Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Quarantine”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Relationship of strain 19 calfhood vaccination in beef herds and brucellosis reactor rates, duration of quarantine, and number of herd tests.

Initial and cumulative reactor rates for strain 19 vaccinates and nonvaccinates were significantly (P less than 0.001) lower for beef herds containing variable proportions of vaccinates, compared with reactor rates in nonvaccinated herds. In addition, significant (P less than 0.005) reduction in cumulative incidence was observed in nonvaccinated and strain 19-vaccinated cattle as the proportion of vaccinates within the herd increased from 1 to 19%, 20 to 39%, 40 to 59%, and 60 to 100%. Duration of quarantine and number of herd tests were not reduced in herds with strain 19-vaccinated cattle. In herds released from quarantine, duration of quarantine and number of tests were positively correlated to proportion of the herd vaccinated. In nonvaccinated herds released from quarantine, effect of herd size was documented by strong positive (P = 0.042) correlation with duration of quarantine and slightly weaker correlation (P = 0.095) with number of tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A plague epidemic in voluntary quarantine.

In September 1665, an outbreak of plague occurred in Eyam, a small village 10 miles west of Sheffield, in an isolated valley of Derbyshire. Eighty per cent of the population died during the 14 months of the epidemic, a greater proportion than any other community in England. When plague threatened to cause panic and desertion of the village, the vicar of Eyam persuaded the villagers to stay, and to impose a voluntary quarantine on their village, in order to avoid spreading the plague to the surrounding villages. Quarantine was strictly observed for the last five months of the epidemic, when it was at its height. A boundary about one mile in diameter was marked out around the village, and food was left at the boundary for villagers to collect. The parish register can be used to describe the natural history of this plague epidemic in quarantine; in the light of current knowledge of plague epidemiology, it shows the traditional account of the origin of the Eyam plague to be improbable. The pattern of the epidemic suggests a typical epidemic of bubonic plague with a rodent reservoir. The policy of quarantine, rightly judged as heroic, was also tragically misguided, and was probably responsible for the unparalleled mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Factors associated with the seroprevalence of pseudorabies virus in breeding swine from quarantined herds.

Strategies for the elimination of pseudorabies virus (PRV) from swine herds include test and removal, offspring segregation, and depopulation/repopulation. The prevalence of PRV in a herd is a major factor in selection of the most appropriate strategy. The purpose of the study reported here was to describe the prevalence of PRV in adult swine in PRV quarantined herds in Minnesota, and to determine herd factors associated with the seroprevalence. Questionnaires describing the health history of the herd, management practices, and design of the swine facilities were obtained from the owners of 142 quarantined herds. Blood was collected from 29 finishing pigs over the age of 4 months, up to 29 adult females, and all herd boars. Factors considered to be significant in a bivariate analysis were combined in a stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of PRV-seropositive adults in each herd was bimodally distributed among the 142 herds. In 42 (30%) of the herds, none of the females tested was seropositive, which represented the lower mode. At least 90% of the adults tested were seropositive in 30 (21%) of the herds and represented the higher mode. The odds of the breeding swine of a given herd having a PRV seroprevalence of greater than or equal to 20% as compared with having a seroprevalence of less than 20% was 1.654 times higher per 50 adults in the herd, 13.550 times higher if the finishing pigs were seropositive, 2.378 times higher if sows were housed inside during gestation, and 1.481 times lower per number of years since the imposition of quarantine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of crew skin flora under conditions of a full quarantine lunar-exploration mission.

Crew-members of the Apollo 14 lunar exploration mission underwent a pre-flight seclusion designed to stabilize their health by freeing them from exposure to potentially infectious agents. After the flight, the crew-members were quarantined to protect the biosphere from possible lunar contamination. These isolations, along with the complete isolation of the spaceflight itself, provided the opportunity for a skin flora survey which included the sampling of seven sites at five different times. Quantification and identification of all aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from each site were performed. The results indicated that the pre-flight quarantine measures resulted in a decrease in total numbers of isolates as well as a decrease in the anaerobes. This was followed by a continued decrease throughout the flight with a return to the pre-flight norm within 16 days after the flight. The quantitative load of aerobic bacteria increased during the flight, due largely to an increase in coryneforms and micrococcaceae. The quantitative load of anaerobic bacteria decreased before and during the flight. No instance of microbial shock or intercrew transfer of micro-organisms was demonstrated. These findings indicate that alterations in the skin flora do not pose any unusual problem during short duration space flights. Further, there are no indications that problems will arise on longer missions.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1992

[Bacteriological study of traveller's diarrhoea. 4) Isolation of enteropathogenic bacteria from patients with traveller's diarrhoea at Osaka Airport Quarantine Station during 1984-1991].

During the last 8 years (1984 to 1991), 16,639,233 overseas travellers were quarantined at Osaka Airport Quarantine Station and 38,326 travellers reported that they were (or had been) suffering from diarrhoea. Bacteriological examination of stools from 12,573 persons revealed the following results. 1) Various enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated from 3,669 cases (29.2%) examined. The predominant species of bacteria isolated were as follows: Salmonella, 1049 cases; Plesiomonas shigelloides, 1030 cases; Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 789 cases; Shigella, 607 cases; enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 422 cases; Vibrio cholerae non-O1, 212 cases. 2) There were no apparent seasonal variations in the isolation rate of these pathogens. 3) The suspected regions for infection with these pathogens were as follows: a) Salmonella, Enterotoxigenic E. coli and Plesiomonas, mainly South-East and South-West Asia. b) Shigella, South-West Asia, especially India (59.8%). c) V. parahaemolyticus and V. fluvialis, mainly South-East and East Asia. d) V. cholerae non-O1, V. mimicus, almost restricted to Asia, mainly South-East Asia. 4) 22 strains of V. cholerae O1 were isolated and 19 were Ogawa, E1 Tor. Of these strains, 13 were cholera toxin-producing strains and 9 were non-toxigenic strains. 5) Several pathogens (mixed infection) were isolated simultaneously from 670 cases. 6) The 1247 Salmonella strains were identified into 98 serovars. 7) Of 624 Shigella strains isolated, 57.9% were S. sonnei, 29.2% were S. flexneri, 8.6% were S. boydii, 4.3% were S. dysenteriae. 8) The most predominant serovar of V. parahaemolyticus was O4:K8. Of 1,247 strains isolated, 9.8% were not producing thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH). 9) 570 (91.3%) of 624 Shigella strains and 409 (32.8%) of 1,247 Salmonella strains isolated were resistant to any one of the drugs tested (SM. CP. TC. KM. ABPC. NA. OFLX). The resistance rate and the number of multiple drug-resistance strains increased year by year. 10) Enterotoxigenic E. coli was isolated from 422 cases (10.7%) of 3,939 cases. Cases with enterotoxigenic E. coli strains producing ST (heat-stable), LT (heat-labile) or both ST and LT were 53.8%, 24.2% and 14.2% respectively. The others were cases with mixed types of enterotoxin production.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1978

[The quarantined dialysis room for Australia-antigen-positive patients. Theoretical, normative, structural, operational, organizational and management aspects].

The technical features of dialysis facilitate the transmission of hepatitis B virus and the outbreak of possibly serious epidemics among patients and hospital staffs. Statistical, epidemiological and clinical data have been collected on many occasions. They serve to emphasise the problem and the need for quarantined centres. The establishment of such a centre for HBsAg-positive patients is discussed in the light of personal experience in the design and setting up of quarantined rooms. The underlying technical and structural requirements are also examined. Reference is also made to two years' experience in the running of a room of this kind. Stress is laid on the importance of having a room for these patients, not only from the clinical standpoint (lessening of contagion), but also from teh social and exonomic standpoint (reduced costs and length of hospital stay, greater rehabilitation).

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1978

[Quarantine and health control of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) (author's transl)].

A total of two hundreds and seventy squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) of both sexes were imported from South America through an animal dealer of the U. S. A. in eight lots from May, 1973 to July, 1974. They were investigated for the presence of the parasites for a maximum of fifteen months including nine weeks of quarantine period from the time of import. The mortality rate before or immediately after arrival at our laboratory reached 56.7% in the first two lots. This, however, could be reduced later to 4.8% by improving some conditions of transportation. Bacteriological surveys revealed no shigella or salmonella infections during the quarantine period. No tuberculin positive reactors were also detected. Filarial infestations seemed to be common in this species; about 45.5% had adult worms in the peritoneal cavity and about 65% harbored microfilaria in the peripheral blood. Acanthocephla was also found in a high rate in the lower alimentary tracts. It has been suggested that the worms disappear in fifteen months by keeping animals in the intermediate host-free circumstances. The sarcocyst was found in the femoral muscle of 7 (18.9%) of 37 animals examined histologically.

Acanthocephala↗
PubMed1978

The effect of dietary crude fiber levels on rhesus monkeys during quarantine.

A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary crude fiber level on intestinal disorders in the feral rheusus monkey (Macaca mulatta) during the first 60 days of the quarantine period. Three experimental baked diets containing 2.4%, 7.0%, and 9.8% crude fiber and a commercially extruded diet containing 2.2% crude fiber were fed during the study. The morbidity rate of intestinal disorders at the 7% crude fiber level was 1.4%, which was significantly less (p less than 0.05) than the 11.1%, 12.5%, and 20.8% morbidity for the monkeys fed the diets containing 2.4%, 9.8%, and 2.2% crude fiber, respectively. Monkeys fed the 7% crude fiber diet had a mean number of treatment days for intestinal disorders per monkey of 0.014, which was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than the 0.9, 0.5, and 1.4 days for those fed the 2.4%, 9.8%, and 2.2% fiber diets, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Spread of pseudorabies virus among breeding swine in quarantined herds.

In theory, pseudorabies virus (PRV) may be eliminated from any size of breeding herd by phased test and removal if replacement gilts are not infected with PRV, culling decisions are partially based on PRV status, and the cull rate is higher than the incidence rate of PRV. Annual cull rates are commonly at least 50%, but little information exists on the incidence of PRV within enzootically infected swine herds. The purpose of this study was to develop a method by which spread of PRV could be detected among breeding swine within enzootically infected herds and to determine the incidence of PRV infection in these herds. Data were collected from 17 herds that were quarantined for PRV and ranged in size from 120 to 1,100 sows. At each herd, within the first 5 days of introduction, a group of approximately 30 replacement gilts was identified, vaccinated with a glycoprotein X-deleted PRV vaccine, and blood sample was collected. The owner of 1 herd had a nonvaccinated breeding herd and elected to leave incoming gilts nonvaccinated. After vaccination, blood samples were collected every 1 to 2 months for an average of 13.6 months. Serum samples from vaccinated gilts were tested for antiglycoprotein X antibodies by a specific differential ELISA. Samples from nonvaccinated gilts were evaluated by serum neutralization test. Product-limit method was used to estimate the probability of not becoming infected with PRV. Spread was detected in 7 of 8 herds that had more than 400 sows and in 2 of 9 herds that had less than 400 sows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Factors associated with spread of pseudorabies virus among breeding swine in quarantined herds.

Knowledge of the factors that place susceptible gilts at highest risk of pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection in a quarantined herd is crucial to reduce spread of PRV within the herd. Cohorts of PRV seronegative gilts were monitored in 17 herds that were endemically infected with PRV to determine the location of breeding females at the time of infection with PRV and identify herd characteristics and management and housing factors that may influence spread of PRV in the breeding section of swine herds endemically infected with PRV. Blood samples were collected every 1 to 2 months for an average of 13.6 months. In addition, blood was collected from a representative sample of finishing pigs (greater than or equal to 20 weeks old) 3 times per year to determine their serologic PRV status. Incidence rates and relative risks of PRV infection were estimated for 4 areas of the breeding section: gestation barn, gilt pool, farrowing room, and breeding area. Overall, 28, 11, 8, and 2 females became infected with PRV in each of these areas, respectively. The greater number of females infected in the gestation barns, compared with the number of females infected in other locations, is probably a consequence of being at risk for a longer period rather than of a higher incidence rate. Herd size, common housing for gilts in the gilt pool and sows, and serologic pattern of PRV infection in finishing pigs were associated with the detection of spread of PRV in the breeding section of the 17 herds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Therapy proposals for the quarantine of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)].

Attenuated live virus vaccines are usually tested in vivo for neurovirulent properties by using African green monkeys. This report describes the health condition of animals that have been imported from Ethiopia. The monkeys were strongly malnourished when they arrived at the institute. One animal died during the shipment. In spite of many diagnostic and therapeutic efforts only 14 of 29 monkeys survived the 120-day-quarantine. Most animals died of infections of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts within 4 weeks after arrival.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Isolation of an exotic serotype of bluetongue virus from imported cattle in quarantine.

In 1980, 60 zebu cattle from Brazil were admitted into quarantine in Florida for 150 days. During the 30 days between their last test in Brazil and their first test in Florida, four animals developed antibody to bluetongue virus detectable by agar gel immunodiffusion test. Within 62 days after arrival in Florida, three more seroconverted and one more was positive by the 86th day. Virus neutralizing titers of serums from the first four cattle were highest against bluetongue virus serotype 4 and 20; both of these serotypes are exotic to the United States. A bluetongue virus serotype 4 was isolated from one of these animals. The eight positive reactors were slaughtered; the other 52 cattle, which did not develop detectable antibody titers to bluetongue virus, were released into the United States.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Not fear, nor quarantine, but science: preparation for a decade of research to advance knowledge about causes and control of violence in youths.

Both the single case I encountered in the Boston Globe and several sources of national data give a picture of young Black males as a group at extraordinarily high risk for injury and premature death. It is a consequence of violent behavior most often directed toward them by individuals of the same race and of similar age. I do not believe, however, that focusing on the behavioral characteristics of this subgroup will gain us much in controlling the very high costs in life and well-being they incur. Rather, we need to concentrate our attention on the social contexts in which these young men grow up, on the quality of housing and public schools available to them, on their access to firearms, and on opportunities for legitimate employment available to them. This is an urgent, pressing need for which there exists no formula for success. Many communities across the country are making an effort to find ways of coordinating such needs into a common and sustained strategy. We are clearly at the beginning stage of a campaign. In morally isolating ourselves from this segment of the population, we confer on it the status of being quarantined. Public fear and distrust assume the appearance of a rational response. Gradually these young men and their would-be families become functionally obsolete in society. As a matter of policy, the environments they inhabit are neglected, and, predictably, they deteriorate. It is in this sense that our science policy in regard to violence may be ahead of public policies that regulate (or fail to regulate) the environments in which violence breeds most extensively. The fact that public health, bolstered by the basic developmental and sociological sciences, is poised to take on a leadership role in combating this modern epidemic is welcome news. Recalling the successes of public health campaigns to control infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, may only be relevant in providing us with a sense of what constitutes a campaign to combat violence. The key actors in this important endeavor appear to be ready for a period of intense cooperation and forging of new knowledge. Now that we have failed in our effort to meet the 1990 objective for a reduction in violent death, the challenge is indeed a weighty one.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of methyl bromide exposure on the plant quarantine fumigators by environmental and biological monitoring.

The study was undertaken to assess the potential risk of exposure to methyl bromide (MB) gas of plant quarantine fumigators who wore full facepiece gas masks with respirator canisters. The mean ambient concentrations of MB determined by a personal sampling device exceeded the TLV-ACGIH level of 5 ppm in the degassing processes at three fumigation sites except at the silos. The mean urinary bromine concentration of 379 non-MB workers was 6.3 +/- 2.5 mg/l with 95% confidence limits of 10 mg/l. There were 44.6% of 251 MB workers whose urinary bromine levels exceeded the 10 mg/l. There was a significantly positive correlation between the urinary bromine concentrations of the MB workers and the ambient MB concentrations in the degassing process. The MB levels in the workers' exhalation were positive in the degassing process, while those were below the detection limit in the dispersion process. Three possible routes through which the workers are exposed to MB gas are considered to exist: leakage through the interstice between the facepiece of a gas mask and the wearer's face, breakthrough of MB gas in the respirator canister, and percutaneous absorption of MB gas. Biological monitoring of urinary bromine and exhalatory MB as well as environmental monitoring of the ambient MB provided useful information for evaluating exposure of workers to MB.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2025

Characteristics of Tuberculosis Tests Performed during Postimport Quarantine of Nonhuman Primates, United States, 2021 to 2024.

Screening nonhuman primates (NHPs) for tuberculosis (TB) is important to protect the health of NHP colonies and people who interact with them. Screening is especially important for imported NHPs from countries where TB is prevalent and biosecurity practices may be lax. There are a variety of testing methods available for TB screening and diagnosis in NHPs; all have limitations, and their performance in different settings is incompletely characterized. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collects TB testing results as part of its regulatory oversight of NHP importation. We collated the results of tuberculin skin tests (TSTs), interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs), multiplexed fluorometric immunoassay (MFIA), Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex PCR, staining for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), and culture of bacteria from tissues for imported NHPs in CDC-mandated quarantine during fiscal years 2021 to 2024. We used these data to assess test performance and intertest agreement for the different tests used. Among 107 imported NHPs tested, TST and IGRA were the most common antemortem tests performed, but they agreed poorly with each other and with culture. AFB staining and PCR exhibited moderate agreement and high positive predictive values using culture as the gold standard. The most commonly affected tissues were lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes, regardless of the Mycobacterium sp. identified. Further research is needed to identify and validate additional methods for TB testing in NHPs, particularly for antemortem screening. Tissue acid-fast staining and PCR exhibited high positive predictive values and could be useful to inform policies and clinical decisions about colony management and occupational health while awaiting culture results.

AFB, acid-fast bacilli↗
PubMed1991

A simplified protocol for banking bone from surgical donors requiring a 90-day quarantine and an HIV-1 antibody test.

The banking of femoral heads from patients who undergo total hip arthroplasty provides a valuable resource for orthopedic surgery. Quality assurance of the banked bone used in clinical procedures requires documented policies for screening, procuring, storing and distributing. Potential donors are screened at the time of donation for malignant disease, possible communicable disease, sepsis and high-risk life-styles. After negative culture results are confirmed and appropriate documentation has been completed, the bone is frozen at -70 degrees C. A quarantine period of 90 days follows. The donor is followed up 90 days or more postoperatively. At that time written consent is obtained for donation of the recovered tissue to the bone bank and for serology testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG), hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) and syphilis, and the donor is rescreened for contraindications. This protocol meets or exceeds all existing standards. The combination of obtaining consent and serology testing at 90 days streamlines the logistics of banking bone from surgical donors.

Bone and Bones↗