working as prostitutes. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Control of genital ulcer disease (GUD) is a proposed intervention to slow the dissemination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Programs for the control of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) should focus on groups of high-frequency transmitters, such as prostitutes and their clientele. This study illustrates the interaction between the prevalence of chancroid, use of barrier prophylaxis against STDs, and HIV infection in a population of female prostitutes in Nairobi. Four hundred and twenty three women were evaluated. Despite the increased use of condoms, the prevalence of genital ulcers remained constant between 1986-87 and 1987-88. Genital ulcer disease was simultaneously associated with HIV infection (adjusted odds ratio: 3.7, P less than .01) whereas it was independently and inversely associated with more consistent condom use (P less than .01). The authors conclude that genital ulcer disease can be controlled in these populations but concurrent HIV infection increases the difficulty of this intervention.

Chancroid↗
PubMed1991

A longitudinal study of back pain and radiological changes in the lumbar spines of middle aged women. I. Clinical findings.

The natural history of low back pain was evaluated over a nine year period in two groups of middle aged Dutch women selected from the general population. One group had recurrent back pain (n = 236) and the other group had never experienced back pain (n = 241). At the onset of the study recurrent back pain was associated with smoking, previous use of the 'pill', pain in other joints, frequent headaches, and restricted lumbar spine movement. Nine years later 170 (72%) of the group with back pain had continuing pain and 58 (24%) of the group without previous back pain had incident pain. Pain in other joints, especially the hip and knee, was a predictor of continuing and incident pain but age, body mass index, and smoking were not.

Back Pain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional status of a nationwide sample of rural Mexican populations.

Information on nutritional status of the rural Mexican population is mostly obtained from cross-sectional studies. This investigation evaluates semi-longitudinally the nutritional level of a sample of the rural population of Mexico. A total of 15,552 individuals in 2,587 households from 208 rural communities were evaluated. Body weight and height of rural boys and girls were found to be significantly lower than in their urban counterparts. Severe forms of weight for age or height for age inadequacy were more frequent in females than in males, in smaller communities than in larger ones, and in economically depressed zones than in those with a good economy. Our data showed a lower frequency of mild and moderate forms of possible malnutrition than previous studies (20 vs 50%) using as a criterion weight for age. These differences are explained on the basis of sampling bias.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of mortality among Cameroonian children: are the effects of breastfeeding and pace of childbearing artifacts?

"We analyse a rich data source, the Yaounde round of surveys [conducted] by IFORD (Institut de Formation et de Recherche Demographiques) during the late seventies and early eighties in several African urban centers. We argue that despite important limitations, these surveys are potentially very useful as a source of verification of hypotheses that have been heretofore improperly tested with retrospective surveys. Using the Yaounde round we obtain fine-tuned estimates of the effects of lactation and timing of following conception on infant and child mortality. We are able to identify the role played by birthweight, types of breastfeeding, and antecedent illnesses and thus control for important variables that are not normally recorded in conventional demographic surveys. We show that potential biases associated with losses to follow-up and selection processes are of little significance." (SUMMARY IN ITA AND FRE)

Africa↗
PubMed1991

Multiround vital statistics survey in the Lao People's Democratic Republic.

The author discusses the multiround survey program begun in Laos in 1988 as a supplement to the first national census, taken in 1985. "The project had two broad objectives. The first was to provide training and support to selected village chiefs as a way of strengthening their role as civil registrars.... The second broad objective was to set up a system of statistical collection, involving regular visits to selected households, to provide good estimates of vital statistics." Some 300 villages or urban clusters were surveyed to determine their size and growth. The results were used to project future changes in the population's characteristics.

Asia↗
PubMed1991

The effects of three abstinence sex education programs on student attitudes toward sexual activity.

The effects of three abstinence sex education programs on student attitudes toward sexual activity were studied. The programs were administered to 7th- and 10th-grade students in three school districts in the State of Utah. All students were administered a pre- and posttest survey to determine attitude change. The independent variables were program, grade level, gender, and pre/posttest. The dependent variable was the combined and averaged response to 12 questions taken from the survey. There was a four-way interaction between the independent variables. The Sex Respect program produced the most positive attitude change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

A study of vital and health statistics of the Kainji Lake Area of Nigeria.

A survey of vital and health statistics, and the evaluation of collection of these data in the registration centres of Kainji Lake Area, are presented. Forty-two per cent of all deaths occurred below 10 years of age, with the largest percentage occurring below 5 years of age. The leading causes of all deaths were malaria, gastro-intestinal disorders and measles. Occurrence of an epidemic was found to be significant to the overall mortality. The role of traditional healers in the control of childhood mortality is discussed. About 34% of the women had married more than once and 56% of the divorces occurred after the first marriage. The causes of divorces were largely due to loss of affection and neglect. The number of deliveries in the hospitals was more than the number of registered births and no death was registered at the centres. A unique system of collection of vital information was suggested for the Kainji Lake Area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

HIV-1 seroconversion rates among female commercial sex workers, Chiang Mai, Thailand: a multi cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine HIV seroconversion rates among female commercial sex workers (CSW) in Chiang Mai, Thailand. DESIGN: A three-round multi cross-sectional study was used at approximately 3-month intervals. METHODS: In December 1989, 38 brothels (60%) in Chiang Mai were randomly selected. All 518 female CSW in the brothels were interviewed about their sociodemographics, sexual practices, condom use, history of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and other risk factors. Blood was tested for Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL)-reactivity and HIV-1 antibody. The same brothels, which were all still operating, were revisited in March and July 1990 and 431 and 320 CSW, respectively, were interviewed and blood-tested. Pelvic examination, cervical, urethral and rectal cultures for gonococcus were added to the study in March 1990, although rectal culture was dropped from the study in July 1990. RESULTS: There were 5.2% [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.1-10.6] and 3.6% (95% CI, 1.5-5.4) per woman-month HIV seroconversion rates for the December-March and March-July periods, respectively. Of the CSW, 71.6-77.0% reported histories of at lest one STD. Condom-use rates among these CSW were reported to be 85.8-91.8%. High rates of positive cervical (11.2-12.3%) and urethral (8.8-11.4%) cultures for gonococcus were also found in the CSW. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that high HIV seroconversion rates and high STD prevalence rates occur despite high rates of reported condom use suggests that more aggressive education programs are needed in Thailand.

Contraceptive Devices, Male↗