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Results for “RADIATION PROTECTION”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

Failla memorial lecture. Risk, research, and radiation protection.

Radiation protection concerns the risk of stochastic late effects, especially cancer, and limits on radiation exposure both occupationally and for the public tend to be based on these risks. The risks are determined, mainly by expert committees, from the steadily growing information on exposed human populations, especially the survivors of the atomic bombs dropped in Japan in 1945. Risks of cancer estimated up to the early 1980s were in the range 1 to 5 X 10(-2)/Sv, but recent revisions in the dosimetry of the Japanese survivors and additional cycles of epidemiological information suggest values now probably at the high end of this range. These are likely to require an increase in the values used for radiation protection. A major problem with risk estimation is that data are available only for substantial doses and must be extrapolated down to the low-dose region of interest in radiation protection. Thus the shape of the dose-response curve is important, and here we must turn to laboratory research. Of importance are studies involving (1) dose rate, which affects the response to low-LET radiation and often to high-LET radiation as well; (2) radiation quality, since the shapes of the dose-response curves for high- and low-LET radiation differ and thus the RBE, the ratio between them, varies, reaching a maximum value RBEM at low doses; and (3) modifiers of the carcinogenic response, which either enhance or reduce the effect of a given dose. Radiation protection depends both on risk information, and especially also on comparisons with other occupational and public risks, and on research, not only for extrapolations of risk to low doses but also in areas where human information is lacking such as in the effects of radiation quality and in modifications of response.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Radiation protection and radiation recovery with essential metalloelement chelates.

Understanding essential metalloelement metabolism and its role in tissue maintenance and function, as well as the roles of essential metalloelement-dependent enzymes in responding to injury, offer a new approach to decreasing and/or treating radiation injury. This review presents the roles of some essential metalloelement-dependent enzymes in tissue maintenance and function, and their responses to radiation injury in accounting for radiation protection and recovery effects observed for nontoxic doses of essential metalloelement compounds. Effects of biochemicals including water undergoing bond radiolysis and the effects of free radicals derived from diatomic oxygen account for the acute and chronic aspects of radiation injury. Recognized biochemical roles of essential metalloelement-dependent enzymes and the observed pharmacological effects of small-molecular mass chelates predict the therapeutic usefulness of essential metalloelement complexes in decreasing and/or treatment of radiation injury. Copper chelates have radiation protection and radiation recovery activities and cause rapid recovery of immunocompetency and recovery from radiation-induced histopathology. Mice treated with Cu(II)2(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate)4[Cu (II)2(3,5-DIPS)4] had increased survival and corresponding increases in numbers of myeloid and multipotential progenitor cells early after irradiation and earlier recovery of immune reactivity. Examination of radiation-induced histopathology in spleen, bone marrow, thymus, and small intestine also revealed Cu(II)2(3,5-DIPS)4-mediated rapid recovery of radiation-induced histopathology. Most recently, Fe, Mn, and Zn complexes have also been found to prevent death in lethally irradiated mice. These pharmacological effects of essential metalloelement chelates can be understood as due to facilitation of de novo synthesis of essential metalloelement-dependent enzymes which have roles in preventing the accumulation of pathological concentrations of oxygen radicals or repairing biochemical damage caused by radiation-induced bond homolysis. Essential metalloelement chelates offer a physiological approach to prevention and/or treatment of radiation injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Radiobiological fundamentals in radioepidemiology and radiation protection.

Radiation is a convenient tool to study fundamental processes of life. Biological effects of irradiation may result from indirect actions which are mediated by free radicals (e.g. OH-radicals) or from direct actions which involve ionizations in the DNA and other biomolecules. Damage to the DNA is the principal, but not exclusive target for cell death, loss of reproductive integrity, mutation, cancer, developmental anomalies and other radiobiological effects. Repair of damaged DNA and cellular recovery processes play an essential role in affecting the survival of cells. Dose, dose rate, radiation quality, biological and chemical modifiers also have a pronounced effect upon the extent of radiation responses. The biological effects of ionizing radiation are somatic or hereditary and can further be classified into stochastic and deterministic effects. For radiation epidemiology and protection the stochastic action is more relevant because the probability of an effect is a function of dose, without a threshold. Induction of cancer, hereditary diseases and probably also mental retardation are regarded as stochastic effects.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed1994

Excerpts from "Maintaining Radiation Protection Records". National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.

This is the last in a three-part series of articles reprinted from a report by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). Section 5, "Workplace Records," is reprinted below. The Introduction and Section 2, "Guidance for Systemic Generation and Retention of Records Relating to Radiation Protection," were reprinted in the winter 1994 issue of Radiology Management, and Section 3, "Radiation Protection Program Records," appeared in the spring 1994 issue.

Forms and Records Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hygienic requirement for calculation the protection, radiation control and control of the exploitation parameters for the X-ray equipment].

Comments are provided for a number of provisions of Sanitary Rules and Norms 2.6.1.1192-03 (Hygienic Requirements to the Arrangement and Functioning of X-ray Examination Rooms and to X-ray Procedures) related with detailing the demands to calculating the radiation protection, radiation monitoring and to monitoring the exploitation parameters of X-ray equipment.

Equipment Safety↗