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PubMed1992

Cholesterol-lowering in hamsters fed rice bran at various levels, defatted rice bran and rice bran oil.

This study was conducted to determine the relative cholesterol-lowering effects of several levels of full-fat rice bran in hamsters. In addition, the separate effects of defatted rice bran and/or crude rice bran oil were investigated at levels equivalent to those present in 43.7% full-fat rice bran. Diets containing 10.9, 21.8, 32.8 or 43.7% full-fat rice bran, 35% defatted rice bran and/or 9% rice bran oil were fed to 4-wk-old male hamsters. All diets contained 10% total dietary fiber, 9% fat and 3.2% nitrogen; hypercholesterolemic diets contained 0.3% cholesterol; two diets were cholesterol-free, i.e., 10% cellulose and 43.7% full-fat rice bran. After 21 d, plasma and liver cholesterol, plasma triglycerides and liver weights were significantly greater in hamsters fed the 10% cellulose diet with 0.3% cholesterol compared with those fed the cholesterol-free cellulose diet. In animals fed cholesterol-free diets, plasma cholesterol values were significantly lower in those fed the 43.7% full-fat rice bran diet than in those fed the cellulose diet. In animals fed cholesterol-containing diets, plasma and liver cholesterol were significantly lower in animals fed the 43.7% full-fat rice bran diet than in those fed the cellulose diet. Plasma cholesterol reductions were significantly correlated to the level of rice bran in the diet. In cholesterol-fed hamsters, total liver cholesterol content was significantly lower in those fed the defatted rice bran diet with rice bran oil compared with those fed the cellulose diet. Full-fat rice bran was the only treatment that significantly lowered both plasma and liver cholesterol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Extraction of light filth from rice flours, extruded rice products, and rice paper: collaborative study.

Two new methods were developed for the extraction of rodent hairs and insect fragments from rice products: one for rice flour and one for extruded rice products and rice paper. A 100 g sample of rice flour was extracted with mineral oil-40% isopropanol, followed by a water phase as needed for additional cycles. For extruded rice products and rice paper, a 225 g sample of each was initially extracted as above, followed by a single extraction with mineral oil-20% isopropanol. Both methods used an acid hydrolysis pretreatment followed by wet sieving and a percolator extraction. Average rodent hair recoveries were 77.8% for rice flour and 82.2% for extruded rice products and rice paper. Average insect fragment recoveries were 89.6% for rice flour and 91.9% for extruded rice products and rice paper. Both methods were adopted official first action.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Variability in contents of thiamine and riboflavin in brown rice, crude oil in brown rice and bran-polish, and silicon in hull of IR rices.

Among 30 IR varieties, variety had greater effect on thiamine content of brown rice than season. Both season and variety affected riboflavin content. Purple- and red-pericarped Philippines rices had higher riboflavin and crude protein contents than IR rices. Crude oil contents of brown rice and bran-polish of 19 IR rices were significantly affected by variety, but only brown rice oil content was significantly affected by season. Bran-polish of waxy rice IR29 had the highest oil content. Silicon content of hull of 16 IR rices showed significant variation due to variety and season and tended to be higher in the dry season crop. Variety rankings in nutrient composition were not consistent for the two crops. The levels of nutrients of IR rices were within the range of values reported for other rices.

Food Handling↗

PubMed1999

Isolation of rice allergenic cDNA clones from a rice cDNA library by immunoscreening with a polyclonal antibody specific to 16 kD rice allergenic protein.

Clinical cases of type-1 hypersensitive reaction to rice (Oryza sativa) have been reported in western countries as well as in Japan. Among rice proteins, 14-16 kD globulin proteins encoded by multiple gene family have been identified as major rice allergens. In this study, a rice cDNA library was constructed using lambda UniZap vector and screened with a rat anti-16 kD globulin protein polyclonal antibody in order to isolate Korean rice allergenic cDNA clones. Five independent cDNA clones, termed RAK1-5, were obtained after second rounds of plaque assay and immunoblot analysis. These clones encoded 13-19 kD recombinant proteins upon IPTG induction, which were identified by the polyclonal antibody in immunoblot analysis. DNA sequencing analysis showed that RAK1-4 have 99% sequence homology with RA5b, and RAK5 is closely related with RA14c. This result indicated that RA5b gene is widely distributed in our cDNA library among other possible rice allergenic genes, and more study is needed to isolate heterogeneous or novel rice allergen genes.

Allergens↗

PubMed1993

Plasma lipids and large bowel volatile fatty acids in pigs fed on white rice, brown rice and rice bran.

Adult male pigs were fed on a diet containing (% of energy) fat 25 starch 55 from white rice and providing 20 g fibre/pig d (diet WR). In two other groups rice bran was added to the diet to provide 43 g fibre/d. One group received the diet unmodified (diet RB), but in another (diet RO) heat-stabilized unrefined rice oil replaced the palm oil. In a further group brown rice replaced white rice and provided 37 g fibre/pig per d (diet BR). Plasma cholesterol concentrations were similar with diets WR, RB and BR. With diet RO the concentration was significantly lower than with diets WR and BR but was not different from diet RB. Plasma high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol and plasma triacylglycerols were unaffected by diet. In all groups, digesta mass rose from the caecum to the proximal colon but fell in the distal colon. Diet WR gave the lowest digesta mass while diet BR gave a significantly higher mass along the large bowel length. RB- and RO-fed pigs had equal masses of digesta which were intermediate between BR- and WR-fed pigs at all sampling sites. Pools of individual and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the proximal large bowel were unaffected by diet. Pools of total and individual VFA in the median and distal colon were lowest with diets WR and RB and significantly higher with diet BR. In these regions of the colon pools of acetate in RO-fed pigs did not differ from those in the BR-fed group but were higher than in other groups. However, pools of propionate and butyrate with the RO diet were significantly lower than with diet BR and the same as with diets WR and RB. Portal venous VFA concentrations were unaffected by diet. The higher large bowel digesta masses and VFA with diet BR may reflect the escape of starch from the small intestine.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Differences in the recognition of glucan elicitor signals between rice and soybean: beta-glucan fragments from the rice blast disease fungus Pyricularia oryzae that elicit phytoalexin biosynthesis in suspension-cultured rice cells.

Partial acid/enzymatic hydrolysis of the beta-(1-->3, 1-->6)-glucan from the cell walls of the rice blast disease fungus Pyricularia oryzae (Magnaporthe grisea) released elicitor-active fragments that induced phytoalexin biosynthesis in suspension-cultured rice cells. From the digestion of the glucan by an endo-beta-(1-->3)-glucanase, one highly elicitor-active glucopentaose was purified as a reduced compound, tetraglucosyl glucitol. The structure of this tetraglucosyl glucitol as well as two other related tetraglucosyl glucitols was elucidated as follows: (1) Glcbeta(1-->3)Glcbeta(1-->3)(Glcbeta(1-->6)) Glcbeta(1-->3)Glucitol (most active fragment); (2) Glcbeta(1-->3)(Glcbeta(1-->6))Glcbeta(1-->3)Glcbeta (1-->3)Glucitol; and (3) Glcbeta(1-->6) Glcbeta(1-->3)Glcbeta(1-->3)Glcbeta(1-->3)Glucitol. However, a synthetic hexa-beta-glucoside, known as a minimal structural element for the phytoalexin elicitor for soybean cotyledon cells, did not induce phytoalexin biosynthesis in the rice cells. Conversely, the beta-glucan fragment from P. oryzae did not induce phytoalexin biosynthesis in the soybean cotyledon cells, indicating differences in the recognition of glucooligosaccharide elicitor signals in these two plants. Because rice cells have been shown to recognize chitin fragments larger than pentamers as potent elicitors, these results also indicate that the rice cells can recognize at least two types of oligosaccharides from fungal cell walls as signal molecules to initiate defense response.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed1990

[25 atopic dermatitis patients with positive RAST for rice were treated with a rice elimination diet (the mean duration of elimination: 5.2 months). The clinical effects and the change in RAST for rice and wheat, serum IgE values and the number of eosinophils were examined].

The results were as follows; 9 cases (36%) showed improvement, 10 cases (40%) mild improvement and 6 cases (24%) no improvement. Rice-RAST titers (PRU/ml) decreased in accordance with the clinical effects, namely most remarkably in the 1st group. Wheat-RAST titers also decreased noticeably in the 1st group even though they were eating wheat everyday, but increased in the 3rd group. In these cases the rice antigen may act on the production of IgE antibodies specific not only to rice but also to wheat as an initiator antigen. The serum IgE values increased in the 3rd group, but not in the other groups. In all groups, eosinophilia was seen, but no significant changes in condition after rice elimination diet were observed. Based on these results, the probable role of rice allergy in the pathogenesis of severe AD in Japan was discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Development of Desiccation Tolerance during Embryogenesis in Rice (Oryza sativa) and Wild Rice (Zizania palustris) (Dehydrin Expression, Abscisic Acid Content, and Sucrose Accumulation).

The ability of seeds to withstand desiccation develops during embryogenesis and differs considerably among species. Paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains readily survive dehydration to as low as 2% water content, whereas North American wild rice (Zizania palustris var interior [Fasset] Dore) grains are not tolerant of water contents below 6% and are sensitive to drying and imbibition conditions. During embryogenesis, dehydrin proteins, abscisic acid (ABA), and saccharides are synthesized, and all have been implicated in the development of desiccation tolerance. We examined the accumulation patterns of dehydrin protein, ABA, and soluble saccharides (sucrose and oligosaccharides) of rice embryos and wild rice axes in relation to the development of desiccation tolerance during embryogenesis. Dehydrin protein was detected immunologically with an antibody raised against a conserved dehydrin amino acid sequence. Both rice and wild rice embryos accumulated a 21-kD dehydrin protein during development, and an immunologically related 38-kD protein accumulated similarly in rice. Dehydrin protein synthesis was detected before desiccation tolerance had developed in both rice embryos and wild rice axes. However, the major accumulation of dehydrin occurred after most seeds of both species had become desiccation tolerant. ABA accumulated in wild rice axes to about twice the amount present in rice embryos. There were no obvious relationships between ABA and the temporal expression patterns of dehydrin protein in either rice or wild rice. Wild rice axes accumulated about twice as much sucrose as rice embryos. Oligosaccharides were present at only about one-tenth of the maximum sucrose concentrations in both rice and wild rice. We conclude that the desiccation sensitivity displayed by wild rice grains is not due to an inability to synthesize dehydrin proteins, ABA, or soluble carbohydrates.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

[A study of the genetic diversity of common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.) and cultivated rice (O. sativa L.) by RFLP analysis].

The genetic diversity of cultivated rice and common wild rice from 10 countries in Asia were evaluated by RFLP analysis using 44 probes of single copy. We used the parameters such as proportion of polymorphic loci (P), average number of alleles per locus (A), average number genotype per locus (Ng), degree of heterozygate per locus (Ho) and average gene diversity (Hs) showing genetic diversity. It is indicated that the common wild rice from China has the largest genetic diversity in the 10 countries, and the secondary is the common wild rice from India. The results also showed that the genetic diversity in Chinese common wild rice is larger than the genetic diversity in common wild rice of South and Southeast Asia. The average gene diversity (Hs) of South Asian wild rice is higher than Southeast Asian wild rice, while the parameters value of proportion of polymorphic loci (P), average number of alleles per locus (A) and average number genotype per locus (Ng), Southeast Asian wild rice is higher than South Asian wild rice. It is found that the genetic diversity in cultivated rice is obviously lower than in common wild rice. In the detected 44 loci, the number of polymorphic loci on O. sativa is as the same as 3/4 in O. rufipogon, the number of alleles in O. sativa is as the same as 60% in O. rufipogon, the number of genotype in O. sativa is as same as 1/2 in O. rufipogon. In O. sativa, the genetic diversity of indica is larger than that of japonica. O. rufipogon from China have highest value in degree of hetrozygate per locus (Ho), and Ho of wild rice is as two times as cultivated rice. It is showed that in the proceeding of wild rice evolved into cultivated rice, Ho and number of alleles was reduced, and the genetic diversity was decreased.

Genetic Variation↗

PubMed2002

Determination of selenium concentration of rice in china and effect of fertilization of selenite and selenate on selenium content of rice.

A method of hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry was applied to the determination of the selenium concentration of regular polished rice in China and selenium-enriched polished rice obtained by foliar application of selenium-enriched fertilizer in the forms of selenite and selenate. The average selenium content of regular rice was 0.025 +/- 0.011 microg g(-)(1). On the basis of a daily dietary rice intake of 300-500 g suggested by the China Nutrition Society, the total selenium intake from regular rice was calculated to be 7.5-12.5 microg per person per day for an adult. The selenium contents of rice were significantly increased to 0.471-0.640 microg g(-)(1) by foliar application of selenium-enriched fertilizer at rate of 20 g of Se ha(-)(1) in the forms of sodium selenite and sodium selenate. The selenium content of rice by application of a fertilizer of selenate was 35.9% higher than that by a fertilizer of selenite, which showed that Se-enriched fertilizer in selenate exhibited greater efficiency in increasing Se content in rice products. The Se-enriched rice products can increase daily Se intake on average by 100-200 microg of Se per day by the consumption of 400 g of rice products if the Se level of rice products is controlled at 0.3-0.5 microg of Se g(-)(1). Because rice is a staple food in China, selenium-enriched rice obtained by bioenrichment of selenium to increase the Se content of rice could be a good selenium source for the population in selenium-deficient regions.

China↗

PubMed2002

Protective effect of colored rice over white rice on Fenton reaction-based renal lipid peroxidation in rats.

Rice has been one of the most important grains. While polished white rice is favored, colored strains of rice, red, or black, have been maintained for religious purposes in Japan. We studied whether feeding of unpolished colored rice instead of white rice ameliorates oxidative renal tubular damage in rats induced by ferric nitrilotriacetate. Whereas renal lipid peroxidation was exacerbated in white rice-fed group in comparison with standard chow group, this exacerbation was not observed in red or black rice-fed groups. These changes were dependent on the proportion of colored rice to standard chow in the diet. Cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside was detectable neither in the serum nor kidney after one week of colored rice diet, but serum protocatechuic acid was significantly increased after black rice diet. There was a generalized decrease in the renal glutathione peroxidase activity in rice diet groups. Renal enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and NAD(P)H quinone reductase were not associated with the levels of lipid peroxidation. However, renal catalase activity was significantly increased in black rice-fed groups. These may partly explain the antioxidative effect. Furthermore, colored strains of rice are rich in proteins. Thus, our data warrants further investigation of the antioxidative effect of colored rice.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗

PubMed1998

Novel euryarchaeotal lineages detected on rice roots and in the anoxic bulk soil of flooded rice microcosms

Because excised, washed roots of rice (Oryza sativa) immediately produce CH4 when they are incubated under anoxic conditions (P. Frenzel and U. Bosse, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 21:25-36, 1996), we employed a culture-independent molecular approach to identify the methanogenic microbial community present on roots of rice plants. Archaeal small-subunit rRNA-encoding genes were amplified directly from total root DNA by PCR and then cloned. Thirty-two archaeal rice root (ARR) gene clones were randomly selected, and the amplified primary structures of ca. 750 nucleotide sequence positions were compared. Only 10 of the environmental sequences were affiliated with known methanogens; 5 were affiliated with Methanosarcina spp., and 5 were affiliated with Methanobacterium spp. The remaining 22 ARR gene clones formed four distinct lineages (rice clusters I through IV) which were not closely related to any known cultured member of the Archaea. Rice clusters I and II formed distinct clades within the phylogenetic radiation of the orders "Methanosarcinales" and Methanomicrobiales. Rice cluster I was novel, and rice cluster II was closely affiliated with environmental sequences obtained from bog peat in northern England. Rice cluster III occurred on the same branch as Thermoplasma acidophilum and marine group II but was only distantly related to these taxa. Rice cluster IV was a deep-branching crenarchaeotal assemblage that was closely related to clone pGrfC26, an environmental sequence recovered from a temperate marsh environment. The use of a domain-specific oligonucleotide probe in a fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis revealed that viable members of the Archaea were present on the surfaces of rice roots. In addition, we describe a novel euryarchaeotal main line of descent, designated rice cluster V, which was detected in anoxic rice paddy soil. These results indicate that there is an astonishing richness of archaeal diversity present on rice roots and in the surrounding paddy soil.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

[Comparing study on oviposition preference and host-selecting behavior of larvae of rice and water-oat population or rice stem borer, Chilo suppressulis].

The oviposition preference of female of rice and water-oat population of rice stem borer was studied in the oviposition cage (1 m x 1 m x 0.8 m) in laboratory. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the numbers and distributions of eggs laid by the two populations, but each population preferred to lay its non-hatching ovum on the non-host plant. The host-selection behavior of larvae of two host populations was also investigated by Y-tube olfactory. When the leaf or leaf shell of rice and water-oat was provided to larvae of rice population in choice test, 4th and 6th instar larvae of rice population preferred rice leaf to water-oat leaf and 2nd and 4th instar larvae preferred leaf shell of rice to leaf shell of water-oat. When leaves of rice and water-oat were provided to larvae of water-oat population in choice test, except for 1st instar, each stadium of larvae preferred water-oat leaf to rice leaf, and when leaf shells of rice and water-oat were provided, all stadiums of larvae preferred leaf shell of water-oat to leaf shell of rice. These results demonstrated that intraspecies differentiation between the two populations, and the specialization of water-oat population of rice stem borer to host was higher than that of rice population.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Genetic differentiation for nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes in common wild rice ( Oryza rufipogon Griff.) and cultivated rice ( Oryza sativa L.).

The genetic differentiation of nuclear, mitochondrial (mt) and chloroplast (cp) genomes was investigated by Southern and PCR analysis using 75 varieties of cultivated rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and 118 strains of common wild rice (CWR, Oryza rufipogon Griff.) from ten countries of Asia. The distinguishing differences between the Indica and Japonica cultivars were detected both in the nuclear genome and the cytoplasmic genome, confirming that the Indica-Japonica differentiation is of major importance for the three different classes of genome in cultivated rice. This differentiation was also detected in common wild rice with some differences among the genome compartments and the various regions. For nuclear DNA variation, both Indica-like and Japonica-like types were observed in the Chinese CWR, with the latter more-frequent than the former. No Japonica-like type was found in South Asia, and only two strains of the Japonica-like type were detected in Southeast Asia, thus the Indica-like type is the major type among South and Southeast Asian CWR. For mtDNA, only a few strains of the Japonica-like type were detected in CWR. For cpDNA, the Japonica type was predominant among the CWR strains from China, Bangladesh and Burma, while the Indica type was predominant among the CWR strains from Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia and Sri Lanka, and both types were found in similar frequencies among the Indian CWR. Altogether, however, the degree of Indica-Japonica differentiation in common wild rice was much-less important than that in cultivated rice. Cluster analyses for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA variation revealed that some CWR strains showed large genetic distances from cultivated rice and formed clusters distinct from cultivated rice. Coincidence in the genetic differentiation between the three different classes of genome was much higher in cultivated rice than in CWR. Among the 75 cultivars, about 3/4 entries were "homoeotype" showing congruent results for nuclear, mt and cpDNA regarding the Indica-Japonica differentiation. In CWR, the proportions of homoeotypes were 5.7%, 15% and 48.8% in China, South Asia and Southeast Asia, respectively. Based on the average genetic distance among all the strains of CWR and cultivated rice for nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, the variability of the nuclear genome was found to be higher than that of the mitochondrial genome. The global pattern based on all genomes shows much-more diversification in CWR than that in cultivated rice.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1993

Light-regulated and cell-specific expression of tomato rbcS-gusA and rice rbcS-gusA fusion genes in transgenic rice.

A previously isolated rice (Oryza sativa) rbcS gene was further characterized. This analysis revealed specific sequences in the 5' regulatory region of the rice rbcS gene that are conserved in rbcS genes of other monocotyledonous species. In transgenic rice plants, we examined the expression of the beta-glucuronidase (gusA) reporter gene directed by the 2.8-kb promoter region of the rice rbcS gene. To examine differences in the regulation of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous rbcS promoters, the activity of a tomato rbcS promoter was also investigated in transgenic rice plants. Our results indicated that both rice and tomato rbcS promoters confer mesophyll-specific expression of the gusA reporter gene in transgenic rice plants and that this expression is induced by light. However, the expression level of the rice rbcS-gusA gene was higher than that of the tomato rbcS-gusA gene, suggesting the presence of quantitative differences in the activity of these particular monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous rbcS promoters in transgenic rice. Histochemical analysis of rbcS-gusA gene expression showed that the observed light induction was only found in mesophyll cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the light regulation of rice rbcS-gusA gene expression was primarily at the level of mRNA accumulation. We show that the rice rbcS gene promoter should be useful for expression of agronomically important genes for genetic engineering of monocotyledonous species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Growth of nisin-producing lactococci in cooked rice supplemented with soybean extract and its application to inhibition of Bacillus subtilis in rice miso.

Lactic acid fermentation of cooked rice and rice koji by supplementation with soybean extract (SBE) and its application to rice miso fermentation were investigated. By supplementing the cooked rice with SBE, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) grew well without any unfavorable effects on the rice such as off-flavor or coloration. Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IFO12007 (Lc. lactis, a producer of the bacteriocin nisin) proliferated at 10(8 to approximately 9) cells/g after 24 h of incubation and produced high activity of nisin. The fermented rice with Lc. lactis strongly inhibited not only Bacillus subtilis ATCC19659 but also the other Bacillus strains. While some strains of LAB markedly inhibited the growth of Asp. oryzae, resulting in failure of koji fermentation, Lc. lactis did not affect the growth of these molds. When Lc. lactis was used for rice miso fermentation as a lactic acid starter culture, Lc. lactis rapidly proliferated and produced high nisin activity of 6,400 IU/g, in the steamed rice, resulting in complete growth inhibition of B. subtilis, which had been inoculated at the beginning of the koji fermentation. The rice miso after 12 weeks of aging had a suitable pH, and favorable taste and color. Furthermore, hyposalting of rice miso could be done without difficulty by lactic acid fermentation of both rice and soybeans.

Bacillus subtilis↗

PubMed1998

Effect of two rice culture methods on the seasonal occurrence of mosquito larvae and other aquatic animals in rice fields of southwestern Korea.

An ecological study has been performed on the community structures of aquatic animals and on abiotic factors in organically and conventionally-farmed rice fields at Bulkyo, Bosong-gun, Chollanamdo during the rice growing periods between May 1995 and October 1996. The total numbers of aquatic insect taxa in these fields were 25 species, 22 families in 10 orders. In 1995 and 1996, three and then four more species of aquatic insects were collected in the organically-farmed rice fields than in conventionally-farmed rice fields. The common dominant species in both rice fields during the rice cultivation period was Chironomus sp. The abundance of two vector mosquitoes, Anopheles sinensis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus, was lower in the organically-farmed rice fields as compared to the conventionally-farmed rice fields. The populations of mosquito larvae in the organically-farmed rice fields might have been influenced by Chinese muddy loaches, Misgurnus mizolepis. Coefficients of correlation between Chinese muddy loaches and abundance of mosquito larvae showed negative correlations in An. sinensis (-0.66) and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (-0.47). The average of the species diversity index for organically-farmed rice fields was almost twice (0.62) as much as is of conventionally-farmed rice fields (0.35). The average community similarity between both types of fields was very low (0.33).

Agriculture↗

PubMed2002

One large-insert plant-transformation-competent BIBAC library and three BAC libraries of Japonica rice for genome research in rice and other grasses.

We report one large-insert BIBAC library and three BAC libraries for japonica rice cv Nipponbare. The BIBAC library was constructed in the HindIII site of a plant-transformation-competent binary vector (pCLD04541) and the three BAC libraries were constructed in the BamHI, HindIII and EcoRI sites of a BAC vector (pECBAC1), respectively. Each library contains 23,040 clones, has an average insert size of 130 kb, 170 kb, 150 kb and 156 kb, and covers 6.7x, 8.7x, 7.7x and 8.0 x rice haploid genomes, respectively. The combined libraries contain 92,160 clones in total, covering 31.1 x rice haploid genomes. To demonstrate their utility, we screened the libraries with 55 DNA markers mapped to chromosome 8 of the rice genetic maps and analyzed a number of clones by the restriction fingerprinting and contig assembly method. The results indicate that the libraries completely cover the rice genome and, thus, are well-suited for genome research in rice and other gramineous crops. The BIBAC library represents the first plant-transformation-competent large-insert DNA library for rice, which will streamline map-based cloning, functional analysis of the rice genome sequence and molecular breeding in rice and other grass species. These libraries are being used in the development of a whole-genome, BAC/BIBAC-based, integrated physical, genetic and sequence map of rice and in the research of genome-wide comparative genomics of grass species.

Journal Article↗