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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Redescription of the pupa of Culex (Culex) declarator Dyar and Knab (Diptera, Culicidae), with amendments to key to the Culex pupae of the eastern United States.

The pupa of Culex declarator was partially described and illustrated by Lane. This species was recently discovered in Florida for the first time and a series of individual rearings have resulted in a number of pupae and an opportunity to redescribe it fully, with a complete illustration. Amendment to the key to the Culex pupae of the eastern United States is provided.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cold hardiness in summer and winter diapause and post-diapause pupae of the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae L. under temperature acclimation.

Cold hardiness and biochemical changes were investigated in winter and summer pupae of the cabbage armyworm Mamestra brassicae at the diapause and post-diapause stages under temperature acclimation. Diapause pupae were successively acclimated to 25, 20 and then 10 degrees C (warm-acclimated group). Pupae at the diapause and post-diapause stages were successively acclimated to 5, 0, -5 and then -10 degrees C (cold-acclimated groups). Supercooling point values in winter and summer pupae remained constant regardless of the diapause stages and acclimated temperatures. Warm-acclimated pupae at the diapause stage did not survive the subzero temperature exposure, whereas, cold-acclimated pupae achieved cold hardiness to various degrees. Winter pupae were more cold hardy than summer pupae, and pupae at the post-diapause stage were more cold hardy than those at the diapause stage. Trehalose contents in winter pupae rose under cold acclimation. Summer pupae accumulated far lower trehalose contents than winter pupae, with the maximal level occurring in winter pupae at the post-diapause stage. Glycogen content remained at a high level in diapause pupae after warm acclimation, whereas it decreased after cold acclimation. Alanine, the main free amino acid in haemolymph after cold acclimation, increased at lower temperatures in both diapause and post-diapause pupae, but the increase was greater in the diapause pupae. These results suggest that cold hardiness is more fully developed in winter pupae than in summer pupae, and cold acclimation provides higher cold hardiness in winter pupae at the post-diapause stage than at the diapause stage.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Neuroendocrine roles of the brain in the regulation of 20-hydroxyecdysone responsiveness in two types of diapause pupae of the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae.

The cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae, has winter-and aestival- diapause pupae (WD- and AD-pupae) showing differences in the strength of diapause. We tried to quantify diapause-strength by measuring the doses of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) required to induce adult development in WD-, AD- and decerebrated non-diapause pupae (ND-pupae). The role of the brain in the regulation of diapause-strength was studied through the decerebration and brain-reimplantation of WD-and AD-pupae. The 20-E doses required for adult development were small within the first 2 days of pupation, and increased thereafter to reach a constant level about 10 days after pupation in AD- and decerebrated ND-pupae. The required 20-E doses in WD-pupae increased for more than 40 days after pupation. When 0-day-old WD- and 0-day-old AD-pupae were decerebrated, required 20-E doses increased after pupation and reached a constant about 10 days later. The required 20-E dose reached a constant level in decerebrated WD-pupae that was smaller than that observed for decerebrated ND- and WD-pupae. Furthermore, the required doses increased when 0-day-old WD-pupal brains were reimplanted into decerebrated WD- and decerebrated ND-pupae. In WD-, AD- and decerebrated ND-pupae, diapause-strength can be represented as the 20-E dose required for adult development. Diapause-strength is weak after pupation, increases thereafter, and reaches a constant about 10 days later in AD- and decerebrated ND-pupae. In WD-pupae, diapause-strength increases for more than 40 days after pupation and reaches a level that is twice that estimated for AD-pupae. Brains of diapausing WD-pupae may secrete a factor that suppresses the 20-E responsiveness of pupal organs, for the purpose of maintaining winter-diapause.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Insecticide susceptibility of cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) pupae.

Studies were conducted to investigate what protective nature the cocoon and nylon carpeting has against the performance of insecticides directed at cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), pupae developing in carpet. The following 5 combinations of life stages and substrates were used in these tests were: (1) larvae that pupated in carpet, (2) cocoons placed in carpet, (3) naked pupae placed in carpet, (4) cocoons placed on filter paper, and (5) naked pupae placed on filter paper. These studies evaluated the performance of chlorpyrifos, microencapsulated chlorpyrifos, propetamphos, permethrin, and linalool. When averaged over all insecticides, the mean controls of cocooned pupae placed in carpet and cocooned pupae placed on filter paper were 37.2 and 26.7%, respectively, whereas that of naked pupae placed in carpet was only 13.7%. Additional tests conducted using chlorpyrifos revealed that mortality was 23 and 42% higher, respectively, whenever pupae in cocoons and naked pupae were treated in glass dishes without filter paper. These studies demonstrate that the debri-coated cocoon is not a barrier to insecticide penetration, and that pupae appeared to be protected inside the carpet matrix. Additional studies demonstrated that control of pupae developing in carpet was maximized at lower application pressures. The mean control of pupae with chlorpyrifos at 0.7 kg/cm2 pressure was 77.2%, yet applications at 1.7 kg/cm2 resulted in only 23.3% control.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Physiological and biochemical changes in summer and winter diapause and non-diapause pupae of the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae L. during long-term cold acclimation.

Previous studies have demonstrated that cold hardiness in the cabbage armyworm Mamestra brassicae is more developed in winter diapause pupae (WD) than in summer diapause pupae (SD) after short-term cold acclimation. In this study, we investigated specific physiological and biochemical differences between diapause and non-diapause pupae (ND) of M. brassicae after acclimation at 5 degrees C for up to 4 months. The period required for adult emergence in ND pupae at 20 degrees C was about 20.2 d and independent of the months acclimated. However, SD and WD pupae reached this level only after 1- and 4-month acclimation, respectively. Levels of respiration (O(2) consumption and CO(2) release) in ND(0) (the subscript indicates the months of acclimation at 5 degrees C) was eightfold higher than in WD(0) and SD(0), decreased sharply in ND(1) and reached diapause pupae (WD and SD) levels in ND(2). Maximal cold hardiness developed during cold acclimation was found in WD(3), SD(2) and ND(2) pupae. During cold acclimation, glycogen content remained at higher levels in WD and SD than in ND. Lipid content in ND decreased but remained high in SD and WD. These results suggest that diapause pupae show large amounts of metabolic reserves in the form of glycogen and lipid during diapause development. To our knowledge, this is the first report to compare the physiological and biochemical differences among summer and winter diapause pupae and non-diapause pupae in the same insect species during long-term cold acclimation.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of the circadian eclosion rhythm between non-diapause and diapause pupae in the onion fly, Delia antiqua: the change of rhythmicity.

When pupae of Delia antiqua were transferred to constant darkness (DD) from light-dark (LD) cycles or constant light (LL), the sensitivity to light of the circadian clock controlling eclosion increased with age. The daily rhythm of eclosion appeared in both non-diapause and diapause pupae only when this transfer was made during late pharate adult development. When transferred from LL to DD in the early pupal stage, the adult eclosion was weakly rhythmic in non-diapause pupae but arrhythmic in diapause pupae. However, the sensitivity of the circadian clock to temperature cycles or steps was higher in diapause pupae than in non-diapause pupae; in the transfer to a constant 20 degrees C from a thermoperiod of 25 degrees C (12 h)/20 degrees C (12 h) on day 10 after pupation or from chilling (7.5 degrees C) in DD, the adult eclosion from diapause pupae was rhythmic but that from non-diapause pupae arrhythmic. In a transfer to 20 degrees C from the thermoperiod after the initiation of eclosion, rhythmicity was observed in both types of pupae. The larval stage was insensitive to the effect of LD cycle initiating the eclosion rhythm. In D. antiqua pupae in the soil under natural conditions, therefore, the thermoperiod in the late pupal stage would be the most important 'Zeitgeber' for the determination of eclosion timing.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Substrate vibrations elicit defensive behaviour in leafminer pupae.

Late instar larvae and pupae of the spotted tentiform leafminer Phyllonorycter malella (Ger.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) react with defensive behaviour when attacked by one of their parasitoids, the eulophid wasp Sympiesis sericeicornis Nees (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Vibrations produced during the insertion of the ovipositor into the mine are known to be important cues by which larvae detect the presence of their enemies. The aim of this study was to investigate which frequency components elicit defensive reactions in leafminer pupae using synthetic vibrations. Sine vibrations and bandlimited noise stimuli were offered to both free pupae and pupae concealed in their leafmines. Using Laser vibrometry we measured the vibrations experienced by pupae inside their mines and assessed the influence of the mine. Pupae were shown to react to substrate vibrations, and do so over a broad range of frequencies. Behavioural reactions to noise stimuli were stronger than to pure sine stimuli. Mine tissue attenuated vibration amplitudes of the input signal from 5.1 to 22.6dB. However, as response thresholds of concealed pupae were only twice as high as thresholds of free pupae (which is adequate to 3dB) pupae inside their mine were more sensitive than expected. This discrepancy is discussed both in terms of the conditions of pupae and in terms of mine structure. The results indicate that broadbandedness of vibrations produced by hunting parasitoids during ovipositor insertion into the mine may be a major criterion used by leafminers to perceive parasitoid presence and to escape ovipositor stings.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of the circadian eclosion rhythm between non-diapause and diapause pupae in the onion fly, Delia antiqua: the effect of thermoperiod.

When non-diapause and diapause pupae of Delia antiqua were exposed to various thermoperiods where thermophase (T) was 25 degrees C and the cryophase (C) was 15 or 20 degrees C (TC(15) or TC(20)) in constant darkness (DD), the majority of both types of flies emerged before the rise in temperature. Eclosion time was delayed at the lower cryophase temperature. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the time of adult eclosion between non-diapause and diapause pupae; diapause pupae eclosed earlier than non-diapause pupae. When the two types of pupae were transferred to a constant low temperature (15 or 20 degrees C) after having experienced TC(15) or TC(20) 12:12 h, they showed circadian rhythmicity in eclosion. The free-running period (tau) of the eclosion rhythm changed after transfer to constant low temperatures in both non-diapause and diapause pupae, suggesting that this change represents a transient cycle until the temperature-sensitive oscillator is coupled again to the temperature-insensitive pacemaker. However, diapause pupae tended to show a shorter tau than non-diapause pupae. This observation suggests that the difference in adult eclosion time under thermoperiodic conditions between non-diapause and diapause pupae is related to their different tau s.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

A simple method to discriminate diapause from non-diapause pupae in large and small white butterflies, Pieris brassicae and P. rapae crucivora.

Differences in colour and shape have been used to discriminate diapause pupae from non-diapause pupae in butterflies. In the present study, we describe a simple discrimination method based on differences in the specific gravity of diapause and non-diapause pupae of large and small white butterflies, Pieris brassicae and Pieris rapae crucivora. When put into water, diapause pupae sink to the bottom (specific gravity is above 1.0), whereas non-diapause pupae float on the surface (specific gravity is below 1.0). Nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging revealed that this difference in specific gravity is due to a difference in the volume of an internal cavity located between the thorax and the abdomen in the pupae. The cavity appears quite early in development. We also examined the cavity in pupae of the unrelated swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus, and found a similar cavity. However, in this species, the cavity is very small and, as a consequence, non-diapause as well as diapause pupae sink in water.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Study of steroidogenesis in pupae of the forensically important blow fly Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

Protophormia terraenovae is a forensically important fly whose development time is studied by forensic entomologists to establish the time elapsed since death (post-mortem interval, PMI). Quantity and nature of ecdysteroid hormones present in P. terraenovae pupae were analysed in order to determine if they could be correlated to the age of pupae found on corpses and thereby could give information on the PMI. Ecdysteroid levels were quantified during the pupal-adult development of synchronised animals using enzyme immunoassay (EIA), a sensitive method allowing acurate quantification in one pupa. Two types of pupae were compared: "fresh" pupae, kept frozen until analysis and "experimentally dried" pupae, which were left for several weeks at ambient temperature. A peak of ecdysteroids was detected between 36 and 96 h after pupariation in fresh animals. It was not observed in "experimentally dried" pupae. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses combined with EIA showed that 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) was the major free ecdysteroid at various pupal ages. Enzymatic hydrolysis experiments revealed the presence of apolar conjugates at all ages tested. However, neither qualitative nor quantitative difference was detected between early and late pupae. This study gives precise information on the nature and quantity of ecdysteroids in the course of pupal development of a calliphorid fly. The limits of using ecdysteroid measurement as a tool in forensic entomology are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Protein synthesis in pupae of the silkworm Bombyx mori after infection with nuclear polyhedrosis virus: resistance to viral infection acquired during pupal period.

Protein synthesis has been studied in pupae of the silkworm Bombyx mori (Bm) infected with nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) at various stages of the pupal period. Nascent proteins were labelled by injection of [35S]methionine into pupae and then analysed by SDS-PAGE. Temporal regulation of synthesis of infected cell-specific proteins (ICSPs) in pupae was demonstrated by electrophoretic analysis of the proteins labelled at different times post-infection (p.i.). The rate of ICSP synthesis reached a maximum at 4 to 5 days p.i., exceeding the rate of synthesis of cellular proteins in uninfected pupae by about twofold. The viral proteins p10 and polyhedrin were the most abundant products synthesized late in the infection. Both proteins were found to be associated with the nuclear matrix after fractionation of nuclei from infected pupae. Two virus-induced phosphoproteins, pp35 and ppB, were found to be the major acceptors of labelled phosphate from [gamma-32P]ATP during in vitro phosphorylation of proteins in pupal homogenates, nuclei and nuclear extracts. These proteins had electrophoretic mobilities comparable to those of structural phosphoproteins of BmNPV virions with M(r)s of 35K and 11K to 16K, respectively. The latter polypeptide was identified as the major DNA-binding protein of the virus. The susceptibility of silkworms to BmNPV decreased markedly during the pupal period. Following injection of BmNPV all young pupae acquired polyhedrosis and finally died whereas most of the older pupae did not exhibit disease and completed metamorphosis normally. Moreover, the later in the pupal period the silkworms were infected, the lower the production of polyhedrin in diseased pupae.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Hormonal control of the orange coloration of diapause pupae in the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae).

Diapause pupae of Papilio xuthus show color polymorphism, represented by diapause-green, orange, and brownish-orange types that are each associated with specific pupation sites. We investigated the role of the site of pupation on the induction of the development of orange types (or brownish-orange types), and the endocrine mechanism underlying the control of color polymorphism in short-day pupae. All short-day larvae of the wandering stage developed into orange or brownish-orange type pupae when they were placed in rough-surfaced containers after gut-purge. Utilizing a pharate pupal ligation between the thorax and abdomen, the endocrine mechanism underlying the control of color polymorphism was shown to involve a head-thorax factor (Orange-Pupa-Inducing Factor: OPIF) that induced orange types in short-day pupae. OPIF was bioassayed using the ligated abdomens of short-day pharate pupae. OPIF was extractable with 2% NaCl solution from 5th-instar larval ganglia complexes following the mesothoracic complex (TG(2,3)-AG(1-7)), but it could not be extracted with either acetone or 80% ethanol solution. OPIF may not exist in the brains of day-0 pupae or in brain-subesophageal ganglion and prothoracic ganglion complexes of 5th-instar larvae. The short-day pharate pupae responded to OPIF in a dose-dependent manner.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Properties of Orange-Pupa-Inducing Factor (OPIF) in the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus L.

Diapause pupae of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus L. exhibit diapause-green, orange and brownish-orange color polymorphism. Development of orange pupae involves a neuroendocrine factor inducing orange pupa (Orange-Pupa-Inducing Factor, OPIF), which is secreted from the head-thoracic region during late pharate pupal stages, in particular from the ganglia of short-day animals located posteriorly from the second thoracic ganglion2 (TG2). This report describes certain properties of OPIF using bioassays involving ligated abdomens of short-day pharate pupae. Localization of OPIF in the central nervous system of short-day larvae indicated that it was present predominantly in TG2, thoracic ganglion3 (TG3) and abdominal ganglion1 (AG1) complexes. OPIF activity in TG(2,3)-AG1 complexes was over two times higher than in the more posteriorely located ganglia. The developmental profile of OPIF in last instar short-day larvae revealed that OPIF activity in larval ganglia posterior to TG2 became gradually higher as larval growth proceeded, suggesting that OPIF might be accumulated in TG(2,3)-AG(1-7) complexes as larvae prepare for pupal molting. Furthermore, ligated abdomens of short-day larvae developed into pupae of an orange type when a 2% NaCl extract containing OPIF prepared from TG(2,3)-AG(1-7) complexes of long-day larvae was injected into ligated abdomens of short-day pharate pupae, indicating that OPIF is also present in long-day larvae. Additionally, a biochemical investigation using gel filtration chromatography showed that the molecular weight of OPIF was about 10 kDa.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Fly pupae as attractant carriers for toxic baits for red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Eight laboratory-reared ant species were fed baits of house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae treated with hydramethylnon. Two fire ant species, Solenopsis invicta Buren and Solenopsis geminata (F.), and Pheidole morrissi (Forel) were killed; average percentage of mortality of the five other species was less than 20%. In contrast, all species that were fed the commercial fire ant bait containing hydramethylnon (Amdro) died or were adversely affected. In the field, applications of house fly pupae and eye gnat, Hippelates pusio Loew, pupae dipped in acetone solutions of fenoxycarb significantly reduced population indices of the red imported fire ant, S. invicta, compared with commercial formulations of fenoxycarb (Logic) and hydramethylnon (Amdro). Field observations showed that the pupae of either species can be carried or moved by one or two worker ants. The smooth, hard cuticle of the pupae make them easy to handle and apply with application equipment. The current cost of house fly pupae is considerably more than the cost of a granular carrier, pregel defatted corn grits. However, if mass-production methods reduce this price differential, fly pupae could become an effective and more species-specific fire ant bait carrier.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Vertical distribution of Culicoides larvae and pupae.

This study was carried out in the northeast region of Konya in Turkey, between April and December 2004, to determine the vertical distribution of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) larvae and pupae. Larvae and pupae were collected using the saturated sugar flotation technique in mud samples taken from a range of depths of up to 20 cm. In total, 282 adult Culicoides were obtained. The number of larvae and pupae decreased as the depth increased; at 2.5 cm, 97 Culicoides larvae and 73 Culicoides pupae were found. Larvae and pupae of C. nubeculosus (Meigen) and C. puncticollis (Becker) were mostly found in organic matter-rich breeding sites, while larvae and pupae of C. gejgelensis Dzhafarov and C. festivipennis Kieffer were mostly found in organic matter-poor breeding sites. Culicoides larvae and pupae were obtained largely in July and August.

Altitude↗
PubMed2002

[Effects of silkworm pupa oil on serum lipids level and platelet function in rats].

To observe the effects of silkworm pupa oil on serum lipids level and platelet function in rats, according to serum TG, TC level, 40 male Wistar rats are divided into four groups (normal control group, high fat control group, silkworm pupa oil group and silkworm pupa oil + VE group). The rats are fed different diets and six weeks later, serum lipids level and platelet function are measured. The results show that (1) Compared with high fat control group, serum TC, TG, LDL-C level, AI value, Platelet aggregability, plasma TXB2 level and T/P ratio decrease significantly while HDL-C level and 6-k-PGF1 level increase in silkworm pupa oil group; (2) Serum TC, LDL-C level, T/P ratio and platelet aggregability are significantly lower in silkworm pupa oil + VE group than in silkworm pupa oil group. It is suggested that silkworm pupa oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid can reduce serum lipids level and inhibit platelet aggregation, which is more effective with the supplementation with VE.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

19F and 13C NMR studies of polyol metabolism in freeze-tolerant pupae of Hyalophora cecropia.

Sorbitol biosynthesis and regulation in freeze tolerant pupae of Hyalophora cecropia have been investigated as a function of temperature by 19F and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy using several 13C-labeled and/or fluorine-substituted carbohydrates. 3-Deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose (3DFG) was metabolized to 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-sorbitol (3DFS), 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-fructose (3DFF), and 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-gluconic acid (3DFGA), indicating that the enzymes required for sorbitol biosynthesis and metabolism are active in H. cecropia at warm (22 degrees C) and cold (4 and -10 degrees C) temperatures. Two additional metabolites were produced when pupae were injected with either 3DFG, 3DFS, 3DFF, or 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-mannose (3DFM). One of these was identified as 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-mannitol (3DFML) by 13C NMR using [1-13C]3DFM and [1-13C]3DFG as metabolic probes. H. cecropia pupae injected with D-glucose labeled with 13C at C-1, C-2, or C-3 and subsequently analyzed by 13C NMR clearly demonstrated the ability to generate sorbitol and fructose. In contrast, gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of hemolymph failed to detect sorbitol in pupae reared under natural conditions (i.e. in the absence of injected enriched sugars). Thus, although H. cecropia pupae have the enzymic machinery to biosynthesize sorbitol, they do not appear to accumulate high steady-state concentrations of this polyol over the temperature range studied. The specificity of the enzymes involved in alditol biosynthesis in H. cecropia was examined by 13C NMR with a wide range of aldoses enriched with 13C at C-1. Pupae were capable of converting these sugars to their corresponding [1-13C]alditols, indicating that nonspecific dehydrogenase(s), in addition to aldose reductase, is(are) involved in polyol biosynthesis in H. cecropia pupae.

Animals↗