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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

A radioimmune assay for human prostatic acid phosphatase-levels in prostatic disease.

Prostatic acid phosphatase from human seminal fluid was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme was characterized as to its purity, molecular weight and amino acid composition. Analytical isoelectric focusing of purified enzyme on polyacrylamide gels resolved the enzyme activity into eleven discrete bands, apparently due to various amounts of sialic acid associated with the glycoprotein. Antisera raised against the purified enzyme produced only one precipitan arc on immunoelectrophoresis. A double antibody radioimmune assay was developed and used to evaluate serum prostatic acid phosphatase in 226 patients without prostatic disease, in 186 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and in 93 patients with prostatic carcinoma. No statistical difference was noted in serum prostatic acid phosphatase between patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and in those without prostatic disease Serum prostatic acid phosphatase was elevated in 94% of the patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Significant elevations were also found in carcinoma patients without metastases.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

Estimation of prostatic growth using serial prostate-specific antigen measurements in men with and without prostate disease.

Prostate growth curves were estimated from serial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurements on frozen sera in three groups of men: (a) 16 men with no prostatic disease by urological history and examination; (b) 20 men with a histological diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who had undergone simple prostatectomy; and (c) 18 men with a histological diagnosis of prostate cancer. The median number of repeated PSA measurements over an 8- to 26-yr period prior to histological diagnosis or exclusion of prostate disease was eight and 11 for noncancer and cancer subjects, respectively. Predicted rates of change in PSA (PSA velocity) were linear and curvilinear for control and BPH subjects, respectively. Subjects with cancer demonstrated both a linear and an exponential phase of PSA velocity. Based on time to double PSA, we estimated the epithelial doubling time for men without prostate disease to range from 54 +/- 13 yr at age 40 to 84 +/- 13 yr at age 70. For men with BPH, doubling times ranged from 2 +/- 13 yr at age 40 to 17 +/- 5 yr at age 85. Subjects with local/regional and advanced/metastatic cancer had similar PSA doubling times of 2.4 +/- 0.6 yr and 1.8 +/- 0.2 yr, respectively. These data are consistent with what is known about prostatic growth with age in men without prostate disease and BPH, and the kinetics of prostate cancer growth. Estimates of prostatic growth rate from changes in PSA may be useful clinically in management of men with prostate disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Canine prostatic diseases.

Prostatic diseases such as benign hyperplasia, prostatic cysts, acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, prostatic abscessation, and prostatic neoplasia are discussed. Also discussed are diagnostic techniques such as prostatic palpation and massage, evaluation of semen and urethral discharge, and radiography.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Modern radiologic diagnosis of prostatic diseases].

Prostatic pathology presents one of the key elements of morbidity in adult and older males. In developed countries malignant prostatic tumors are the third most common cause of death in males older than 55 years of age. New diagnostic procedures such as transabdominal and transrectal ultrasound, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance enable direct prostatic visualization thus better and more efficient diagnostics. This study offers a review and schedule of diagnostic procedures which enable early detection and classification of prostatic diseases.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Pharmacogenetics of human androgens and prostatic diseases.

Prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) are two common and growing public health problems in the Western world. We review here the recent biochemical and pharmacogenetic literature related to these two prostatic disorders. We focus first on constitutional ('germline') single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) at the steroid 5 alpha-reductase (SRD5A2) locus, which encodes the human prostatic (or Type II) steroid 5 alpha-reductase enzyme. The investigations reviewed point to several uses of personalised medicine at the SRD5A2 locus. In addition, we report on recent identification of somatic pharmacogenetic alterations at the androgen receptor (AR) locus, which encodes the human androgen receptor, suggesting that this also may be a fruitful field of investigation, with important clinical applications. Pharmacogenomic investigation of constitutional and somatic DNA changes in human genes predisposing to cancer may lead to significant advances in chemoprevention, presymptomatic diagnosis and improved treatment of PCa.

3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1998

PSA screening for prostate cancer: the current controversy--a viewpoint. Patient Outcomes Research Team for Prostatic Diseases.

Prostate cancer is an important health problem. Randomized trials have not yet proven whether or not screening with prostate-specific antigen measurements reduces morbidity or mortality. The potential for overtreatment of prostate cancers not destined to cause future mortality, the uncertainty about the benefits of aggressive treatment of screen-detected cancers, and the relatively high costs of prostate cancer screening programs are all areas of concern. A shared approach to decisions about screening individual patients pending better evidence is one strategy for clinicians to consider in dealing with this controversial problem.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Using repeated measures of symptom score, uroflowmetry and prostate specific antigen in the clinical management of prostate disease. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treatment Outcomes Study Group.

Measurements of American Urological Association symptom score, peak urine flow rate and prostate specific antigen (PSA) are often followed over time in urological management. However, their interpretation is confounded by within-patient variability due to chance. Data from 2 clinical trials are used to examine the magnitude of this variation. When these measures are repeated at a short interval variation is modest and might easily be misinterpreted as a true change in patient condition. For example, approximately 20% of patients might be expected to have a chance increase or decrease in symptom score by at least 4.9 points, in peak urine flow rate by at least 4.1 ml. per second or in PSA by at least 1.6 ng./ml. Clinicians can use these data to help interpret repeated measures of these variables in patients, and can consider obtaining paired measurements to decrease the effect of chance variation when they plan on following them over time.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[A mass screening of the prostatic diseases and serum prostate specific antigen].

We examined the values of prostate specific antigen (PSA) with a RIA kit (Pros Check PSA) and an EIA kit (Market F PA), measuring prostate weights of 125 participants in a mass screening of the prostatic diseases. A mild positive correlation (r = 0.467) between values of PSA (RIA) and prostate weights was found in the participants in whom the prostate cancer was not detected. Since serum PSA levels measured by RIA of 45 normal subjects were 1.8 +/- 1.5 ng/ml (Mean +/- S.D), the upper limit of the normal range was set at 6.3 ng/ml. The participants whose PSA levels exceeded this upper normal range and also whose prostate weights were under 30 g were found in 11 of the 122 subjects (9%). On the contrary, the abnormal values (EIA) were found in only two subjects (one, a prostate cancer and the other, a benign prostate hypertrophy). We, further, examined the PSA values (EIA) in 415 subjects in whom the prostate cancer was detected in 5 (1.2%). The abnormal values were found in 8 (4 prostate cancer, 3 benign prostate hypertrophy and one without prostatic disease). As the false positive rate was very low, the use of PSA is recommended in the first screening of the check up program of the prostatic disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Influence of prostatic disease and prostatic manipulations on the concentration of prostate-specific antigen.

We examined the influence of different factors [benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic carcinoma (PCA), organ volume, weight of resected tissue, transurethral catheter] on the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in 253 patients with BPH (n = 138; 54%) and PCA (n = 115; 46%). Only in 57.2% of the BPH patients, PSA values were < 4 ng/ml, in 74.6% < 7 ng/ml. In 108 patients with BPH, a transurethral prostatectomy was performed. PSA values correlated significantly with the sonographically determined prostatic volumes and less precisely with the weight of the resected tissue. The PSA concentration per milliliter of prostatic volume was 0.12 ng/ml, per gram of resected tissue it was 0.21 ng/ml. An incidental PCA was found in 12/108 patients (11%). The PSA values were identical with those of the total collective in regard to volume and tissue weight. In 11 patients, we examined possible alterations of the PSA values before and until 24 h after prostatic massage. Only insignificant alterations were seen, a massive increase was not found in any patient. Searching for an absolutely valid 'normal value' appears hardly appropriate. However, the usefulness of PSA is increased when the sonographically determined prostatic volume is included. A rectal examination of the prostate has no influence on the PSA value.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

The role of molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA or hK3) and of human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer and in extra-prostatic disease.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA or hK3) is a glandular kallikrein with abundant expression in the prostate that is widely used to detect and monitor prostate cancer (PCa), although the serum level is frequently elevated also in benign and inflammatory prostatic diseases. PSA testing is useful for early detection of localized PCa and for the detection of disease recurrence after treatment. However, PSA has failed to accurately estimate cancer volume and preoperative staging. There is no PSA level in serum that definitively distinguishes men with benign conditions from those with prostate cancer, although PCa is rare in men with PSA levels in serum < 2.0 ng/ml. This prompted searches for enhancing parameters to combine with PSA testing, such as PSA density, PSA velocity, and age-specific reference ranges. Due to the protease structure, PSA occurs in different molecular forms in serum and their concentrations vary according to the type of prostatic disease. Human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) is very similar to PSA, but expressed at higher levels in prostate adenocarcinoma than in normal prostate epithelium. Blood testing for hK2 combined with different PSA forms improves discrimination of men with benign prostatic disease from those with prostate cancer. Many data have also been reported on the extra-prostatic expression of both PSA and hK2, and it is now believed that they may both have functions in tissues outside the prostate.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mixed-effects regression models for studying the natural history of prostate disease.

Although prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia are major health problems in U.S. men, little is known about the early stages of the natural history of prostate disease. A molecular biomarker called prostate specific antigen (PSA), together with a unique longitudinal bank of frozen serum, now allows a historic prospective study of changes in PSA levels for decades prior to the diagnosis of prostate disease. Linear mixed-effects regression models were used to test whether rates of change in PSA were different in men with and without prostate disease. In addition, since the prostate cancer cases developed their tumours at different (and unknown) times during their periods of follow-up, a piece-wise non-linear mixed-effects regression model was used to estimate the time when rapid increases in PSA were first observable beyond the background level of PSA change. These methods have a wide range of applications in biomedical research utilizing repeated measures data such as pharmacokinetic studies, crossover trials, growth and development studies, aging studies, and disease detection.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

PSA divergence. A new parameter for the accurate longitudinal assessment of prostatic disease.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the various parameters derived utilizing this marker have increased our ability to diagnose early prostatic disease; however, their accuracy in identifying the etiology of the disease remains somewhat limited. We propose a new PSA derivative, termed "PSA divergence" (PSADI), defined as the change in serum PSA over time (years) divided by the change in prostatic volume over time (years), to more accurately distinguish benign, premalignant, and malignant prostatic diseases. In this study, we evaluated 160 subjects with a PSA >4.0 ng/ml who were found by transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUS) to have either benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. These men were followed at 6 or 12 months with serial PSA, digital rectal exam (DRE), and TRUS with rebiopsy. Data analysis demonstrated a statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlation between PSADI and each final pathologic outcome, suggesting that PSADI is useful in distinguishing among intraepithelial neoplasia and benign and malignant prostatic disease.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Androgen regulation of JM-27 is associated with the diseased prostate.

Despite intense research efforts, the etiology of prostatic hyperplasia associated with both benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer remains poorly understood. Our previous studies using array technology identified JM-27 as a transcript that is dramatically up-regulated in the prostates of patients with symptomatic BPH and in normal, adjacent prostatic regions of patients with prostate cancer. In the present study, using an extended sample set, we show a correlation between the messenger RNA and protein expression of JM-27. To investigate the possible functions of this gene, its expression in the rat prostate was examined by immunoblot analysis using a polyclonal antibody specific to human JM-27. This antibody reacts with 2 rat polypeptides of 17 kd and 27 kd in size. Whereas the 27-kd form of the JM-27 protein found in human prostate is selectively expressed in the dorsolateral lobes of the rat prostate, the 17-kd form is expressed only in the ventral lobe. Expression of both forms of this protein appears to be androgen-regulated. There is a time-dependent decrease in expression of the protein products in the ventral and dorsolateral lobes of the rat prostate after castration. Administration of exogenous testosterone in castrated animals maintains protein expression in both lobes. Androgens are believed to play a central role in prostate growth and development, and therefore, it is tempting to speculate that JM-27, an androgen-regulated gene, may be involved in prostatic growth regulation. Further studies are underway to evaluate such a function for JM-27 in prostatic diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Per rectal ultrasound in the investigation of prostatic disease.

Primary prostatic disease is usually assessed by digital palpation of the prostate. This method lacks objectivity and has been shown to be inaccurate, especially in the staging of primary prostatic cancer. This paper describes the investigation of 200 subjects using per rectal ultrasound. Of 70 patients with histological evidence of carcinoma of the prostate, 96% were correctly diagnosed ultrasonically and 87% correctly diagnosed by digital palpation. Of the 37 patients with ultrasonic evidence of a capsular breach, only 65% were diagnosed as such by digital palpation. A study of 10 cadaver specimens confirmed the accuracy of per rectal ultrasound as a technique for staging primary prostatic cancer . The ultrasonic appearances of the prostate, seminal vesicles and bladder base are described. Per rectal ultrasound is acceptable to patients, and its use is recommended in all cases where accurate assessment of primary prostatic cancer is required.

Adult↗