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Results for “Psychological Distance”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

[Analysis of interpersonal experience as a function of psychological distance and the level of acquaintanceship].

Psychological distance between self and others was assumed, semiologically, to be experienced in four aspects (active representation, active presentation, passive representation and passive presentation) which can assume different values from one another. It was further assumed that there is a behavioral tendency to reduce differences among these aspects by means of two types of behavioral principle: egoistic and contextual. With acquaintanceship classified into four levels (total acquaintance, peripheral acquaintance, known stranger including familiar stranger, and total stranger) in terms of psychological distance and behavioral norms, it was hypothesized that the 'other' person who embarrasses us most is an acquaintance by norm but a stranger psychically. The results of questionnaire surveys supported this hypothesis and confirmed that it is difficult to treat the peripheral acquaintance as an acquaintance.

Cognition↗
PubMed1991

Communication, conflict, and psychological distance in nondistressed, clinic, and divorcing couples.

This study compared communication patterns and conflicts over psychological distance in 25 nondistressed couples, 15 clinic couples, and 22 divorcing couples. Data consisted of questionnaire reports completed independently by husbands and wives. The two distressed groups, compared with nondistressed couples, had less mutual constructive communication, more avoidance of communication, more demand/withdraw communication, and more conflict over psychological distance in their relationships. In addition, the divorcing group had less mutual constructive communication than the clinic group and evidenced a trend for more conflict over psychological distance than the clinic group. Consistent with past research, wife demand/husband withdraw communication was more likely across all groups than husband demand/wife withdraw communication. Results are discussed in terms of skills deficits and incompatability models of marital discord.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The influence on the dental staff by having the patient's mother beside the dental chair].

This research concerns the reasons for having the mother located beside the dental chair and the influence on the dental staff by the patient's mother. The subjects were a total of 390 persons, of which 100 children, 100 mothers, 100 doctors and 90 assistants. A total of 20 items consisting of 10 items from the psychological test and 10 items from the dental charts. Discriminant analysis was carried out according to the second class of Hayashi's quantifying theory concerning the entrance into the dental office or non-entrance chosen as an external criterion. The mothers answered questions on the psychological test about the psychological distance between the mother and the child. They also answered the questionnaires about their psychological process. The doctors and assistants answered concerning to "manifest anxiety scale" and questionnaires about their psychological process. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The ratio of the distinctive efficiency of external criteria to the entrance or non-entrance was found to have a high correlative coefficient, 0.70. When the factors mentioned above are ranked according to the external criteria the order is as follows: "treatment experience of the child", "adaptation degree to the treatment of the child", "birth order of the child", "clinical experience of the doctor", "the child's age". 2. The psychological distance of "the mother waiting out of the dental office" is longer than the distance of "the mother in the dental office". 3. The mother's presence in the dental office had some psychological influence on the doctor and the assistant.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Distance from mother and father among alcoholics.

The relationship of parental closeness to current behavior and related psychopathological indices is studied among alcoholics. Seventy alcoholics from an inpatient treatment unit and thirty medical inpatients were given a battery of alcohol related measures. These measures included a scale assessing the psychological distance from mother and father, a social closeness measure, an index of anger, a locus of control measure, along with basic alcohol-related information. In addition, the alcoholic sample was given psychometric measures of depression and cognition. Results show that perceived distance from parents is greater among alcoholics than medical patients. Comparison analyses of mother and father distance scores on the study variables of alcohol-related and psychometric measures yielded only a few differences. Correlational analyses showed, however, that distance from mother and father is related to parental alcohol abuse and parents not being at home but not to current behavior (except anger).

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Family schemata in families of symptomatic and normal children.

Psychological distance within families was investigated by a family doll placement technique. Parents of emotionally disturbed boys tended to use a higher frequency of psychologically distant doll placement than did parents of normal boys. Parents of boys with learning problems used psychologically close doll placements more frequently than did parents of normal boys. Parents grouped the family into a single unit more frequently than their children when the child had learning problems. Siblings of children with learning problems were found to be symptom-free in comparison with siblings of disturbed children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Interpersonal decentration in studies of schizophrenia].

The aim of the work was to establish the difference in the ability to interpersonal decentration between subjects suffering from schizophrenia and mentally healthy controls. The studies performed were also the basis for creation the hypothetical pattern of the deficit in interpersonal decentration which characterizes the behaviour of schizophrenics. Mentally ill patients presented lower level of decentric abilities in comparison with healthy controls. Presented empiric results showed that the specificity of interpersonal decentration (which was understood as an ability to, and actually realized behaviour) was based on extremely subjective outlook of reality which causes the elongation of psychological distance between patient and his/her social environment.

Communication↗
PubMed1977

A method for the study of lay conceptions of psychopathology: a free-response approach.

A free-response approach for identifying a lay group's conception of psycopathology is described in this paper and is illustrated with a college student population. An initial sample of individuals from the population is asked to give "reasons why someone might need to be examined by a professional person in the field of mental health." A second sample of individuals sort the problem statements on the basis of their judgements of the similarity among the statements. A measure of psychological distance for each pair of statements, based on the proportion of times the two statements are sorted together, is used as input for clustering and multidimensional scaling. A third sample contributes to the interpretation of the resulting structures by rating each problem on several psychological properties. The most relevant properties found for college students are: (a) degree of abnormality; (b) referral source--self versus others. Also disc1ssed are possible applications of the method to other lay groups in the interest of providing improved community mental health services to such groups.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1990

Post-termination patient-analyst contact: I. Analysts' attitudes and experience; II. Impact on patients.

Post-termination patient-analyst review, due to the increased psychological distance from the patient provided by the passage of time, generates an advantaged perspective of the gains and limitations of analytic work than was possible at treatment termination. Despite analysts' widespread belief that such analyst-initiated contact is deleterious to the patient, assessment of clinical experience with such contacts by Luborsky, Martin and Schlessinger, as well as by re-evaluated data of Wallerstein, indicates little or no damage to patients, and in some cases distinct benefits. Analysts generally make post-termination contact with their patients conditional upon the patient's need for additional help, although their personal experience is of unconditional extensive contacts with their own training analyst. Whether expectation of and experience of substantial post-termination contact with the patient's analyst impacts on either the degree of mourning or of resolution of residual transference requires evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The Disability Factor Scale--General: second-order factor structure.

This study examined the second-order factor structure of Siller's (1969) Disability Factor Scale--General. Factor analysis of the seven attitudinal factors toward disabled individuals, based on the responses of 200 college students, yielded two major second-order factors. These two second-order factors of Net Affect and Authoritarian Virtuousness are further discussed in light of their intrafactor and interfactor relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The application of Kelly's Repotory Grid Technique to investigate disabled people's perceptions of their professional workers.

Blaxter, (1976), has shown that there is an amount of confusion and misunderstanding of British medical and social services among disabled people. This study attempts to explore the perceptions of just two young disabled women to ascertain their individual views of what is seemingly a very complex array of services. No attempt has been made to generalise the findings, although future work, using group data, may be completed at a later date. The main objective of the study was to find out if Kelly's Repertory Grid Technique could be applied to this particular problem. The technique was used alongside indepth interviews. In general, the grid analysis did concur with the content analysis of the indepth interviews, particularly if the subject used her own elicited constructs. Both informal and formal agents of help were investigated, but due to lack of space, only the analyses of the three formal agents are permitted. In both case studies, the subjects' perceptions of each formal agent varied according to her attitude towards that agent and the experiences she had in dealing with him. This was verified by comparing the relationship between constructs and elements (agents) with the discriptions given during the indepth interviews. By using McQuitty's, (1960), elementary linkage analysis, two main clusters of agents were obtained. Inclusion within either cluster was largely dependant upon whether the subject considered the agent to be an authoritarian, or peer-like figure. A number of possible applications of the reportory grid technique, for future research, are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Need, demand, and supply of medical care in a population sample of rheumatoid arthritis.

Estimates of medical need in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are rarely based on data from population surveys. In a population survey of RA in Stockholm City, 293 RA sufferers were identified in four random samples of four age-groups in the adult population, age-range 31-74 years. The influence of age, sex, and severity of disease on the number of pervious hospital admissions was slight, indicating that diagnosis, rather than rehabilitation, is the impetus to hospital admission. Hospital patient inventories might give quite misleading information as to need. Need for hospital admission, out-atient care, reconstructive surgery, ADL-devices, physical therapy, and rehousing were all considered. 17% of the RA group accounted for 48% of the need. Steinbrocker functional classes I and II contributed to 61% of individuals in need of hospital care greatly exceeded those previously having enjoyed such care and possible availabel resources. Estimates of need for outpatient care for joint disease exceeded provided treatment by only 1.7 times. It is concluded that the psychological distance between doctor's decision to choose inpatient or outpatient treatment in the case of RA is generally fairly short. Figures are given for estimates of need based on a population of 100 000 with known age and sex distribution and prevalence of disease.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

Mothers' postcounseling beliefs about the causes of their children's genetic disorders.

Mothers' postcounseling beliefs about the causes of their children's genetic disorders were investigated by means of a Q-sort consisting of 54 statements of possible beliefs that were sorted into nine groups of six items each on the basis of congruence with the subject's beliefs. The subjects were well educated, knowledgeable about the genetics of their child's disorder, and indicated a high level of belief in genetic causes. Differences in beliefs were associated with differences in genetic etiology, indicating that beliefs were affected by the specific information provided in genetic counseling. Factor analysis identified a cluster of Q-sort items characterized by a highly personal relationship to the cause of the disorder (e.g., personal attributes, being selected and blessed, and God's actions). Subjects who rated these items low had a belief pattern, designated impersonal, that was consistent with a scientific worldview and that indicated psychological distancing from the cause of the child's disorder. Subjects who rated these items high, the personal belief pattern, had a mixture of scientific and nonscientific beliefs that indicated a sense of personal involvement in the cause of the child's disorder. Subjects with the two belief patterns were equally knowledgeable about the genetics of the disorder. Thus, the personal belief pattern did not appear to interfere with acceptance or understanding of the information provided in genetic counseling.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

College student adult children of alcoholics: psychological resilience or emotional distance?

Recent investigations of Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs) have focused on identifying factors associated with psychological resilience and their role in academic achievement. The present study hypothesized that rather than being associated with psychological resilience, academic achievement more likely would be associated with decreased psychological functioning or emotional distance due to the single-minded pursuit of one particular endeavor. Gender differences in types of problems reported by ACOAs were also hypothesized. In a sample of 419 college students, ACOAs reported more problems than non-ACOAs in areas of interpersonal anxiety, depression, and family problems but not academic skills. There were few gender effects. Results were discussed in terms of the psychological resilience hypothesis.

Achievement↗
PubMed1979

An ethological perspective on social behavior in long stay hospitalized psychiatric patients.

Ethological methods were employed to gather normative data on social behavior in long stay male inpatients in the ward environment. Most were diagnosed schizophrenic. Social bheavior was categorized into four main types: altruistic, assertive, cigarette, and verbal. Patients (N = 24) were divided into three groups on the basis of the amount of social interaction (top, middle, and bottom thirds of the interactional scale). With the use of these divisions, results indicated: a) marked variability between thirds in the amount of social behavior exhibited; b) differences in the kinds of social behavior utlized by each third--the top was predominantly verbal whereas the middle and bottom were predominantly nonverbal; c) differences in the modes of interaction between thirds--verbal behavior characterized interactions between the top and top, and top and bottom, whereas assertive behavior characterized interactions between the top and middle, middle and middle, middle and bottom, and bottom and bottom; and d) correlative relationships between various social and nonsocial parameters, the most noteworthy including the positive relationship between head up, eyes open, and high rate of social interaction, and the positive relationships between altruistic, cigarette, and verbal behavior. Discussion focused on issues of variability between patients, stability of behaviors over time, behaviors indicative of bonding and social attentiveness, profiles of behavior characteristic of each third of the interactional scale, and the ethological constructs of dominance and attention structure.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The consequences of marijuana use on intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning in black and white adolescents.

We examined the effects of marijuana use on adolescent personality, attitudinal, and behavioral attributes, perceived parent-adolescent relations, and perceived peer factors. Volunteer high school students (292 Blacks, 401 Whites) of middle-class backgrounds filled out questionnaires in their classrooms first when they were in the 9th and 10th grades and again 2 years later when they were in the 11th and 12th grades. Results suggest that regular use of marijuana may lead to lower achievement, increased tolerance of deviance, and more deviant behavior, and greater rebelliousness. Regular use also appears to interfere with adolescents' relationships with their parents and to lead them to associate with more deviant and drug-using friends. The consequences of marijuana use for intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning were for the most part similar in the different sex and age groups, although there were some ethnic differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Young long distance runners. Physiological and psychological characteristics.

This study presents the physiological and psychological characteristics and the running histories of 16 subjects who began long distance running at age 4-12 years. Running duration was 3-15 years (mean 8.4 +/- 3.6 yrs). Seven children completed 41 marathons, seven 30-mile races, and eight 60-mile races. The other nine competed at shorter distances. All trained at 30-105 miles/week. Two stress fractures, one back sprain and one knee injury occurred. Athletes who reported injuries from recollection may have underreported some injuries. At age 15.4 +/- 4.2 years bone age was 15.3 +/- 2.6 years and height was at 51 +/- 26.0 percentile. Athletes had larger left ventricular diastolic diameter, higher max O2 uptake, and delayed onset of anaerobic metabolism compared to controls. Psychological profile: IQ = 121 +/- 11, scholastic grade point average (GPA) (n = 13) was less than or equal to 3.0 in four, 3.6-3.9 in four, and 4.0 in five. Cattell 16 personality factor (PF): Seven scored above the 85th percentile on boldness, warmth, conformity, sensitivity, dominance, and high drive with tension. Eight scored above the 93rd percentile for self discipline and emotional stability. Human Figure Drawing showed a distorted body image in seven. Two developed anorexia nervosa, and another girl committed suicide. Thus, high physical fitness and no growth retardation were observed. These runners, however, shared distinct positive and negative personality characteristics. The relatively high incidence of severe psychological disorders possibly suggests a need for psychological screening for young children entering a strenuous training program and for close monitoring for development of psychological problems during the program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Effects of body-satisfaction on social anxiety and self-disclosing behavior in adolescence].

The present study investigated effects of body-satisfaction on social anxiety and self-disclosing behavior, focusing on the relationship between body and self in adolescence. Thirty-six male and thirty-six female undergraduates talked with an interviewer of the same-sex or opposite-sex. Their interactions were video-taped. The following results were obtained: (1) body-satisfaction level had an effect on social anxiety and on the style of self-disclosing behavior, but not on the contents of disclosure, (2) the high body-satisfaction group was shy and passive with an interviewer of the opposite-sex, and this seemed to be common among late adolescents, (3) the low body-satisfaction group was anxious, shy, tense, and passive with an interviewer of the same-sex, (4) the low body-satisfaction group was both tense and active with an interviewer of the opposite-sex (these results suggest that a relationship exists between body-satisfaction and gender identity confusion), (5) body-satisfaction level had no effect on interpersonal distance.

Adolescent↗