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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

[The influence of different straw-based ration type on fermentation and production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of lactating cows. 3. Rumenal fermentation processes and milk yield criteria after using a low-fiber straw pellet batch as basal ration component and a fully pelleted straw-based ration].

Lactating Black-Pied (DSR) cows were used to study, over a period of 100 days, the influence of different basal ration types (I-treated wheat straw pellets, low-fibre; II- monodiet pellets containing 48% of wheat straw; III = conventional rations based on fresh forage and arable root crops) on the molar fermentation pattern and the daily rate of VFA production and some milk yield criteria. Ration types I and II results in almost equal fermentation patterns of the VFA; as against the conventional ration types (III) a significantly higher molar acetate propertion as well as a highly significantly decreased molar proportion of iso-acids were found. The daily rated of VFA production relativated to energy intake were as follows (in the order of the ration types mentioned): 4.9, 4.2 and 5.0, and 3.3, 2.5 and 3.3 moles per 1,000 anergetic feed equivalents (cattle) after 30 and 100 days of feeding, respectively. In both trials, only about 80% of the relative VFA production of the straw pellet-concentrate (I) and conventional (III) ration types were found when feeding fully pelleted diets (II). On account of the relatively wide variation of the experimental results no statistically secured findings were obtained as to the milk yield criteria, but ration type II produced some 200 and 300 kg milk less thant ration types I and III, respectively, during the 100-day experimental period.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

Ration digestibility and mineral balance in lactating cows fed rations containing dried whey.

Including dried whey in rations of nonruminants usually increases digestibilities and mineral retention, presumably because of the lactose in the whey. A trial with total collection had five lactating cows per treatment to determine the effects of 5% dried whey product in the concentrate on digestibility of the ration and on absorption and retention of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Rations included corn silage ad libitum, 3 kg alfalfa hay, and either control or dried whey product in concentrate ration at 1 kg/3 kg milk produced. Rations were balanced for content of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy were not increased with dried whey product in the ration. Apparent absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus was not affected significantly by inclusion of whey in the ration. Productive (milk plus retained) calcium and magnesium were not increased when dried whey product was in the ration although productive phosphorus was slightly higher with the dried whey product. Adding small amounts of dried whey to a ruminant's ration will not increase mineral absorption and retention probably because tthe lactose in dried whey is fermented in the rumen and unavailabe for aiding absorption from the small intestine.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

An evaluation of rational-emotive imagery as a component of rational-emotive therapy in the treatment of test anxiety.

This study evaluated the efficacy of rational-emotive imagery as a component of rational-emotive therapy in reduction of college students' test anxiety. 11 volunteers met for 6 1-hr. group treatment sessions over a 3-wk. period. After 2 initial treatment sessions subjects were randomly assigned to groups given either rational-emotive therapy with rational-emotive imagery or rational-emotive therapy without imagery. Contrary to predictions, improvement between groups on self-report and performance measures was nonsignificant. Failure to obtain differences was attributed to similarities in content of treatment sessions and short treatment time. Combined groups reported significant improvement on all dependent measures. Although the study did not yield the predicted benefits of the imagery, results lend further support to the efficacy of rational-emotive therapy procedures in the reduction of test anxiety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Symbols, rationality, and justice: rationing health care.

Proposals to ration health care in the United States meet a number of objections, symbolic and literal. Nonetheless, an acceptance of the idea of rationing is a necessary first step toward universal health insurance. It must be understood that universal health care requires an acceptance of rationing, and that such an acceptance must precede enactment of a program, if it is to be economically sound and politically feasible. Commentators have argued that reform of the health care system should come before any effort to ration. On the contrary, rationing and reform cannot be separated. The former is the key to the latter, just as rationing is the key to universal health insurance.

Health Care Rationing↗
PubMed1990

[Measuring energy turnover in the adult swine during feeding of rations with potato starch, potatoes, beets, pressed shreds and coarse fodder as supplements to a basic ration. 1. Energy turnover and energy utilization].

25 rations with a wide variation of the content of various carbohydrates (crude fibre 36-185; water-soluble carbohydrates 25-306, starch 272-683 g/kg DM) were fed to male castrates (n = 8) of a live weight between 90 and 180 kg, and energy metabolism was measured. The rations were composed of a cereal basic ration and various feed-stuffs (potato starch-raw and soaked) potatoes (raw and steamed), sugar beet and products from it, maize pellets, dried roughage lucerne, clover, lupin, grass, rye straw meal) as supplements. The digestibility and metabolisability of the energy of the rations ranged between 88 and 62 or 86 and 60% resp. Between 2 and 4% of the consumed energy were lost in urine. The partial utilization of the metabolizable energy of the rations varied between 80% (processed supplement of potato starch) and 52% (supplement of rye straw). The rations with supplements of dried roughage were relatively well energetically utilized-between 63 and 70%. A regressively calculated difference of 17%-units was regressively calculated between the utilization of metabolizable energy of either precaecal or postileal origin.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

[Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in the lactating pig with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 1. Report. Description of the study methods for protein utilization in the use of peanut extraction residues and dry skim milk in the ration].

A method is discussed which has been used to investigate protein utilization in lactating sows. Two N balance trials were carried out to establish the degree of protein utilization of mixed feed rations. The rations contained barley, oats and flaked potatoes. Extracted pea nut meal or, for comparison, dried skim milk, were added as protein sources. The average biological value achieved was 42% if extracted pea nut meal was fed and 59% if dried skim milk was added. The corresponding PPV data were 33% for the rations containing extracted pea nut meal and 49% for the dried skim milk rations. Balances made for the rate of dietary amino acid intake and amino acid excretion in the milk showed that lysine deficiency occurred when rations were fed containing the extracted pea nut meal.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed1978

[The effect of types of rations on a straw basis on fermentation and volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of lactating cows. 2. Ruminal fermentation and milk yield criteria after use of a high-fiber straw pellet batch as a basic ration component].

Lactating Black-Pied (DSR) cows were used to study, over a period of 100 days, the influence of different basal ration types (experimental group - straw pellets; control group - dried forage + fodder root crops) on fermentation response and daily production rate of volatile fatty acids (VFA) as well as on some criteria of milk yield. Whilst only slight differences were found between the experimental groups in the molar proportions of VFA, the straw pellet-concentrate ration resulted in a lower VFA production as compared to the conventional ration. The control group's VFA production relativated to energy intake, was found to be of the same level (4.1, 4.3 and 3.9 Mol/1 kilo energetic feed equivalents/cattle) after 30, 60 and 100 days of feeding, respectively. The corresponding values in the experimental group declined from 3.3 to 2.3 and 1.9 Mol/1 kilo EF/cattle when feeding a high-fibre straw-pellet batch as basal ration component. The VFA production rates rather diverging between both groups were not found to have a uniform effect on the milk synthesis processes. Both the daily and the first 100-day milk yields did not differ between the groups but within the range of statistical error. Statistically secured positive correlations were found to exist between concentration and production of VFA which, however, depend on the basal ration type and revealed a relatively wide deviation.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

[Possibilities of prediction the digestibility of crude nutrients by fullgrown and growing sheep from the crude nutrient content of the rations. 2. Rations with a higher content of crude fibers (mixtures of straw and concentrated feed as sole feed].

Eight variants of recipes for mixtures of straw and concentrated feed with 10 to 60 per cent straw more or less finely ground (86 to 314 g crude fibre per kg dry matter) and fattening feed for lambs (50 g crude fibre per kg dry matter) were checked concerning the digestibility of crude nutrients for fullgrown wethers and 60 to 80-, 80 to 100-and 100 to 120-day-old lambs which had been ablactated at an age of 60 days. The digestibility for wethers was significantly higher than for lambs, between the age groups of which there were no significant differences concerning the digestibility. In accordance with the results with rations on the basis of concentrated feed as checked and described in the first piece of information, the content of crude fibres in the rations had a negative influence on the digestibility of organic matter, NFE and energy whereas there was a positive relation with the digestibility of crude fibres. The regression functions established for mixtures of straw and concentrated feed concerning the dependence of the digestibility on the content of crude fibres showed a relatively good coincidence in the range of a low content of crude fibres with the corresponding regression functions which were described in the first piece of information for rations of concentrated feed. The equations for the digestibility of crude fibres were an exception. In contrast to this, the quantitative relations between crude fibres and the digestibility as established in the first piece of information for rations with a low content of crude fibres cannot be transferred to rations with a higher content of crude fibres.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

[Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in lactating pigs with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 2. Report. Utilization of the feed proteins in the use of soy bean extraction residue, waste liquor yeast, horse bean meal fish meal and maize gluten for a basic ration].

Nitrogen trials were performed on lactating pigs to investigate the utilization of protein from some feeding rations. The basal ration fed to the sows consisted of ground barley+oats+flaked potatoes or ground barley+sugar beet chips. The basal ration was supplemented with a protein source. The protein feeds used were extracted soya bean meal, horse bean meal, fish meal, maize gluten and waste liquor yeast. Data for the average biological value of the dietary proteins were as follows (in the given order of protein feeds): 61%, 59%, 54%, 58% and 37%. PPV data were: 44%, 43%, 39%, 44% and 28%. The proteins of nearly all rations were deficient in lysine when compared with the range of amino acids present in the proteins of sow milk.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1992

A rational approach to rational suicide.

Suicide is a reaction to internal and external sources of stress and the impact of life events. In the elderly these situations are prevalent in many who are not suicidal and instead choose life. They represent what may be called rational nonsuicide. They are far more frequent than rational suicide. Nevertheless, considerably more is written about rational suicide than its alternative. The reasons for this phenomenon are reviewed, and suggestions are made for a rational approach to the affirmation of life rather than its rejection, even to the very end.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

[Digestibility and utilization of rations containing differently treated straw. 2. Energetic utilization by sheep of rations containing differently treated straw].

A total of 59 complete metabolic periods of adult sheep were used to compare energy balance and energy utilization of rations containing 45, 60 and 99% of straw previously subjected to different treatments. In addition, some indices of rumen physiology were determined. The straw was fed in the following forms: chopped, chopped and treated with 6% sodium hydroxide, pelleted with and without NPN-addition (ammonium bicarbonate and/or urea) during the pelleting process. Notwithstanding pressing temperatures above 90 degrees C during compaction, the addition of NPN-compounds did not result in increased digestibility. The NaOH-treatment of the straw increased the energy digestibility of the ration containing 45% straw by 5 to 6 digestibility units. All experiments revealed a higher energy balance and, consequently, a higher energy utilization than could be expected from calculations on the basis of equations derived from earlier experiments with adult sheep. The variations are discussed under the aspect of energetic feed evaluation and with regard to consequence for the efficient use of straw in rations for ruminants.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

[Digestibility and utilization of rations containing differently treated straw. 3. Energetic utilization by fattening bulls of rations containing differently treated straw].

In 136 complete metabolic periods of fattening bulls (live weight range 250 to 440 kg) comparative studies were performed on rations containing 30 to 40% straw previously subjected to different treatments. In addition, several rumen-physiological and blood indices were determined. Chopped straw without and with NaOH (6%) treatment and straw pellets without and with NPN-addition (ammonium bicarbonate and/or urea) during the pelleting process were used. No significant differences were found between comparable rations as to energy digestibility. The rations containing 60% straw revealed a higher evergy balance and, consequently, a higher energy utilization than could be expected from calculations on the basis of equations derived from previous experiments with adult steers. The importance of straw as energy source for ruminant feeding is highlighted.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

[Measuring of the energy turnover in adult swine during feeding of rations with potato starch, potatoes, beets, pressed shreds and coarse fodder as supplements to a basic ration. 2. Evaluation and discussion of the results for further development of energetic feed rating for swine].

Energy metabolism measurings of male castrates of a live weight between 90 and 180 kg after feeding rations with a wide variety in the content of various carbohydrates (crude fibre 36-185, water soluble carbohydrates 25-306, starch 272-683 g/kg DM) formed the experimental basis of the considerations. Energy retention depended significantly on the digestibility and metabolizability of the energy, on energy concentration and the crude fibre content of the rations. By means of multiple regression analyses the energetic effect of 1 g digested matter of the carbohydrate fraction was assessed as follows: 12.9 kJ for starch, 12.1 kJ for disaccharides, 11.5 kJ for the remaining water soluble carbohydrates and 10.4 kJ for bacterially fermentable carbohydrates (BFC). There was a difference between the energetic effective value of starch and BFC. This corresponds completely to the difference in the utilization of metabolizable energy between exclusively precaecal and postileal digestion. The following conclusions are drawn for the further development of the energetic feed evaluation for pigs in the framework of the GDR feed evaluation system: --There are to be differentiated fixed values for the retention of digestible carbohydrates for the fractions starch, water soluble carbohydrates (pectin) and bacterially fermentable carbohydrates. --The influence of the digestibility of the energy in the ration on the energetic retention effect of BFC is small. The integration of these variables into an estimation equation for the energetic feed value is therefore not necessary.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

Effects of rational emotive education on the rationality, neuroticism and defense mechanisms of adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of rational emotive education (REE) as a mental health prevention program for adolescents. The subjects included 109 eleventh- and twelfth-grade students enrolled in four introductory psychology courses, and who were divided into experimental and control classes. Experimental subjects received 12 biweekly sessions of REE. Subjects were pre- and posttested on three measures of psychosocial adaptation: the Rational Behavior Inventory (RBI), the Defense Mechanism Inventory (DMI), and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). The effects of REE upon behavior were also examined by comparing academic effort grades, number of detentions, and grade point averages. Overall results showed significant positive changes in use of more adaptive defense mechanisms and in academic effort grades in the predicted direction. No significant changes occurred on the other measures. However, as a distinctive group, 17-year-olds demonstrated a significant reduction in neuroticism scores and a significant increase in academic effort grades.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Rational education for rational therapy.

A sound knowledge of pharmacology and clinical therapeutics could help future prescribers in India to master the principles and practice of rational therapy. The teaching of pharmacology in medical schools should be restructured accordingly, and greater attention should be given to the applied aspects of the subject. Practicals in experimental pharmacology and dispensing pharmacy should be discontinued and useful exercises should be introduced. Methods of evaluation should be modified.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rational rationing.

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Health Care Rationing↗