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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Where is the "neuro" in psychoneuroimmunology? A commentary on increasing research on the "neuro" component of psychoneuroimmunology.

The role of the central nervous system in generating the interrelationships among stress, endocrine and peripheral immune function, and disease receives relatively little experimental attention. This commentary encourages a greater emphasis on such research with a particular emphasis on the use of electrophysiological and neural imaging techniques.

Central Nervous System↗
PubMed1993

Psychoneuroimmunology: the problem of the situatedness of illness and the conceptualization of healing.

Psychoneuroimmunology claims to go beyond narrow biological perspectives of illness to consider behavioral components as an integral part of health and disease. The conceptualization of the embodiment of behavioral dimensions and how they may be represented in terms of interaction between the central nervous system and the immune system are therefore central theoretical issues. Psychoneuroimmunology is thus an arena in which questions about the body and person in context should come to the fore. There are multiple approaches in the psychoneuroimmunological literature, including those which attempt to address in some fashion the issue of the situatedness of illness. It is argued here that the problem of the representation of situatedness is the primary axis of tension in current research and writing in psychoneuroimmunology. Diverse attempts to represent extremely complex (and non-linear) relationships between behavioral and biological dimensions of 'immune system' functioning drive a number of researchers, though they operate under disciplinary, institutional, and funding constraints in the U.S. which tend to work against the development of competing or radical models within psychoneuroimmunology itself.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

It's time for psychoneuroimmunology.

It is intuitively obvious that the mind and the body are joined in ways that are not yet understood. The mission of the PsychoNeuroImmunology Research Society (PNIRS) is to delineate these relationships, to try to understand their connections at the molecular level and to use this knowledge to prevent and relieve human pain and suffering. Members of our Society have already made substantial and important contributions toward accomplishing these goals. For example, regulation of the neuroendocrine system by proinflammatory cytokines and development of the concept of sickness behavior have now become established and well-accepted tenets in psychoneuroimmunology. Although we possess some of the research tools that are needed to accomplish our goals, we need more. We must continue to apply new information that is constantly being generated in the biological sciences, such as what may be found in the recently completed mapping and sequencing of the human genome. There will always be fundamental discoveries that can and should be used to advance the field of psychoneuroimmunology and to help us accomplish our mission. Our research is needed to minimize human afflictions and to learn how patients can better participate in their own health management. That is why the time for psychoneuroimmunology is now.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Psychoneuroimmunology of autoimmune disorders.

The interactions between the immune system and psychological states are both intricate and intriguing. Research at a molecular level has thrown considerable light on the previously ill-defined area of psychoneuroimmunology. In this report, we explore the psychoneuroimmunology of autoimmune disorders, particularly rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus. Animal models of these diseases have provided a particularly useful window on complex psychoneuroimmunological interactions. Observations about the effect of stress on the onset and course of autoimmune disorders has added to our understanding of psychoneuroimmunological interactions. These interactions are bi-directional, as reflected in the autoimmune-mediated neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus. Exploring the role of various neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the stress response may have important therapeutic implications for autoimmune disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Twenty years of psychoneuroimmunology and viral infections in Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

For 20 years, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity has provided an important venue for the publication of studies in psychoneuroimmunology. During this time period, psychoneuroimmunology has matured into an important multidisciplinary science that has contributed significantly to our knowledge of mind, brain, and body interactions. This review will not only focus on the primary research papers dealing with psychoneuroimmunology, viral infections, and anti-viral vaccine responses in humans and animal models that have appeared on the pages of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity during the past 20 years, but will also outline a variety of strategies that could be used for expanding our understanding of the neuroimmune-viral pathogen relationship.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Transplantation psychoneuroimmunology: building hypotheses.

The research findings of psychoneuroimmunology have not yet been fully applied to the field of transplantation psychiatry. Though much study has been devoted to the impact of psychiatric disease on the immunosuppressed state and disease progression in HIV-related illness, little has yet been written on the immunology implications of psychiatric disturbances in the immunosuppressed post-transplant patient. Utilizing Medline literature searches to review relevant research data in psychoneuroimmunology and transplantation immunology, the author formulates and examines four transplantation psychoneuroimmunology hypotheses involving the potential impact of depression on post-transplant organ rejection, cancer, coronary artery disease, and infections. The author concludes that though major questions remain, it appears reasonable to include the impact of depression, and possibly other psychological states, among factors that may affect the net state of immunosuppression in transplant patients.

Depression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychoneuroimmunology and psychosomatic medicine: back to the future.

OBJECTIVE: Although psychological modulation of immune function is now a well-established phenomenon, much of the relevant literature has been published within the last decade. This article speculates on future directions for psychoneuroimmunology research, after reviewing the history of the field. METHODS: This review focuses on human psychoneuroimmunology studies published since 1939, particularly those that have appeared in Psychosomatic Medicine. Studies were clustered according to key themes, including stressor duration and characteristics (laboratory stressors, time-limited naturalistic stressors, or chronic stress), as well as the influences of psychopathology, personality, and interpersonal relationships; the responsiveness of the immune system to behavioral interventions is also addressed. Additionally, we describe trends in populations studied and the changing nature of immunological assessments. The final section focuses on health outcomes and future directions for the field. RESULTS: There are now sufficient data to conclude that immune modulation by psychosocial stressors or interventions can lead to actual health changes, with the strongest direct evidence to date in infectious disease and wound healing. Furthermore, recent medical literature has highlighted a spectrum of diseases whose onset and course may be influenced by proinflammatory cytokines, from cardiovascular disease to frailty and functional decline; proinflammatory cytokine production can be directly stimulated by negative emotions and stressful experiences and indirectly stimulated by chronic or recurring infections. Accordingly, distress-related immune dysregulation may be one core mechanism behind a diverse set of health risks associated with negative emotions. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that psychoneuroimmunology may have broad implications for the basic biological sciences and medicine.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychoneuroimmunology: animal models of disease.

OBJECTIVE: Psychoneuroimmunology, which investigates the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the immune system, has been greatly advanced by the use of animal models. The objective of this paper is to describe animal models of disease that can or might be utilized to elucidate neural-immune interactions that alter pathogenesis. METHODS: This paper reviews animal studies that have demonstrated a link among the brain, behavior, immunity, and disease, highlighting models in which the potential contribution of CNS-immune interactions has not yet been explored. RESULTS: Animal studies allow for careful control of environmental stimuli, genetic background, and immunological challenge. As such, they are an important component of psychoneuroimmunology research. Models in which one might study the role of psychosocial factors in immunologically mediated disease processes, as in the case of other pathophysiologic processes, profit from an ability to manipulate both stressful events and the magnitude of the challenge to the immune system. CONCLUSIONS: Animal studies in psychoneuroimmunology highlight the complexity of the interactions among behavior, the brain, the immune system, and pathogen. The genetic background of the animal (both in terms of central nervous and immune system responses), its previous history, the nature of the stressor, the nature of the pathogen and the type of immune response generated are some of the interacting factors that determine the magnitude and direction of stress-induced changes in disease outcome.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Exercise and psychoneuroimmunology.

Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the interrelationships among psychological, neuroendocrine, and immunological parameters and is concerned with how these relationships may affect an individual's health. Substantial evidence indicates that exercise is associated with improvements in mental health, neuroendocrine, and immune functioning. We synthesize these effects of exercise and propose an "exercise and psychoneuroimmunology" model by which exercise may benefit the psychologic and immunologic sequelae of several chronic diseases. For the past several years we have been investigating exercise training interventions, based on our model, for individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). These studies indicate that a moderate exercise training program may attenuate the adverse stressor-induced psychologic and immunologic changes for asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive individuals. In addition, our research indicates that continued aerobic exercise training may result in increased CD4 cell counts, immune surveillance, and a potential for a slowing of disease progression. Other researchers have demonstrated similar beneficial effects of exercise for individuals infected with HIV-1 who are at more advanced stages of disease. Exercise within the context of psychoneuroimmunology appears to be a very promising approach to the treatment of illness and promotion of health.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Neonatal Psychoneuroimmunology: Emergence, Scope and Perspectives.

Interdisciplinary Neonatology investigates and cares for at-risk babies, including risk for developmental disabilities. Psychoneuroimmunology seeks to unravel relationships amongst behavioural, neural, endocrine, and immune processes, and their mutual role in maintaining health and treating disease. This article presents an integrative approach to the emergence, scope and perspectives of a new sub-discipline, i.e. Developmental Neonatal Psychoneuroimmunology. The Equilibrium Model (ThEM) proposed by Adamson-Macedo (1991) will be used as a way of representing coactions; within this frame, Gottlieb's experiential canalization (1991b) contributes an explanation of how the psychoneuroimmunological development of the preterm neonate can be facilitated.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Human psychoneuroimmunology today.

Studies in human psychoneuroimmunology began around 1919, but a systematic approach wasn't used until the work of Solomon in the 1960s. Recently, the new specialty has achieved relative independence due to considerable data acquisition. Stress research has revealed relationships between neuroendocrine and immune changes. In parallel, increasing evidence of immunological alterations in psychiatric diseases has expanded the field; presently, immunological correlates of psychosomatic diseases and personality are sought. On the other hand, while immunological disease has been psychologically assessed for many years, a clear-cut link between psyche and immunological changes has yet to be shown. This fact, along with the therapeutic implications of advancing knowledge, will influence strongly the future trends of psychoneuroimmunology. Concepts emerging from the study of this field will be of heuristic value to both psychiatry and immunology and will help define new and expanded limits for both disciplines.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

[Psychological stress, immune function and disease development. The psychoneuroimmunologic perspective].

Interdisciplinary psychoneuroimmunological (PNI) research increasingly demonstrates clinically relevant interrelations between psychological stressors and the onset or progression of chronic diseases. Disturbances of the bi-directional interaction between the nervous system, the immune system and the endocrine system have been hypothesized to be implicated in several diseases. Here, we review evidence from psychoneuroimmunology within the theoretical framework of allostatic load to conceptualize some of these associations. Interdisciplinary PNI research investigating the importance of psychological stress for the higher incidence of infections, decreased responses to vaccinations and delayed wound healing is reviewed. Furthermore, the literature supporting similar associations with regard to progression of oncological diseases and autoimmune disorders is reviewed with a focus on breast cancer and multiple sclerosis. The accumulating evidence regarding the importance of neuroendocrine-immune interaction in these diseases may thus lead to novel insights into pathogenetic mechanisms and could contribute to the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1989

Beginnings and main directions of psychoneuroimmunology.

The present paper offers a survey of advances in the domain of psychoneuroimmunology. Major topics covered are the role of the nervous system in regulation of the immune system functions, neuromediator and neuroendocrine mechanisms for regulation of the lymphoid cell activity and hypothalamic involvement in modulation of the activity of bone marrow as a source of stem cells. Emphasis has been on the neurophysiological correlates of the organism's reaction to antigen. Attention has been given to the work of A.D. Speransky and discussion of the psychoneuroimmunologic research based on literature data and findings from our own studies is presented in the historical context.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychoneuroimmunology, new approaches to neurobehavioral testing.

A review of the literature in the field of psychoneuroimmunology was reported by Robert Ader [1]. Basically, three research approaches have been used to demonstrate a relationship between central sites within the brain that have modulatory influences on the immune system. These include: (1) both the electrical stimulation and surgical lesioning of nuclei in the hypothalamus; (2) traditional behavioral conditioning; and (3) behavioral stress studies. The mechanisms of action for the psychoneuroimmunologic response appear to be focused in three areas: (1) the autonomic nervous system, where direct anatomical connections from the brain to the immune system have been recently demonstrated; (2) the endocrine system where the individual hormones have direct and indirect effects on the immune system; and (3) enkephalins-endorphins in the brain, pituitary, and adrenals that also have direct and indirect effects on the immune system. Examples of drug effects on the above complex systems will be centered on morphine and the enkephalins-endorphins with reference to drugs of abuse, food additives, and cosmetics.

Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Norman Cousins Lecture. The uses and abuses of psychoneuroimmunology: a global overview.

Studies of interactions between the nervous and immune systems that effect immunological and behavioral changes are relevant to our understanding biological issues pertinent to evolution, ethology, ecology, and aging, in addition to our understanding the immune and nervous systems per se. Psychoneuroimmunology also relates to homeland security, science education, and the practice of conventional as well as complementary and alternative medicine. This paper will highlight just some of these global implications of psychoneuroimmunology.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The integration of cardiovascular behavioral medicine and psychoneuroimmunology: new developments based on converging research fields.

The immune system plays a role in the progression of coronary artery diseases and its clinical manifestations as acute coronary syndromes. It is well established that psychological factors can act as risk factors for acute coronary syndromes. This review describes psychoneuroimmunological pathways involved in coronary disease progression and documents that the stage of coronary disease is a major determinant of pathophysiological mechanisms accounting for the association between psychological risk factors, immune system parameters, and acute coronary syndromes. Chronic psychological risk factors (e.g., hostility and low socioeconomic status) are important at early disease stages, episodic factors (e.g., depression and exhaustion) are involved in the transition from stable to unstable atherosclerotic plaques, and acute psychological triggers (e.g., mental stress and anger) can promote myocardial ischemia and plaque rupture. The psychoneuroimmunological pathways are described for each of these three types of psychological risk factors for acute coronary syndromes.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Stress management and psychoneuroimmunology in HIV infection.

Does stress management affect psychological and immune functioning in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infections? Stress-management techniques, such as relaxation training and imagery, cognitive restructuring, coping-skills training, and interpersonal-skills training, may reduce anxiety, depression, and social isolation in HIV-infected persons by lowering physical tension and increasing a sense of control and self-efficacy. A psychoneuroimmunologic model is proposed wherein these psychological changes are hypothesized to be accompanied by an improved ability to regulate neuroendocrine functioning, which in turn may be associated with a partial normalization of immune system functions such as lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxicity, providing more efficient surveillance of latent viruses that may contribute directly to increased HIV replication and generate opportunistic infections or cancer if left unchecked. Such a normalization of stress-associated immune system decrements are hypothesized to forestall or minimize increases in viral load and expression of clinical symptoms. This model is useful for testing the factors contributing to the health effects of stress-management interventions in HIV-infected persons. In this context, one general research strategy for testing the effects of stress-management interventions is to target them toward the more prevalent psychosocial challenges that HIV-infected people face at various points in the disease process; enroll an HIV-infected population (eg, HIV-positive homosexual and bisexual men) into a randomized trial; and monitor changes in cognitive, affective, behavioral, and social factors in parallel with hormonal, immunologic, viral, and clinical changes over the course of time. This article will review the major psychoneuroimmunologic findings that have emerged using this paradigm and suggest future research directions and clinical applications.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Psychoneuroimmunology: an interpretation of experimental and case study evidence towards a paradigm for predictable results.

This paper surveys a number of key experiments and case studies relating to psychoneuroimmunology. It finds that most techniques to influence or even direct the immune system via the mind fall into a series of theoretical categories called passive, active and targeted effects. By examining the results of experiments and studies in the light of these categories a number of important conclusions are drawn. These conclusions explain differences in experimental results, describe those variables that appear to be central to obtaining results, and describe in detail where experimentation should be concentrated to further knowledge of psychoneuroimmunology.

Humans↗