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PubMed1977

Dehydrogenase activity and microbial population in a red sandy soil amended and unamended with incubation.

Incubation of single bulk sample of freshly collected red sandy soil in trays showed immediate response to added nutrients both in dehydrogenase activity and bacterial and fungal populations. The prevailing acidic pH might have been responsible for the observed response of fungi as well. Actinomycetes population did not fluctuate. It was therefore suggested that TTC dehydrogenase technique for measuring the biological activity could be applicable to coarse-textured and more open soils. There were indications that fungi contributed to the soil dehydrogenase activity as well.

Actinomycetales↗

PubMed2025

Influence of soil types with different soil-forming process on the qualitative and quantitative detection of microplastics by near-infrared spectroscopy.

Microplastics (MPs) have become a pressing global environmental threat, with soils-acting as sinks for MPs from multiple sources-gaining increasing attention. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy offers a promising tool for MPs detection due to its rapid, non-destructive, and field-applicable features. Although previous studies have focused on the effects of individual soil components on the NIR detection performance of MPs, there is still a lack of systematic research on how the complex background-formed by the coupling of multiple physicochemical properties in natural soils-affects detection performance. This study focuses on soil types with different soil-forming processes, selected five representative agricultural soils to systematically evaluate how the combinations of physicochemical properties they represented affect the performance of NIR-based qualitative and quantitative analysis of MPs in soils. The results demonstrated that soil type significantly affected both the spectral response and detection performance of MPs. Brown Pedocals and Brown Earth exhibited clearer characteristic absorption and stronger linear responses, achieving higher identification accuracy under low (<1.5 %) or zero MPs concentrations and the best quantitative performance (R2 ≥ 0.988, prediction set root mean square error (RMSEP) ≤ 0.110 %). In contrast, Phaeozem and Red Soil were more prone to misclassification at low concentrations, while Fluvo-aquic Soil showed the poorest quantitative performance. This study is the first to reveal, at a holistic level, the critical constraints posed by natural soil complexity on the NIR detection of MPs, offering targeted empirical evidence to support the application of NIR technology in real-world soil environments.

Soil↗

PubMed2026

Rhodococcus folensis sp. nov., an orange-red-pigmented bacterium from mining soil.

Mining-impacted environments represent chemically complex ecosystems that may harbor metabolically versatile and pigment-producing microorganisms. During a survey of pigment-producing bacteria from abandoned mining soil in Trabzon, Türkiye, a red-pigmented strain, designated FMA22T, was isolated and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. 16 S rRNA gene sequence analysis placed the strain within the genus Rhodococcus, showing the highest similarity to R. corynebacterioides DSM 20,151T (99.57%), R. kroppenstedtii DSM 44908ᵀ (99.06%) and R. trifolii T8T (98.96%). The strain was Gram-stain-positive, aerobic and non-motile, and grew at 4-40 °C. Polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, phosphatidylcholine, five unidentified glycolipids, four unidentified lipids, one unidentified phospholipid and one unidentified phosphoglycolipid; MK-8(H2) was the major respiratory quinone. Major fatty acids were C18:1 ω9c, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c) and C16:0. ANI and dDDH values with the closest relatives were below 76.8% and 20.5%, respectively. The draft genome (4.23 Mb; 67.2 mol% G + C; 4,106 CDSs) harbors a terpene-associated carotenoid cluster containing crtB, crtI and crtY. The orange-red pigment (λmax = 475 nm) showed antioxidant activity (DPPH SC₅₀ = 5.38 mg mL⁻¹; FRAP = 4.34 µmol TE g⁻¹) and weak but measurable HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition (IC₅₀ = 22 mg mL⁻¹). These data support the proposal of Rhodococcus folensis sp. nov., with FMA22ᵀ (= LMG 34144ᵀ = DSM 120048ᵀ) as the type strain.

Soil Microbiology↗

PubMed2024

Transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from soil to rice in paddy field.

The global spread and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has received much attention whereas knowledge about the transmission of ARGs from one matrix to another is still insufficient. In this study, the paddy fields fertilized with chemical fertilizer, swine compost, and no fertilizer were investigated to assess the transfer of ARGs from soil to rice. Soil and plant samples were collected at day 0, 7, 30 and 79 representing various stages of paddy growth. High throughput qPCR was applied to quantify ARGs using a set of 144 primers. Gene copy number of ARGs measured in soil initially decreased and then increased in soil with no fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, indicating that crop planting and flooding conditions did influence the ARGs profiles in soil. Application of swine compost significantly enhanced the relative abundance and gene copy number of ARGs in paddy soil. Rice seedlings contained substantial amount of ARGs and their relative abundance continually decreased after transplant. Compared with initial stage, detection frequencies of ARGs increased in soil without swine compost at harvest time (day 79), indicating the transmission of ARGs from irrigation water to soil. Detection frequencies of ARGs increased in soil and rice root with swine compost at harvest time, indicating the transfer of ARGs from swine compost to soil and rice root. There was no significant difference in abundance and diversity of ARGs in rice grains with these three different fertilizations. The source of the ARGs in rice grain still needs further exploration.

Oryza↗

PubMed1977

Microbial society and its activity in the soil.

In this study, with the help of the buried slide method, a qualitative observation of the microsociological association in the soil was assessed. Fungal mycelium cohabiting with bacterial forms, rods as well as cocci, individual colonies of Azotobacter-type cells, and certain algae of Hantzschia species were recorded in a central European typical garden soil. The use of CHOLODNY-STRUGGER combination method was helpful in ascertaining the decaying nature of a soil nematode and also fungal mycelium which, during the process of decomposition, served there as a substrate for bacterial multiplication. Colony of Clostridium-type rod-shaped bacteria existed between the soil particles, acting as living bridges. When examined under fluorescent microscope, the bacterial forms emitted shining fluorescence of green colour which in effect presented them as lighted objects, prominent against the dull red background of soil objects and other decaying substances.

Azotobacter↗

PubMed1975

Survival of Poria weirii on paired plots in alder and conifer stands.

Cubes of Douglas-fir wood decayed by Poria weirii (Murr.) Murr. were buried for 12 months on paired plots in red alder and in confier soils on the Cascade Head Experimental Forest. Survival of the fungus was not significantly different in the two soils, although pH was significantly lower and nitrate content significantly higher in alder soils. Even though effects on fungus survival were nil, red alder, for other reasons, might still be used to reduce damage caused by P. weirii root not on areas of heavy infestation.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Fixation of free nitrogen in the soil and on the roots of citrus trees in the subtropics of the Georgian SSR].

The rate of biological nitrogen fixation was determined by the acetylene technique in soils and on the roots of orange, mandarin and lemon trees growing in red, yellow, podzolic, alluvial brown forest, and humus-calcareous soils. The minimum nitrogen fixation in podzolic soils was 3--8 kg of nitrogen per hectare per vegetative period. The maximum nitrogen fixation (48--51 kg N per hectare) was found in red and humus-calcareous soils of orange plantations. One dose of nitrogen fertilizers with liming increased the nitrogen fixing activity of subtropic podzolic soils of mandarin plantations whereas a triple dose inhibited the activity. The rate of nitrogen fixation by the root microflora was 3--4 times higher than that by the soil microflora.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed1978

Microbial changes in clover rhizosphere after foliar and soil application of cobalt.

Application of cobalt(II) nitrate to the leaves of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) resulted in a pronounced increase of dry weight and the number of root nodules. Counts of bacteria in the rhizosphere, content of ammonia and production of carbon dioxide in rhizosphere soil were also higher, whereas the content of nitrates decreased. Differences in the counts of bacteria, actinomycetes, Azotobacter, anaerobic bacteria and cellulose decomposing bacteria in the rhizosphere of control and treated plants were not directly related to the way of application of cobalt. Genera Penicillium, Fusarium and Trichoderma predominated among fungi. The relative occurrence of penicillia was higher after the application of cobalt, the incidence of fusaria was lower. The effects of foliar and soil application of cobalt on rhizosphere microflora were not identical.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1978

Use of fluorochromes for direct observation of microorganisms associated with wheat roots.

The use of several fluorochromes and staining methods was tried out for observation of microorganisms on the surface of wheat roots sampled from soil. Good contrast between fluorescence of microorganisms and fluorescence of root and soil structures was obtained after successive staining of roots with coriphosphine (1:2000, 15 min), congo red (1:10 000, 10 min), and acridine-orange (1:10 000, 2 min).

Bacteria↗

PubMed1977

Nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and pleomorphic growth in a highly pigmented Spirillum lipoferum.

A strain of Spirillum lipoferum with intense red pigmentation was isolated from the roots of Cynodon dactylon "Coastal." This isolate vigorously reduced acetylene when grown in N-free, Na-malate, semisolid agar, and it was identical to S. lipoferum strain SP7 by standard taxonomic tests. Both S. lipoferum SP7 and the C. dactylon root isolate displayed the unique features of being denitrifiers as well as N2 fixers. The N2-dependent growth curve was biphasic: cells in younger cultures showed the characteristic spiral shape and motility, but those in older cultures developed larger, nonmotile, cystlike forms. Nitrogenase activity seemed associated only with younger spiral forms. The red pigment may be a b- or c-type cytochrome. The strong red color, which this strain develops, could be used as a marker in evaluating soil inoculation experiments.

Acetylene↗

PubMed1977

Effect of lime-pelleting on nodulation and yield of soybean grown in acid soil.

An experiment for studying the effect of lime-pelleting of inoculated seed of soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] on nodulation, growth, and grain yield was undertaken in red sandy loam of Bangalore, having a pH of 4.0. The results indicated that inoculation alone increased significantly nodulation, plant dry weight, and grain yield. But inoculation plus lime-pelleting significantly increased the dry weight of nodules and plants, but not the grain yield. However, lime-pelleting was found to be beneficial though not essential in acid soils.

Acids↗

PubMed1979

Cadmium from soil amended with sewage sludge: effects and residues in swine.

Liquid digested sewage sludge from a Chicago waste treatment plant was applied to experimental corn plots starting in 1968. The treatment plant received a high proportion of industrial effluent and the sludge averaged about 200 ppm Cd (dry weight). Corn grain harvested from the plots in 1974 was fed to growing swine for 56 days, and other swine were permitted to forage on the plots during the winters of 1975-76 and 1976-77. The sludge-fertilized corn contained higher concentrations of nutrient and toxic elements, but did not interfere with swine performance. Minor changes in hepatic microsomal oxidases and red blood cells accompanied significant increases in renal Cd and decreases in hepatic Fe. Swine foraging on these plots ingested considerable amounts of sludge soil and accumulated significantly higher concentrations of renal Cd. At lower rates of sludge application the swine outperformed those foraging both on control plots and those receiving heavy sludge applications in terms of weight gain, in-utero piglet survival, blood hemoglobin, and tissue Fe concentrations.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Thermophilic bacteria, Thermus ruber, that produce a bright orange pigment].

A non-sporeforming gram-negative bacterium isolated from soils of Africa was shown to belong to the species Thermus ruber in its morphologo-cytological and physiologobiochemical properties. It differed from the Thermus ruber species described elsewhere (Loginova et al., 1975; Loginova and Egorova, 1975) only on colour: the former contained a bright-red pigment while the latter produced bright-orange pigments.

Pigments, Biological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[On the ecology of marine chromatiaceae and chlorobiaceae (author's transl)].

Number and genera (types) of phototrophic red and green sulfur bacteria have been determined in the upper layer of eleven marine sediment samples from the euphotic zone in the Mediterranean Sea. Origin and nature of the sediment samples are given as well as their pH, total nitrogen and sulfide content. The results show that the sediments studied did not provide good growth conditions for Chromatiaceae (Chromatium, Thiocystis, Thiocapsa) and Chlorobiaceae (Prosthecochloris). The total number of these bacteria varied in agreement with the total nitrogen content (organic matter) of the samples; the organic matter content is, therefore, of primary importance for the occurrence of the red and green sulfur bacteria in the samples.

Chromatiaceae↗

PubMed2026

Genomic and polyphasic characterization of six novel Hymenobacter species isolated from soil in Korea.

Six bacterial strains (BT523T, BT559T, 15J16-1T3BT, BT730T, DG25AT, and DG25BT) were isolated from soil samples in Korea and assigned to the family Hymenobacteraceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strains formed distinct lineages within the genus Hymenobacter. Strains BT523T, BT559T, and 15J16-1T3BT exhibited highest sequence similarities to Hymenobacter armeniacus BT189T (97.6%), Hymenobacter polaris RP-2-7 T (97.8%), and Hymenobacter paludis KBP-30 T (98.3%), respectively, while strains BT730T, DG25AT, and DG25BT were most closely related to Hymenobacter tibetensis XTM003T, with similarities of 96.3-96.6%. All strains were Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, and formed red to pink pigmented colonies. Whole-genome analysis revealed genome sizes ranging from 3.78 to 6.33 Mb with G + C contents of 55.5-65.0%. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the strains and their closest relatives were below the accepted thresholds for species delineation, supporting their classification as novel species. Functional annotation indicated the presence of genes associated with core metabolism, stress response, and pigment biosynthesis, reflecting adaptation to soil environments. Secondary metabolite analysis further revealed the presence of biosynthetic gene clusters, including terpene and siderophore pathways. Based on polyphasic taxonomic evidence, the six strains are proposed to represent six novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the names Hymenobacter miniatus sp. nov., Hymenobacter madidus sp. nov., Hymenobacter convexus sp. nov., Hymenobacter rubellus sp. nov., Hymenobacter erythromyxa sp. nov., and Hymenobacter radioresistens sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are BT523T (= KCTC 72341 T = NBRC 114851 T), BT559T (= KACC 21821 T = NBRC 114852 T), 15J16-1T3BT (= KCTC 42995 T = NBRC 112818 T), BT730T (= KACC 22457 T = NBRC 116482 T), DG25AT (= KCTC 32451 T = TBRC 19856 T), and DG25BT (= KCTC 32452 T = JCM 19444 T).

Soil Microbiology↗

PubMed1979

Repair detection procedure for enumeration of fecal coliforms and enterococci from seafoods and marine environments.

The repair detection procedure of Speck et al. (Appl. Microbiol. 29:549-550, 1975) was adapted for the enumeration of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococci in seafood and environmental samples. Samples were pour plated with Trypticase soy agar, followed by a 1- to 2-h incubation to effect repair; the plates were then overlaid with the selective medium and incubated. Violet red bile agar and an incubation temperature of 45 degrees C were used as the selective conditions for fecal coliforms, and KF streptococcal agar was used for the enumeration of enterococci. The method was more efficient than the standard most-probable-number method for fecal coliform enumeration and also allowed enumeration of the injured cells, which might have remained undetected when selective medium in the most-probable-number method was used. The repair detection method effectively recovered the injured portion of the population of enterococci capable of growing on KF streptococcal agar. The repair enumeration method was not suitable for coliforms in marine samples because associative marine bacteria mimicked coliforms in violet red bile agar plates incubated at 35 degrees C. The marine bacteria did not grow at 45 degrees C and therefore did not interfere with fecal coliform enumeration.

Escherichia coli↗

PubMed1977

Placental transfer of lead and its effects on the newborn.

Following delivery, blood was taken from 122 mothers and their infants' cords for estimation of lead, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. All were resident in Kasanda, a township within a radius of 3000 metres of Brokin Hill Lead Mine and Smelter, Zambia, where the annual mean atmospheric lead concentration was 9.6 microgram/m3 and the soil lead concentration 100-9400 p.p.m. Their mean blood levels were high, being 41.2 microgram and 37 microgram/dl for mothers and infants respectively, with a significant correlation (r = 0.77, P less than 0.001). Thus an infant's blood lead at birth closely follows that of its mother even at high values. The increased lead level transfer, however, did not appear adversely to affect the birth weight or red cell values of the newborn. Cord blood lead levels are being used in Broken Hill to monitor a community's exposure to lead.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed1979

[Metabolic products of microorganisms 183, Imacidin, a new peptid antibiotic from Streptomyces olivaceus (author's transl)].

Streptomyces olivaceus, strain Tü 1379 produces beside the red dyestuff prodigiosin several closely related hitherto unknown cyclodepsipeptide antibiotics, mainly imacidine B and C and imacidinic acids. The antibiotics affect murein biosynthesis. Only actinomycetes are inhibited.

Actinomycetales↗