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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Pyrolysis gas chromatography of microorganisms. Influence of various pyrolysis parameters on the yield of volatile organic products.

Bacteroides fragilis was analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC). The influence of temperature rise time, pyrolysis temperature and pyrolysis time on the yield of volatile organic pyrolysis products was studied. The use of short pyrolysis time (8 msec) and a high pyrolysis end temperature (1300 degrees C) was found to provide a high yield. In consecutive analyses of the test organism, under the pyrolysis conditions indicated, the standard deviation of the total yield of volatile organic products was +/- 7%. The pyrolysis technique described suggests that few secondary reactions of the pyrolysis fragments occur.

Bacteroides fragilis↗

Fluidised bed pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of scrap tyres.

Pyrolysis of scrap tyres was undertaken in a semi-continuous fluidised bed reactor in relation to the temperature of the fluidised bed. Subsequently, a fixed bed of Zeolite catalyst was placed in the freeboard of the reactor. The catalyst temperature was held constant at 500 degrees C and the influence of the temperature of the fluidised bed over the same temperature range as the uncatalysed pyrolysis examined. Two Zeolite catalysts were examined, a Y-type Zeolite catalyst and Zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst of differing pore size and surface activity. The main aim of the work was to examine the production of certain single ring aromatic compounds in the derived pyrolysis oil which are known to be of commercial value. The oils were therefore analysed in detail to determine the concentration of benzene, toluene, xylenes and limonene. In addition, detailed analyses of the derived gases under pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis conditions were determined. The influence of the temperature of pyrolysis was to increase the yield of benzene, toluene and xylenes but decrease the yield of limonene. In the presence of the catalyst, the yield of oil was reduced with a consequent increase in the gas yield. Benzene, toluene and xylenes present in the oils showed a significant increase in the presence of both of the catalysts. The two catalysts used, although of differing surface acidities and selective pore sizes, produced similar concentrations of benzene, toluene, xylene and limonene.

Catalysis↗

Analysis of drugs by pyrolysis. I. Selected ion monitoring combined with a pyrolysis method for the determination of carpronium chloride in biological samples.

In order to establish an analytical method for carpronium chloride, a parasympathomimetic agent, the pyrolysis reaction of carpronium chloride was examined in a g.c.m.s. system, which revealed that gamma-butyrolactone was produced directly from the drug as the main pyrolysis product. In the case of conversion of [2,2,3,3-2H4]carpronium chloride into the deuterated gamma-butyrolactone, 2H/1H scrambling was observed and confirmed to occur during the pyrolysis process of the deuterated compound. The proportion of gamma-[2H4]butyrolactone among the pyrolysis products was almost independent of the operating conditions, so [2,2,3,3-2H4]carpronium chloride was of practical use as an internal standard for selected ion monitoring. By incorporation of the pyrolysis reaction of carpronium chloride with selected ion monitoring and the use of [2,2,3,3-2H4]carpronium chloride as an internal standard, a rapid, sensitive and selective method was devised for the determination of the drug in biological samples. The method was utilized successfully for the biopharmaceutical studies of carpronium chloride in ma.

4-Butyrolactone↗

Fixed-bed catalytic pyrolysis of cotton-seed cake: effects of pyrolysis temperature, natural zeolite content and sweeping gas flow rate.

Catalyzed pyrolysis of cotton-seed cake was studied under different experimental conditions. Variables investigated were pyrolysis temperature, zeolite content and sweeping gas flow rate. Experiments were carried out isothermally. Liquids, gases and char were obtained as products of pyrolysis. The distributions of these products were determined for various contents (1, 5, 10, 20 wt.% of raw material) of zeolite at four different pyrolysis temperatures. The maximum liquid yield obtained was 30.84% at a pyrolysis temperature of 550 degrees C with a sweeping gas flow rate of 100 cm(3) min(-1) in the presence of clinoptilolite (20% based on raw material) as catalyst. The pyrolytic and catalytic liquid products were analysed in detail to determine the predominant chemical classes and the identities of the major compounds present.

Bioelectric Energy Sources↗

Investigation of pyrolysis behavior of carbofuran by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Carbofuran is a kind of carbamate pesticide commonly used on major crops. For understanding of the composition variation versus temperature and pyrolysis mechanism, its pyrolysis behavior was simulated and investigated by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS). The pyrolysates were directly injected for GC-MS analysis. Totally 86 components were determined based on mass spectra library matching with the aid of the correlation of boiling point (bp) and retention time. It was found that carbofuran was obviously decomposed with the temperature increase. A large number of mono aromatics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were formed when the temperature was higher than 750 degrees C, and the higher was the temperature, the more was the content of the corresponding aromatic hydrocarbon. Besides the aromatic hydrocarbons, there were oxygenous and/or nitrogenous compounds produced in the pyrolysis process. Furthermore, the pyrolysis mechanism of carbofuran was proposed based on the determined pyrolysates and their contents variation versus the temperature. The investigation results can provide the useful information for understanding of the thermal behavior of carbofuran and evaluation of the potential influence of the pyrolysates to living thing and the environment.

Carbofuran↗

The conversion of chicken manure to biooil by fast pyrolysis II. Analysis of chicken manure, biooils, and char by curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cp Py-GC/MS).

The initial chicken manure and the three fractions derived from it by fast pyrolysis, that is, the two biooils Fractions I and II as well as the residual char were analyzed by Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cp Py-GC/MS). The individual compounds identified were grouped into the following six compound classes: (a) N-heterocyclics; (b) substituted furans; (c) phenol and substituted phenols; (d) benzene and substituted benzenes; (e) carbocyclics; and (f) aliphatics. Of special interest were the relatively high concentrations of N-heterocyclics in biooil Fraction II which was obtained in the highest yield and had the highest calorific value. Prominent N-heterocyclics in biooil Fraction II were methyl-and ethyl-substituted pyrroles, pyridines, pyrimidine, pyrazines, and pteridine. Also noteworthy was the high abundance of aliphatics in biooil Fraction I and the char. The alkanes and alkenes in biooil Fraction I ranged from n-C7 to n-C18 and C7:1 to C18:1, respectively, and those in the char from n-C7 to n-C19 and C7:1 to C19:1, respectively. The N-heterocyclics in the two biooil Fractions came from the chicken manure, from proteinaceous materials during fast pyrolysis or were formed during the fast pyrolysis manure conversion by the Maillard reaction which involved the formation of N-heterocyclics by amino acids interacting with sugars.

Animals↗

Determination of Intramolecular delta13C from incomplete pyrolysis fragments. Evaluation of pyrolysis-induced isotopic fractionation in fragments from the lactic acid analogue propylene glycol.

Intramolecular carbon isotope ratios reflect the source of a compound and the reaction conditions prevailing during synthesis and degradation. We report here a method for determination of relative (Deltadelta13C) and absolute (delta13C) intramolecular isotope ratios using the volatile lactic acid analogue propylene glycol as a model compound, measured by on-line gas chromatography-pyrolysis coupled to GC-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Pyrolytic fragmentation of about one-third of the analyte mass produces optimal fragments for isotopic analysis, from which relative isotope ratios (Deltadelta13C) are calculated according to guidelines presented previously. Calibration to obtain absolute isotope ratios is achieved by quantifying isotope fractionation during pyrolysis with an average fractionation factor, alpha, and evaluated by considering extremes in isotopic fractionation behavior. The method is demonstrated by calculating ranges of absolute intramolecular isotope ratios in four samples of propylene glycol. Relative and absolute isotope ratios were calculated with average precisions of SD(Deltadelta13C) <0.84 per thousand and SD(delta13C) <3.0 per thousand, respectively. The various fractionation scenarios produce an average delta(13)C range of 2 per thousand for each position in each sample. Relative isotope ratios revealed all four samples originated from unique sources, with samples A, B, and D only distinguishable at the position-specific level. Regardless of pyrolysis fractionation distribution, absolute isotope ratios showed a consistent pattern for all samples, with delta13C(3) > delta13C(2) > delta13C(1). The validity of the method was determined by examining the difference in relative isotope ratios calculated through two independent methods: Deltadelta13C calculated directly using previous methods and Deltadelta13C extracted from absolute isotope ratios. Deviation between the two Deltadelta13C values for all positions averaged 0.1-0.2 per thousand, with the smallest deviation obtained assuming equal fractionation across all fragment positions. This approach applies generally to all compounds analyzed by pyrolytic PSIA.

Calibration↗

Development of a sampling train for arsenic in pyrolysis vapours resulting from pyrolysis of arsenic containing wood waste.

In the present study a sampling and analysis method for arsenic emissions during pyrolysis of arsenic containing wood, such as chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood, has been developed. The procedure is based on the NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) standard for arsenic trioxide sampling. Validation for this specific application is needed since pyrolysis of arsenic containing wood leads to a gas stream containing sticky tar compounds and aerosols. Validation was carried out through tube furnace experiments using both CCA treated wood and arsenic trioxide powder as input. The outlet of the tube furnace was coupled to a cooling section and sampling train. The sampling train consisted of one or more filter sections and impingers. Different combinations of filters (untreated or impregnated) and impingers, as well as different combinations of washing solutions were tested. The different units of the sampling train were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in order to determine the distribution of arsenic over the different units. For the working conditions considered (pyrolysis at 350 degrees C for 20 minutes with a nitrogen flow rate of 100 Nl h(-1)) the combination of a quartz cooling tube and a cellulose ester membrane filter impregnated with a Na2CO3-glycerol solution was sufficient to capture the arsenic. Two extra impingers (the first one containing 50 ml HNO3 1 M in the case of CCA treated wood and 50 ml NaOH 0.1 M in the case of As2O3 and the second one containing 50 ml NaOH 0.1 M) were added downstream of the filter section as backup either in case of filter failure or to check whether all the arsenic released is captured by the cooling tube and filter.

Air Pollutants↗

[Microstructural characterization for pyrolysis hydrogenation fragments in polyethylene by pyrolysis hydrogenation gas chromatography/mass spectrometry].

The microstructural characterization of 47 samples, respectively of high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), copolymer of ethylene and alpha-olefins, was performed by pyrolysis hydrogenation gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-H-GC/MS) with 10% Pt on 80-100 mesh Diasolid H as a hydrogenation catalyst. The samples were obtained from 12 domestic plants and 12 plants abroad as well. The sample sizes ranging from 30 to 80 microg were pyrolyzed at 770 degrees C in a flow of hydrogen carrier gas. It was found that short methyl branches as the characteristic isoalkanes of pyrolysis hydrogenation in polyethylene would be related closely to the different classes of polyethylene. The microstructural characterization has been carried out by means of Py-H-GC/MS, according to the relative amount of the four short methyl branches, 5-methyldodecane (5-MC12), 4-methyldodecane (4-MC12), 2-methyldodecane (2-MC12) and 3-methyldodecane (3-MC12) existed in C12-C13 isoalkanes. The Py-H-GC/MS technique will be providing further scientific evidences for the characterization of polyethylene plastics in forensic science.

English Abstract↗

[Effects of repeated skin applications of heavy pyrolysis resin on cytochrome P-450 level and glutathione transferase activity in liver microsomes and cytosol in rats in relation to the level of toxic effects of pyrolysis resin on internal organs].

Rats received 20 skin applications of heavy pyrolysis resin, containing about 30% of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The every exposure duration was 4 hours a day. Applications have been carried out daily 5 days a week in the course of 4 weeks. Induction of cytochrome P-450 (P-450) by 79%, significant induction of microsomal (GTm) and cytosol (GTc) glutathione-S-transferase activity (by 46 and 85%, respectively) and small increase of reduced glutathione level (by 9%) also were registered as a result of these exposures. Lipid peroxidation level determined by TBK-reactive products quantity didn't alter significantly. Close correlation between ratio values of P-450/GTm levels and P-450/GTc levels and toxic effect indices of heavy pyrolysis resin on rat immune and endocrine systems.

Animals↗

In-column pyrolysis: a new approach to an old problem.

High-molecular-weight fragments produced during pyrolysis of both natural and synthetic materials often carry the most significant structural information. Their diagnostic value is usually limited when using commercial pyrolysis devices because of analyte discrimination on transfer from the pyrolysis unit to the GC column. A device enabling pyrolysis in line with GC column was developed to overcome this problem. Pyrolysis is carried out in a segment of deactivated stainless steel tubing. One end of the tubing is connected through a restrictor to a standard GC injector, and the other end is connected to a precolumn followed by a GC column. Pyrolysis is carried out by passing a pulse of electric current from a capacitive discharge power supply through the tubing. Nondiscriminated alkane pattern up to C-58 (limited by the temperature limit of the GC stationary phase) was observed for the pyrolysis of polyethylene. A comparison of conventional pyrolysis with in-column pyrolysis indicates that the range of semivolatile pyrolysis products that can be detected in the pyrograms extends much further toward higher-boiling compounds for the technique proposed. The new approach has also proved very useful in methodical variations of pyrolysis, including thermochemolysis using tetramethylammonium hydroxide.

Journal Article↗

Pyrolysis mass spectrometry characterisation and numerical taxonomy of Aeromonas spp.

Reference strains (2) and 29 isolates of Aeromonas spp. from clinical material and environmental specimens were characterised in traditional biochemical tests, and in pyrolysis mass spectrometry, which gives data reflecting whole-cell composition. Numerical taxonomic analyses of the data sets were compared with conventional identification at species level, and pathogenic potential, as inferred from the origin of the isolates. Clustering with conventional test reaction patterns showed, for each of the species represented, a clearly defined core group of 'typical' isolates, surrounded by a halo of aberrant strains. One further cluster comprised strains intermediate between A. caviae and A. hydrophila, and one strain was grossly atypical in both analyses. Clustering from pyrolysis data corresponded less well with species identification. Broadly, the biochemical division between core and halo strains was supported in pyrolysis for A. caviae and A. sobria, but the main group of A. hydrophila in pyrolysis comprised strains clustering in the core and halo groups of this species, and three strains intermediate between A. hydrophila and A. caviae in biochemical tests. Two further pyrolysis clusters comprised core and halo strains of A. hydrophila. However, pyrolysis clustering correlated well with inferred pathogenicity, showing four clusters of probable pathogens, six clusters of probable non-pathogens, and one two member cluster of doubtful status. Most strains that clustered in the species haloes, or in species-intermediate groups in biochemical tests, were non-human isolates, or were isolated in the absence of symptomatic infection. The correlation of inferred pathogenicity with biochemical clustering was poorer than that with pyrolysis clustering.

Aeromonas↗

Evaluation of acute toxicity and genotoxicity of liquid products from pyrolysis of Eucalyptus grandis wood.

Slow pyrolysis of Eucalyptus grandis wood was performed in an oven laboratory, and smoke was trapped and condensed to yield liquid products. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic fractions were isolated from the former liquid products using adsorption column chromatography (ACC) and identified by GC/MS. Concentrations of PAH and phenolic fractions in total pyrolysis liquids were respectively 48.9 microg/g and 8.59% (w/w). Acute toxicity of total samples of pyrolysis liquids and the phenolic fraction was evaluated by means of two bioassays, namely, 24-h immobilization bioassay with Daphnia magna and Microtox bioassays, the latter employing the luminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum. Total pyrolysis liquids and the PAH fraction were evaluated for genotoxicity by the Microtox bioassay conducted using rehydrated freeze-dried dark mutant of the luminescent bacteria Vibrio fisheri strain M169. Total pyrolysis liquids and the phenolic fraction, respectively, in concentrations of 170 and 68 mg/L were able to immobilize 50% (EC(50)) of the D. magna population following 24-h exposure. Concentrations of 19 and 6 mg/L, respectively, for total pyrolysis liquids and phenolic fraction were the effective concentrations that resulted in a 50% (EC(50)) reduction in light produced by bacteria in the Microtox bioassay. Accordingly, the Microtox bioassay was more sensitive to toxic effects of both kind of samples than the D. magna bioassay, particularly for the phenolic fraction. Regarding to the genotoxicity evaluation, the results achieved by Microtox bioassay showed that total pyrolysis liquids had no genotoxic effects with and without exogenous metabolic activation using rat liver homogenate (S9). However, the PAH fraction showed toxic effects with rat liver activation and had a dose-response number (DRN) equal to 1.6, being in this way suspected genotoxic. The lowest detected concentration (LDC) of the PAH fraction able to cause genotoxic effects was 375 microg/L.

Animals↗

Fast pyrolysis of rice husk: Product yields and compositions.

A series of pyrolysis oils and chars were prepared from agricultural by-product rice husk by the lab-scale fast pyrolysis system using induction heating. The effect of process parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, holding time, nitrogen gas flow rate, condensation temperature and particle size on the pyrolysis product yields and their chemical compositions was examined. The maximum oil yield of over 40% was obtained at the proper pyrolysis conditions. The chemical characterization by elemental, calorific, spectroscopic and chromatographic studies showed that the pyrolysis oils derived from the fast pyrolysis of rice husk contained considerable amounts of carbonyl groups and/or oxygen content, resulting in low pH and low heating values.

Fires↗

Conventional and fast pyrolysis of automobile shredder residues (ASR).

This work aims at comparing performance and product yields in conventional pyrolysis and fast pyrolysis of automotive shredded residues. In both processes, carbon conversion to gaseous and liquid products was more than 80%. Gas production was maximised in conventional pyrolysis (about 35% by weight of the initial ASR weight), while fast pyrolysis led to an oil yield higher than 55%. Higher heating values (HHV) of both conventional pyrolysis gas and fast pyrolysis oil increased from 8.8 to 25.07 MJ/Nm3 and from 28.8 and 36.27 MJ/kg with increasing pyrolysis temperature.

Automation↗

Pyrolysis kinetics and residue characteristics of petrochemical industrial sludge.

This study investigated the pyrolysis characteristics of sludge from wastewater treatment plants in the petrochemical industry and focused on the pyrolysis kinetics, elemental composition of residue, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of exhaust gas. As pyrolysis temperature increased to 773 K, the increasing rate of crude oil production tended to a stable condition. The result indicated that the optimal temperature of crude oil and water mixed production was 773 K. When pyrolysis temperature increased from 673 to 973 K, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen concentrations of residue decreased and the sulfur concentration of residue increased. The concentrations of benzene, toluene,ethylbenzene, and styrene increased by the increasing pyrolysis temperature. We found that the reaction order of sludge pyrolysis was 2.5 and the activation energy of the reaction was 11.06 kJ/mol. We believe that our pyrolysis system is transitional between devolatilization and combustion.

Gases↗

Analysis of pyrolysis products of methamphetamine.

This study examined the pyrolysis products of d-methamphetamine (d-MA) and the pyrolysis mechanism. A sealed glass tube, in which MA-HCl was placed, was wrapped with pyrolysis-foil and heated at the Curie point of the pyrolysis-foil. The pyrolysis products of MA were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. MA-d(3)-HCl, in which all the hydrogen atoms of N-methyl group of MA were substituted with deuterium atoms, was pyrolyzed to investigate the transformation of a methyl group of MA. Amphetamine (AM) and dimethylamphetamine (DMA) were produced via demethylation and methylation reactions, respectively, at temperatures above 315 degrees C. The demethylation and methylation reactions were the major pyrolysis processes at temperatures below 358 degrees C. At temperatures above 315 degrees C, the reaction of DMA with a methyl group eliminated from the methylamino group of MA resulted in the formation of benzylethyltrimethylammonium (BEMA). This transformation reveals that demethylation and methylation reactions occur in the form of a methyl cation. The thermal degradation of BEMA, the abstraction of a proton at the beta-position and the elimination of a trimethylamine, produced allylbenzene, cis-beta-methylstyrene, and trans-beta-methylstyrene at temperatures above 315 degrees C. At temperatures above 445 degrees C, the optical isomers, or l-isomers of AM, MA, and DMA, were produced as pyrolysis products.

Central Nervous System Stimulants↗