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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1983

Providencia rustigianii: a new species in the family Enterobacteriaceae formerly known as Providencia alcalifaciens biogroup 3.

The name Providencia rustigianii sp. nov. is proposed for a group of organisms previously known as Providencia alcalifaciens biogroup 3. By DNA hybridization, strains of P. rustigianii were 81 to 99% related to each other at 60 degrees C, but only 44 to 49% related to P. alcalifaciens biogroups 1 and 2 and 26 to 33% related to Providencia stuartii. P. rustigianii could be differentiated from P. alcalifaciens and P. stuartii by simple biochemical tests. P. rustigianii produced acid from D-galactose but not from trehalose; P. stuartii produced acid from both; and P. alcalifaciens produced acid from neither. P. rustigianii could be distinguished from Providencia rettgeri (formerly Proteus rettgeri) by urea hydrolysis and acid production from D-arabitol; P. rustigianii was negative for these two tests, but P. rettgeri was positive. Strains of P. rustiganii were 32 to 34% related to strains of P. rettgeri. Three of the 11 strains of P. rustigianii were isolated from stools, but the sources of the other isolates are unknown. Three strains (27%) were sensitive to colistin, and 82 to 100% were sensitive to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Strain ATCC 33673 (CDC no. 0132-68) is the type strain for this species.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

Invasion of HEp-2 and other eukaryotic cell lines by Providenciae: further evidence supporting the role of Providencia alcalifaciens in bacterial gastroenteritis.

Wild-type strains of Providencia species were evaluated for their ability to invade HEp-2 monolayers based upon microscopic and semi-quantitative assays. Of 14 P. alcalifaciens strains tested, 3 (17%) were found to be highly invasive, 4 (22%) moderately invasive, and the remaining 61% weakly or noninvasive. HEp-2 invasion results were confirmed by thin-section electron microscopy. Invasive capabilities of P. alcalifaciens were greater at higher MOIs (100 to 1000) than at lower inocula (<10 MOI). No strain of P. stuartii or P. rettgeri tested invaded HEp-2 cells. Quantitative assays of Triton X-100-lysed, HEp-2-invaded cells indicated that between 0.001% and 0. 013% of the initial bacterial inoculum was gentamicin resistant. Further testing of select strains on various cell lines indicated the efficiency of invasion was Vero > Y1 > INT-407 > HEp-2. Two isolates recovered from a father and son with prolonged diarrhea after returning from Mexico were found to be identical on the basis of biotype, serotype, and genotype. These results provide additional evidence that some P. alcalifaciens strains cause gastroenteritis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of the fatty acid composition of Providencia alcalifaciens and Providencia stuartii lipids].

The fatty acid composition of total cellular lipids and lipid A of lipopolysaccharides was studied in Providencia alcalifaciens and P. stuartii. Significant differences were found in the fatty acid composition of total cellular lipids from the above species; these are caused mainly by the presence of cyclopropane fatty acids (methylenehexadecanoic and methyleneoctadecanoic acids) in P. stuartii and their absence in P. alcalifaciens. Differences were also established in the content of fatty acids in lipid A of lipopolysaccharides from P. alcalifaciens and P. stuartii. The data are consistent with the idea that P. alcalifaciens and P. stuartii are separate taxons though, apparently, closely related.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1987

Genetic and biochemical diversity of ureases of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella species isolated from urinary tract infection.

Bacterial urease, particularly from Proteus mirabilis, has been implicated as a contributing factor in the formation of urinary and kidney stones, obstruction of urinary catheters, and pyelonephritis. Weekly urine specimens (n = 1,135) from 32 patients, residing at two chronic-care facilities, with urinary catheters in place for greater than or equal to 30 days yielded 5,088 phenotypically and serotypically diverse bacterial isolates at greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/ml. A total of 86% of specimens contained at least one urease-positive species, and 46% of 3,939 gram-negative bacilli were urease positive. For investigation of genetic relatedness of urease determinants, whole-cell DNA from 50 urease-positive isolates each of Providencia stuartii, Providencia rettgeri, P. mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Morganella morganii were hybridized with a urease gene probe derived from within the urease operon of Providencia stuartii BE2467. The percentage of strains hybridizing with the gene probe was 98 for Providencia stuartii, 100 for Providencia rettgeri, 70 for P. mirabilis, 2 for M. morganii, and 0 for P. vulgaris. Electrophoretic mobilities of ureases from representative isolates revealed nine different patterns among the five species. The urease gene probe hybridized with fragments of HindIII-digested chromosomal DNA from all isolates except M. morganii. Fragment sizes differed between species. Molecular sizes of the enzymes, determined by Sephacryl S-300 chromatography, were found to be 280 kilodaltons (kDa) (P. mirabilis), 323 to 337 kDa (Providencia stuartii, Providencia rettgeri, P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris), 620 kDa (providencia rettgeri), and greater than 700 kDa (M. morganii, Providencia rettgeri). Kms ranged from 0.7 mM urea for M. morganii to 60 mM urea for a P. mirabilis isolate. In general, P. mirabilis ureases demonstrated lower affinities for substrate but hydrolyzed urea at rates 6- to 25-fold faster than did enzymes from other species, which may explain the frequent association of this species with stone formation.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Characterization of endemic Providencia stuartii isolates from patients with urinary devices.

Providencia stuartii has emerged as a significant nosocomial urinary tract pathogen. An increase in the number of Providencia isolates from urine cultures prompted an investigation into the possibility of an outbreak due to this organism. A high proportion of patients studied had urinary devices. Four wards were screened at two time periods to ascertain the prevalence of Providencia stuartii in urine cultures. Biotype, serotype, antibiogram and plasmid content were determined for each Providencia isolate. Of 129 patients initially sampled 22.5% were found to harbor Providencia stuartii. Biotyping, serotyping and antibiograms indicated an epidemic strain was not present. Similar results were obtained when the wards were screened a second time, with 25.4% of urine cultures found to contain Providencia stuartii. By plasmid analysis the isolates could be grouped into one of ten profiles. A correlation could be made between urease activity and the presence of a large plasmid. No association however could be made between a particular plasmid profile and antibiogram. The data indicate that an epidemic strain of Providencia stuartii was not present. The source(s) of the endemic Providencia stuartii strains remain unknown.

Bacteriuria↗
PubMed1999

Molecular characterization of the genera Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia by ribotyping.

The so-called Proteus-Providencia group is constituted at present by three genera and 10 species. Several of the recognized species are common opportunistic pathogens for humans and animals. Different methods based on the study of phenotypic characters have been used in the past with variable levels of efficiency for typing some species for epidemiological purposes. We have determined the rRNA gene restriction patterns (ribotypes) for the type strains of the 10 different species of the genera Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia. Visual inspection of EcoRV- and HincII-digested DNA from the type strains showed remarkably different patterns for both enzymes, but EcoRV provided better differentiation. Both endonucleases were retained to study a large number of wild and collection strains belonging to the different species. Clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis, Proteus penneri, Morganella morganii, and Providencia heimbachae showed patterns identical or very similar to those of the respective type strains, so that groups of related patterns (ribogroups) were found to correspond to the diverse species. On the contrary, distinct ribogroups were detected within Providencia alcalifaciens (two ribogroups with both enzymes), Providencia rettgeri (four ribogroups with EcoRV and five with HincII), Providencia stuartii (two ribogroups with EcoRV), Providencia rustigianii (two ribogroups with HincII), and Proteus vulgaris (two ribogroups with both enzymes). The pattern shown by the ancient P. vulgaris type strain NCTC 4175 differed considerably from both P. vulgaris ribogroups as well as from the newly proposed type strain ATCC 29905 and from any other strain in this study, thus confirming its atypical nature. Minor differences were frequently observed among patterns of strains belonging to the same ribogroup. These differences were assumed to define ribotypes within each ribogroup. No correlation was observed between ribogroups or ribotypes and biogroups of P. vulgaris, P. alcalifaciens, P. stuartii, and P. rettgeri. Since, not only different species showed different rRNA gene restriction patterns, but also different ribogroups and ribotypes have been found in the majority of the species, ribotyping would be a sensitive method for molecular characterization of clinical isolates belonging to the genera Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2005

Importance of Providencia species as a major cause of travellers' diarrhoea.

In this study the importance of Providencia species as a cause of travellers' diarrhoea was examined using a selective medium developed by the authors. Providencia species could easily be distinguished from other enteric pathogens by the colour of the colonies obtained. Nine strains of Providencia alcalifaciens, nine of Providencia rettgeri and five of Providencia stuartii were isolated from 130 specimens, representing a surprisingly high incidence of infection compared with other pathogens isolated on SS agar and TCBS agar. Patients infected with P. rettgeri complained of abdominal pain, as for other Providencia species, but also of vomiting, which is rather characteristic of P. rettgeri infection. To analyse the pathogenicity of these isolates, their invasiveness was examined using Caco-2 cells. Most of the P. rettgeri strains invaded Caco-2 cells. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting showed the same profile for two P. rettgeri isolates from individuals travelling in the same tour group. The results show that Providencia species, especially P. rettgeri, might cause diarrhoea, and that these species are important pathogens.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1979

A review of Providencia bacteremia in a general hospital, with a comment on patterns of antimicrobial sensitivity and use.

Six cases of Providencia bacteremia occurring between 1969 and 1978 were reviewed. These cases represented 3% of the gram-negative bacteremias occurring at one hospital. All six cases of Providencia bacteremia were secondary to urinary tract infection with P. stuartii, and in most the infection developed only shortly before the onset of bacteremia; in three cases the bacteremia developed immediately following manipulation of the urinary tract. Patients with long-standing Providencia infections did not acquire bacteremia. The signs and symptoms of Providencia bacteremia were typical of those of septicemia except that vascular collapse was not a prominent feature, occurring in only one patient. The mortality was 33%. All the Providencia strains cultured from the bloodstream were susceptible to gentamicin, although the frequency of gentamicin resistance increased from roughly 10% to 50% during the period studied; the increase in gentamicin use over this period was more gradual. Also noted was a decrease in resistance to ampicillin that paralleled a decrease in ampicillin use. All the Providencia strains were susceptible to amikacin.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Providencia stuartii, P. rettgeri, P. alcalifaciens and P. rustigianii strains.

The natural antibiotic susceptibility of 38 Providencia rettgeri, 35 P. stuartii, 23 P. alcalifaciens and 20 P. rustigianii strains was examined. MIC values were determined by a microdilution procedure and evaluated by a table calculation programme. P. stuartii was the least susceptible Providencia sp. and was naturally resistant to tetracyclines, some penicillins, older cephalosporins, sulphamethoxazole and fosfomycin and to antibiotics to which other species of Enterobacteriaceae are also resistant. It was naturally sensitive to modern penicillins and cephalosporins, carbapenems and aztreonam, but its susceptibility to aminoglycosides and quinolones was difficult to assess. P. alcalifaciens and P. rustigianii strains were the most susceptible Providencia spp. They were naturally sensitive or intermediate to tetracyclines and sensitive to aminoglycosides and quinolones. Susceptibility to sparfloxacin, biapenem and sulphamethoxazole permitted the discrimination of P. alcalifaciens and P. rustigianii strains. The natural antibiotic susceptibility of P. rettgeri strains was between that of P. stuartii and that of the other providenciae. P. rettgeri was resistant to tetracyclines and fosfomycin, but more susceptible to aminoglycosides, quinolones, fosfomycin and numerous beta-lactam antibiotics than P. stuartii. A database is described of the natural antibiotic susceptibilities of Providencia spp. It can be used for the validation of antibiotic susceptibility test results of these micro-organisms.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1973

Fatty acid composition of paracolons: Arizona, Citrobacter, and Providencia.

The fatty acid compositions of stationary-phase cultures of Arizona arizonae, Citrobacter freundii, Providencia alcalifaciens, Providencia stuartii, and Providencia sp. were studied. The major fatty acids of A. arizonae, C. freundii, and Providencia were 16:0, 16:1, 17:cyclopropane, and 19:cyclopropane. The fatty acid compositions of the two strains of A. arizonae examined were similar to each other, but the three strains of C. freundii differed from one another in their fatty acid compositions. In both A. arizonae and C. freundii, the relative quantities of saturated, unsaturated, and cyclopropane fatty acids were similar to those which have been found in stationary-phase cultures of other members of the Enterobacteriaceae. The three strains of Providencia also differed from one another in their fatty acid compositions. In all three strains, the total quantity of unsaturated fatty acids was larger and that of the cyclopropane fatty acids was smaller than those found in stationary-phase cultures of other enteric bacteria.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2006

Providencia vermicola sp. nov., isolated from infective juveniles of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema thermophilum.

In the course of isolating bacteria from infective juveniles of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema thermophilum Ganguly & Singh, 2000, three isolates were obtained (OP1T, OP29 and VS3). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and riboprint patterns, these three strains were identical to each other but distinct from the type strains of the five recognized species of the genus Providencia. Based on biochemical and genomic analysis and supported by the low (<35 %) DNA-DNA relatedness between strain OP1T and the type strain of its phylogenetically closest relative, Providencia rettgeri (99.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), strain OP1T was considered to be sufficiently distinct from recognized Providencia species to warrant the description of a novel species. The name Providencia vermicola sp. nov. is proposed, with OP1T (= DSM 17385T = CIP 108829T) as the type strain.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Identification of porins in outer membrane of Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia spp. and their role in outer membrane permeation of beta-lactams.

Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Morganella morganii, Providencia rettgeri, and Providencia alcalifaciens, which were once classified into the same genus, Proteus, were studied. Cefoxitin-resistant mutants from these species were isolated, and it was confirmed that the resistance was attributed to the lack of an outer membrane protein, resulting in a significant decrease in the penetration of hydrophilic cephalosporins through the outer membrane. Comparison of the mutant strains with their parental strains in the diffusion rates of six monoanionic cephalosporins, a zwitterionic cephalosporin (cephaloridine), and a divalent anionic cephalosporin (cephalosporin C) suggested that each species had only one kind of porin protein, with molecular weights of 40,000 (Proteus mirabilis) or 37,000 (the other four species) and that the porins formed channels with cation selectivity, except for Proteus vulgaris. Porin proteins were purified from all the bacterial species except Providencia alcalifaciens, and the radius of the pores formed by the purified porins was estimated by the use of the liposome swelling assay. The pore radii were estimated to be approximately 0.59 nm (Proteus mirabilis), 0.63 nm (Proteus vulgaris), 0.58 nm (Providencia rettgeri), and 0.60 nm (M. morganii), similar to the size of the pore radius of Escherichia coli porins.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗
PubMed2000

Fragmentation of 23S rRNA in strains of Proteus and Providencia results from intervening sequences in the rrn (rRNA) genes.

Intervening sequences (IVSs) were originally identified in the rrl genes for 23S rRNA (rrl genes, for large ribosomal subunit, part of rrn operon encoding rRNA) of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium LT2 and Arizonae. These sequences are transcribed but later removed during RNase III processing of the rRNA, resulting in fragmentation of the 23S species; IVSs are uncommon, but have been reported in at least 10 bacterial genera. Through PCR amplification of IVS-containing regions of the rrl genes we showed that most Proteus and Providencia strains contain IVSs similar to those of serovar Typhimurium in distribution and location in rrl genes. By extraction and Northern blotting of rRNA, we also found that these IVSs result in rRNA fragmentation. We report the first finding of two very different sizes of IVS (113 bp and 183 to 187 bp) in different rrl genes in the same strain, in helix 25 of Proteus and Providencia spp.; IVSs from helix 45 are 113 to 123 bp in size. Analysis of IVS sequence and postulated secondary structure reveals striking similarities of Proteus and Providencia IVSs to those of serovar Typhimurium, with the stems of the smaller IVSs from helix 25 being similar to those of Salmonella helix 25 IVSs and with both the stem and the central loop domain of helix 45 IVSs being similar. Thus, IVSs of related sequences are widely distributed throughout the Enterobacteriaceae, in Salmonella, Yersinia, Proteus, and Providencia spp., but we did not find them in Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, or Morganella spp.; the sporadic distribution of IVSs of related sequence indicates that lateral genetic transfer has occurred.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1979

O-serotyping Providencia alcalifaciens.

The O-serotyping scheme for Providencia was tested on Providencia alcalifaciens isolates collected mostly from two hospitals. The specificites of the somatic (O) antigens of P. alcalifaciens were found to be different from those of Providencia stuartii, and separation of the Providencia typing scheme to allow separate typing of each species led to more efficient typing. All but 4 of 86 isolates were typable. Eighteen serotypes occurred among 53 typable isolates obtained from a pediatric hospital, and 11 occurred among 19 isolates from a general hospital. Thirty-two percent of the isolates from the pediatric hospital belonged to serotype O3, the most frequently isolated and most widely distributed type. The use of the serotyping scheme for P. alcalifaciens is advocated for further studies to examine strains of the species for enteropathogenic types.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1988

Commercial identification systems often fail to identify Providencia stuartii.

We tested 145 clinical isolates in an attempt to evaluate some of the most widely used commercial identification systems in Europe in terms of their ability to identify Providencia strains. Two manual miniaturized systems (API 20E and Enterotube II) and three mechanized-automated systems (Cobas-Bact, Sceptor System, and Titertek-Enterobac-Rapid Automated System) were evaluated. Providencia alcalifaciens and Providencia rettgeri strains were correctly identified by all systems in all cases, and in most cases identification was achieved without the aid of supplementary tube tests. By contrast, Providencia stuartii was identified without the aid of supplementary tube tests for only 42.5% (API 20E), 37.5% (Enterotube), 68.7% (Sceptor), and 71.2% (Cobas-Bact) of the isolates. The overall misidentification rates were 16.3, 11.3, 11.3, and 10%, respectively. The Titertek-Enterobac-Rapid Automated System failed to identify only 1 of 80 strains (1.3%) and required supplementary tests in 2 other cases (2.5%). Since four of the multitest systems examined often failed to correctly identify P. stuartii, we conclude that supplementary conventional tube tests should always be used to distinguish this species from the other taxa of the Proteeae tribe.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1989

Usefulness of trehalose fermentation and L-glutamic acid decarboxylation for identification of biochemically aberrant Providencia stuartii strains.

A total of 849 Providencia isolates were collected during a 4-year period when an increased incidence of nosocomial Providencia stuartii infection was noted in urologic wards. Of these isolates, 630 were identified as P. stuartii, 206 were identified as Providencia rettgeri, and 1 was identified as Providencia alcalifaciens. Twelve inositol-positive isolates from 10 patients (10 strains) resembled P. stuartii in fermenting trehalose but resembled P. rettgeri in fermenting D-arabitol or meso-erythritol or both. The latter traits, however, were not stable in all cases. These aberrant strains were identified as P. stuartii on the basis of their O antigens and DNA hybridization experiments. All isolates were tested for L-glutamic acid decarboxylase activity by a qualitative thin-layer chromatography method. All P. stuartii isolates, including the aberrant ones, were trehalose positive and L-glutamic acid decarboxylase negative. None of the P. rettgeri isolates fermented trehalose, while 99.0% of them and the single P. alcalifaciens strain were L-glutamic acid decarboxylase positive. Thus, trehalose fermentation and L-glutamic acid decarboxylation are more useful for separating P. stuartii from P. rettgeri than are D-arabitol and meso-erythritol fermentation.

DNA, Bacterial↗