Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Psychomotor Agitation”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Psychomotor agitation: poorly defined and badly measured.

BACKGROUND: Psychomotor agitation is commonly associated with various psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the definition and measurement of agitation over the past 100 years. METHODS: Definitions and descriptions of agitation were taken from dictionaries of etymology, medicine and psychiatry, and from psychiatric textbooks. A systematic MEDLINE (1966-1996) search of 'psychomotor', 'agitation', and 'restlessness' was conducted. This was augmented by a search for other relevant references cited in the articles identified by MEDLINE. RESULTS: The definition of psychomotor agitation has varied in ambiguous and contradictory ways, both over time and in contemporary writings. Tools developed to measure agitation are either too unreliable, or else reflect this conflict of definition and are not comparable. CONCLUSIONS: A preferred definition of agitation is proposed which takes into account both theoretical and empirical data. This has implications for further research into psychomotor agitation in classification of and treatment response in affective disorders, old age psychiatry and the evaluation of putative anti-agitation drugs.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Course of psychomotor agitation during pharmacotherapy of depression: analysis from double-blind controlled trials with fluoxetine.

Psychomotor agitation, a common clinical feature of major depression, may first emerge or intensify during pharmacotherapy. Whether agitation is part of the underlying course of depression or iatrogenic complicates treatment planning. We analyzed data from blinded clinical trials involving 4,737 patients with major depression assigned to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine), a comparator antidepressant (usually a tricyclic antidepressant [TCA]), or placebo. Item 9 of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used to assess the degree of psychomotor agitation. The vast majority of depressed patients exhibited baseline psychomotor agitation. The rate of increased agitation from baseline during acute pharmacotherapy was comparable between fluoxetine and either placebo or TCAs. Substantial emergence of psychomotor agitation also occurred at a similar incidence across the three treatment groups and typically appeared within the first 3 wk. Improvement in agitation was significantly more prominent (P < 0.001) among fluoxetine-treated than among placebo-treated patients. Fluoxetine-treated patients demonstrated numerically superior improvement rates compared with TCA-treated patients; however, this difference was not significant. Data derived from this large series of clinical trials suggested no evidence that either fluoxetine or TCAs induced psychomotor agitation at rates exceeding the natural course of the disorder over time (placebo cohort). On the contrary, pharmacotherapy with either fluoxetine or TCAs was typically associated with diminished agitation, probably as part of the response pattern of depression.

Akathisia, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2006

Retrospective analysis of psychomotor agitation, hypomanic symptoms, and suicidal ideation in unipolar depression.

In bipolar depression, psychomotor agitation is relatively common and often is associated with other noneuphoric hypomanic symptoms and suicidal ideation. Our goal in this retrospective study was to ascertain the co-occurrence of agitation, bipolar features, and suicidal ideation in unipolar disorder. We retrospectively evaluated 314 inpatients with DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD) and no other Axis I diagnosis with the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) Life Chart Method and the Operational Criteria for Psychotic Illness (OPCRIT) checklist to ascertain their symptom profiles across all episodes. Univariate and multivariate comparisons were performed between the subgroups with and without psychomotor agitation (OPCRIT item 23> or =1). Agitated depression (AD, a major depressive episode with psychomotor agitation) was present in 19% of the sample. Compared to nonagitated counterparts, patients with AD were older and had lower educational levels and more dysphoria, insomnia, positive thought disorder, and psychotic manifestations. Hypomanic symptoms other than agitation were relatively uncommon (<10%) and more represented in subjects with AD. No significant differences emerged between AD and control groups with respect to most bipolar validators (gender, familiarity, recurrence). Patients with AD had higher levels of suicidal ideation than non-AD controls; however, such a difference was no longer significant after controlling for psychotic features. Excessive self-reproach, early awakening, diurnal changes, poor appetite, and hypomanic symptoms were independently associated with suicidal thoughts in nonpsychotic MDD. Incomplete information on drug treatment, exclusion of patients with Axis I comorbidity, and tertiary care setting were the most important limitations of the study. Although we failed to support the bipolar nature of MDD-AD by common validators, probably because we used a more heterogeneous definition of agitation compared to similar studies, our data confirm the association of agitation with hypomanic symptoms and suicidal thoughts in major depression, and emphasize the complex phenomenology of AD in an inpatient setting.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Measuring psychomotor agitation by use of an actimeter: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Psychomotor agitation is variably defined, with differing emphases on subjective and motor components. We assess the utility of an actimeter to inform us about aspects of the motor component. METHODS: A wrist actimeter measured motor activity of three inpatients with agitated depression. RESULTS: For each patient, diurnal activity patterns were observed, with activity generally elevated in mornings and late afternoons. Each patient also evidenced a clear decline in motor activity in the mid-evening, with little or no activity recorded during 'sleep' hours. Thus, psychomotor agitation (like motor activity) appears to require a conscious state. LIMITATIONS: Actimeters measure any baseline activity together with any superimposed movement component (which may range from movement changes to medication effects), making it difficult to disentangle components. We studied few patients and for brief intervals.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Reduced sensitivity of lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptors in patients with endogenous depression and psychomotor agitation.

It has been suggested that there are altered levels of norepinephrine or other neurotransmitters at functionally important receptors in patients with depressive disorders. This hypothesis is difficult to study in the human central nervous system. However, noradrenergic function can be assessed indirectly with peripheral-blood lymphocytes used as a model of the beta-adrenergic receptor complex. We found that drug-free inpatients with endogenous depression had lower isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP levels in intact lymphocytes than did healthy control subjects (3.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 7.4 +/- 1.0 pmol per 10(6) cells, P less than 0.01). The density and affinity of beta-adrenergic receptors were similar in controls and depressed subjects (beta-receptor number, 5.4 +/- 0.7 and 5.3 +/- 0.8 fmol per 10(6) cells; binding affinity, 106 +/- 7.6 vs. 99.2 +/- 11.4 pM, respectively). When the depressed patients were subdivided by psychomotor manifestations, binding characteristics were indistinguishable among the subgroups. However, a significant reduction in beta-adrenergic responsiveness was observed in patients with psychomotor agitation, as compared with controls (2.6 +/- 0.5 vs. 7.4 +/- 1.0 pmol per 10(6) cells, P less than 0.01), but not in patients with psychomotor retardation (5.8 +/- 1.1 pmol per 10(6) cells, P less than 0.05). Thus, the desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors was correlated more closely with the severity of psychomotor agitation than with the overall severity of depression.

Cyclic AMP↗
PubMed1976

[Study of the action of sultopride on psychomotor agitation. Apropos of 31 cases].

A study of sultopride, a new derivative of the substituted anisamides, has shown that this neuroleptic drug reduces markedly and rapidly psychomotor agitation, especially its aggressive component. It also has an action on hallucinations. Its indications, in order of efficacy, are states of acute agitation, psychotic states during the active phase, acute manifestations of alcoholism and behaviour disorders such as expansivity, impulsivity and agressivity. Its tolerance is good considering its strong activity.

Adult↗