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In this study, correlations were tabulated between physiological and psychological measurements drawn from a group of 21 infarct patients and a matching group of 21 normal subjects. The physiological variables taken under consideration are the number of platelets, the beta-lipoproteines and the systolic blood pressure; all these variables were tested under stress and at rest. On the top, fibrinogene at rest, cortisol under stress and heart rate under conditions of "intake" and "rejection" were also measured. The psychological assessment was achieved by the MMPI. Several psychological traits link with physiological parameters to be considered as cardiovascular risks. However, these links are mostly specific; moreover, they vary under different experimental conditions. In other words, different neuro-behavioral patterns seem to operate at rest and under stress. The links between psychological and physiological variables vary also between normal subjects and infarct patients. Normal subjects as well as infarct patients show a relationship between neurotic traits and genuine physiological reactions. However, among the formers, these neurotic traits are in closer relationship with inhibitions as among heart patients. Psychological risk factors in cardiovascular disorders appear to be related with a genuine expression of conflictual affects leading to inadequate physiological responses; when these reactions are repeated in time, functional disorders may induce organic lesions.
Twenty-one infarct patients were compared with 21 normal subjects regarding several hemodynamic, lipidic and neuroendocrine variables, in various stress situations and at rest. Correlations were tabulated between those bioclinical measurements and various personality patterns drawn from the MMPI. This study shows that the physiological reactions to stress vary in subjects with psychological cardiovascular risk factors as compared to subjects without psychological risk factors. The bearers of psychological risk factors show a higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, a specific lipids pattern and a lower rate of platelets. In summary, psychological risk factors link with physiological reactions to stress which appear to be by themselves cardiovascular risk factors.
It has been my aim in this paper to revise the existing psychoanalytic theory of group psychology in accordance with current structural concepts. The need for fundamental revision in the existing theory of group organization is demonstrated by its restriction to an oedipal paradigm, which cannot account for the regression to an oral paradigm of group organization during group formation. Freud's explanation of regression in crowds is reviewed. The limitations inherent in Freud's topographic and narcisistic models are demonstrated; irreconcilable contradictions are shown to exist between the two theories. A structural model of group psychology that is free from internal contradictions and provides a unifying explanation for both regression and merging in the crowd is developed. As a consequence of these revisions it is possible to conceptualize preoedipal organizations of group structure in addition to the oedipal paradigm proposed by Freud.
This paper presents the theoretical concept of the "psychology of relations" (A.F. Lasurski, V.N. Myasistchev) which forms the basis for studying the personality of a patient and for finding a suitable treatment of nervous and mental disorders by psychological methods. The author shows that there is theoretical agreement between the psychology of relations and the philosophy of dialetical materialism and Pavlov's theory of conditioned reflexes. Also discussed in this paper is the concept's relation to clinical psycho-neurology, its orientation toward considering personality as a system, as well as the recognition of the primacy of the conscious over the unconscious. Prospects for an evolutional and ontogenetic approach to an analysis of the system of relations and the need for elaborating systematized work programs determined by the investigative goal to be achieved are also considered by the author in his present paper.
The present paper discusses the results of classic research on psychological aspects of the hearing impaired and emphasizes the fact that, today, because of the possibility of early hearing aid fitting, the psychological profile of the hearing impaired presents differential features depending upon several factors. In particular, the influence of the mother's education attitude on the psychological reactions to prosthetic rehabilitation and its efficacy depending upon the degree of prosthesis acceptance are analyzed. Finally, the relationship between the hearing aid use and language development is considered.
The theoretical concept called "psychology of relations" (A. F. Lazursky, V. N. Myasishchev) is offered as the basis for a study of a patient's personality and psychotherapy. The author stresses ideological relationship of psychology of relations with phylosophy of dialectical materialism and I. P. Pavlov's studies about conditioned reflexes, its relationship with clinical psychoneurology, its direction to a study of the personality and adherence to primacy of consciousness over unconciousness. The perspectiveness of the evolutionally ontogenetic approach to the analysis of the system of relations and necessity to elaborate working systematizations determined by the research purpose, is stated.
This third and last paper on psychological aspects of chronic illness is childhood discusses tasks of the physician and the parents as well as aspects of social medicine.
The author conducted a clinical study of 305 children with epilepsy, the results of which were correlated with stable psychic changes, microsocial, psychological factors and identical heredity. It was established that pathological personality traits in the parents, a situation of conflicts in the family and a wrong rearing were significantly higher in mentally changed epileptic children. An identical hereditary loading does not form significant correlations with stable mental changes. The conclusion is being made that an unfavourable situation may exert a certain impact on the formation of a character in children with eilepsy.
A psychological method is described, which operates by demands on graphic reproductions. The method is able to screen mental retarded Preschool children. The screening of this children is necessary too, to find out psychopathological defects. In the age between 5;8 and 6;10 years 345 children were tested and 199 disorders were demonstrable.
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A survey of clinical psychologists determined that both objective and projective tests were used with high frequency. The two tests clinicians most frequently recommended clinical students learn to administer were projective (the Rorschach and the TAT) and, among the 10 most frequently recommended tests, projective tests were recommended approximately 30% more often than objective tests. Clinicians who were frequent test users recommended both objective and projective tests more often than those not using tests. Clinicians doing substantial teaching and research tended to recommend projective tests less often than clinicians not engaged in those activities. Behavior therapists recommended projective tests less often than eclectic, Freudian, and neo-Freudian therapists.
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