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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

A radioimmune assay for human prostatic acid phosphatase-levels in prostatic disease.

Prostatic acid phosphatase from human seminal fluid was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme was characterized as to its purity, molecular weight and amino acid composition. Analytical isoelectric focusing of purified enzyme on polyacrylamide gels resolved the enzyme activity into eleven discrete bands, apparently due to various amounts of sialic acid associated with the glycoprotein. Antisera raised against the purified enzyme produced only one precipitan arc on immunoelectrophoresis. A double antibody radioimmune assay was developed and used to evaluate serum prostatic acid phosphatase in 226 patients without prostatic disease, in 186 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and in 93 patients with prostatic carcinoma. No statistical difference was noted in serum prostatic acid phosphatase between patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and in those without prostatic disease Serum prostatic acid phosphatase was elevated in 94% of the patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Significant elevations were also found in carcinoma patients without metastases.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

Estimation of prostatic growth using serial prostate-specific antigen measurements in men with and without prostate disease.

Prostate growth curves were estimated from serial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurements on frozen sera in three groups of men: (a) 16 men with no prostatic disease by urological history and examination; (b) 20 men with a histological diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who had undergone simple prostatectomy; and (c) 18 men with a histological diagnosis of prostate cancer. The median number of repeated PSA measurements over an 8- to 26-yr period prior to histological diagnosis or exclusion of prostate disease was eight and 11 for noncancer and cancer subjects, respectively. Predicted rates of change in PSA (PSA velocity) were linear and curvilinear for control and BPH subjects, respectively. Subjects with cancer demonstrated both a linear and an exponential phase of PSA velocity. Based on time to double PSA, we estimated the epithelial doubling time for men without prostate disease to range from 54 +/- 13 yr at age 40 to 84 +/- 13 yr at age 70. For men with BPH, doubling times ranged from 2 +/- 13 yr at age 40 to 17 +/- 5 yr at age 85. Subjects with local/regional and advanced/metastatic cancer had similar PSA doubling times of 2.4 +/- 0.6 yr and 1.8 +/- 0.2 yr, respectively. These data are consistent with what is known about prostatic growth with age in men without prostate disease and BPH, and the kinetics of prostate cancer growth. Estimates of prostatic growth rate from changes in PSA may be useful clinically in management of men with prostate disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[A mass screening of the prostatic diseases and serum prostate specific antigen].

We examined the values of prostate specific antigen (PSA) with a RIA kit (Pros Check PSA) and an EIA kit (Market F PA), measuring prostate weights of 125 participants in a mass screening of the prostatic diseases. A mild positive correlation (r = 0.467) between values of PSA (RIA) and prostate weights was found in the participants in whom the prostate cancer was not detected. Since serum PSA levels measured by RIA of 45 normal subjects were 1.8 +/- 1.5 ng/ml (Mean +/- S.D), the upper limit of the normal range was set at 6.3 ng/ml. The participants whose PSA levels exceeded this upper normal range and also whose prostate weights were under 30 g were found in 11 of the 122 subjects (9%). On the contrary, the abnormal values (EIA) were found in only two subjects (one, a prostate cancer and the other, a benign prostate hypertrophy). We, further, examined the PSA values (EIA) in 415 subjects in whom the prostate cancer was detected in 5 (1.2%). The abnormal values were found in 8 (4 prostate cancer, 3 benign prostate hypertrophy and one without prostatic disease). As the false positive rate was very low, the use of PSA is recommended in the first screening of the check up program of the prostatic disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Influence of prostatic disease and prostatic manipulations on the concentration of prostate-specific antigen.

We examined the influence of different factors [benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic carcinoma (PCA), organ volume, weight of resected tissue, transurethral catheter] on the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in 253 patients with BPH (n = 138; 54%) and PCA (n = 115; 46%). Only in 57.2% of the BPH patients, PSA values were < 4 ng/ml, in 74.6% < 7 ng/ml. In 108 patients with BPH, a transurethral prostatectomy was performed. PSA values correlated significantly with the sonographically determined prostatic volumes and less precisely with the weight of the resected tissue. The PSA concentration per milliliter of prostatic volume was 0.12 ng/ml, per gram of resected tissue it was 0.21 ng/ml. An incidental PCA was found in 12/108 patients (11%). The PSA values were identical with those of the total collective in regard to volume and tissue weight. In 11 patients, we examined possible alterations of the PSA values before and until 24 h after prostatic massage. Only insignificant alterations were seen, a massive increase was not found in any patient. Searching for an absolutely valid 'normal value' appears hardly appropriate. However, the usefulness of PSA is increased when the sonographically determined prostatic volume is included. A rectal examination of the prostate has no influence on the PSA value.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

An immunohistochemical characterisation of the inflammatory cell infiltrate in benign and malignant prostatic disease.

The prostate gland is said to be immunologically privileged because it lacks afferent lymphatics and because of the immunosuppressive properties of seminal fluid. To elicit the presence or absence of an immune response within the diseased prostate gland, the infiltrate in prostate glands affected by hyperplasia or adenocarcinoma was phenotypically characterised, using immunohistochemical techniques. An infiltrate, composed mainly of T-lymphocytes (CD-3+), was demonstrated in all glands examined. No difference in the type, level of activation or degree of infiltration was found between those glands affected by hyperplasia (n = 20) and those affected by adenocarcinoma (n = 20). In the malignant cases, there was no correlation between grade (Gleason) or stage (TNM) and the type or degree of mononuclear cell infiltrate. Our findings suggest that the host response, in situ, to hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma is similar and may reflect the fact that the two diseases are often found concurrently in the same gland and in close proximity to one another. The infiltrate, therefore, is unlikely to represent a tumour specific immune response to tumour specific antigens. The significant infiltrate we have demonstrated, and its phenotypic characterisation, would not support the hypothesis that the prostate is immunologically privileged as has been suggested previously.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

Benign and malignant prostatic diseases.

The risk of prostatic diseases and disorders increases with age. Symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia is often treated with transurethral resection of the prostate. Antibiotic therapy is generally effective in bacterial prostatitis, but both chronic bacterial prostatitis with recurrent urinary tract infection and nonbacterial prostatitis remain difficult to treat. Early diagnosis of prostate cancer improves survival. Therapeutic options include surgery, radiotherapy and hormone therapy.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1992

Study of prostatic disease in dogs: 177 cases (1981-1986).

Historical and physical signs associated with prostatic disease diagnosed in dogs over a 5.5-year period were defined. One hundred seventy-seven male dogs were determined to have prostatic abnormality. Of the 177 dogs, 87 were determined to have specific prostatic disease. The most common prostatic disease identified in this study was bacterial prostatitis, followed by prostatic cyst, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and benign hyperplasia. The most common prostatic disease identified in neutered dogs was prostatic adenocarcinoma. Mean age at onset of prostatic disease was 8.9 years; statistically significant difference was not observed between age at onset of the various types of prostatic disease identified. Doberman Pinscher was the most common breed with prostate disease. Twenty-nine percent of dogs with a specifically identifiable prostatic disease had signs of systemic illness, 41% had signs of lower urinary tract disease, 28% had signs of gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, and 13% had signs of locomotor difficulty.

Abscess↗
PubMed1991

[Significance of prostatic acid phosphatase, gamma-seminoprotein and prostatic specific antigen in the urine. First report: the measurement of PAP, gamma-Sm and PA in the urine of patients with prostatic diseases].

To study the significance of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) and prostatic specific antigen (PA) in urine, we have determined the urinary levels of these proteins in women and infants, in patients without prostatic disease, in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, and in patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Women and infants were found to excrete little PAP (27.9 +/- 4.8 ng/mg) and undetectable levels of gamma-Sm except one case, and undetectable levels of PA in the urine. The excretion of PAP in patients with prostatic carcinoma who were either castrated, or treated with endocrine therapy was lower than the levels in women and infants, or the levels in patients without prostatic diseases, or the levels in patients with BPH. Urinary excretion levels of gamma-Sm and PA were undetectable in the patients with well-controlled prostatic carcinoma. The present study suggests that the determination of PAP, gamma-Sm and PA in the urine of patients with prostatic carcinoma may become a useful tool for monitoring of the primary locus of the carcinoma, but additional assays of urinary PAP, gamma-Sm and PA should be measured at regular intervals to be concluded.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate longitudinal changes in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in men with and without prostate disease. DESIGN: Case-control study of men with and without prostate disease who were participants in a prospective aging study. SETTING: Gerontology Research Center of the National Institute on Aging; the Baltimore (Md) Longitudinal Study of Aging. PATIENTS: Sixteen men with no prostate disease (control group), 20 men with a histologic diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 18 men with a histologic diagnosis of prostate cancer. OUTCOME MEASURES: Multiple PSA and androgen determinations on serum samples obtained from 7 to 25 years prior to histologic diagnosis or exclusion of prostate disease. RESULTS: Changes in androgen levels with age did not differ between groups. Control subjects did not show a significant change in PSA levels with age. There was a significant difference in the age-adjusted rate of change in PSA levels between groups (prostate cancer greater than BPH greater than control; P less than .01). At 5 years before diagnosis when PSA levels did not differ between subjects with BPH and prostate cancer, rate of change in PSA levels (0.75 micrograms/L per year) was significantly greater in subjects with prostate cancer compared with control subjects and subjects with BPH. Also, rate of change in PSA levels distinguished subjects with prostate cancer from subjects with BPH and control subjects with a specificity of 90% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The most significant factor affecting serum PSA levels with age is the development of prostate disease. Rate of change in PSA levels may be a sensitive and specific early clinical marker for the development of prostate cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Local hyperthermia for prostatic disease: in vitro studies on human prostatic cancer cell lines.

Local hyperthermia for benign and malignant prostatic disease remains largely empirical. In an attempt to understand the biological action of hyperthermia, and its potentiation by antiandrogen seen in clinical practice, the interaction of the two has been studied in prostatic cancer cell lines. Human prostatic cancer cell lines LNCaP and DU 145 were studied to examine the effects of heat shock treatment (HST), androgen (5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone: 5 alpha DHT) and antiandrogen (hydroxyflutamide: OH-Flut) on cell growth and survival. Response (measured as increased DNA content) to 5 alpha DHT demonstrated that LNCaP was androgen sensitive, whereas DU 145 was androgen insensitive; OH-Flut stimulated LNCaP growth but had no effect on DU 145 growth. Thermotolerance was exhibited by DU 145 cells but not by LNCaP cells. The combination of HST followed by OH-Flut markedly reduced survival of LNCaP cells compared with HST alone. This effect was not observed in DU 145 cells. The enhanced cytotoxic effect of antiandrogen and hyperthermia could minimise the effect of thermotolerance in malignant cells surviving initial hyperthermia treatment and might suggest real clinical value for the combination or sequence.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1976

Disseminated intravascular coagulation in prostatic disease.

DIC may complicate prostatic disease either in its acute type during resection of the prostate causing excessive intra- or postoperative bleeding, or in its chronic type in cases with adenocarcinoma of the prostate with haematogenous metastases. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical course, differentiation of the condition against consumption of clotting factors by primary fibrinolysis, and treatment are discussed. The course in four characteristic cases is demonstrated.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

[A study on the mass screening system for prostatic diseases].

Between 1984 and 1990, a mass screening for prostatic diseases was carried out on men over 55 years old in cities, towns and villages in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. The total number of subjects examined in the primary study was 1,232, which was 17.7% of the males over 55 years old in these areas. The primary study consisted of inquiry concerning urination, digital examination of the prostate, transabdominal ultrasonography, and determination of tumor markers. A secondary study was indicated for 100 subjects (8.9%) suspected to have prostatic cancer and 169 (15%) suspected to have benign prostatic hypertrophy, but only 92 (35%) of them were actually examined. Prostatic cancer was histologically diagnosed in 3 subjects (0.3%), and benign prostatic hypertrophy was established in 56 subjects (4.5%), who were referred to urologists. Though a high percentage of the population was covered by the primary study the percentage of subjects who received the secondary study among those in whom it was indicated was low. This probably was a reason for the low detection rate of prostatic cancer. An improved system is considered to be needed to increase the efficiency of mass screening for prostatic diseases.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Histochemistry of steroid receptors in prostatic diseases.

Tissue obtained from 55 men with prostatic disease was assayed for estrogen and androgen receptors by a newly developed histochemical technique. The material studied consisted of 45 specimens of benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia and 10 specimens of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The results obtained were compared to those of parallel biochemical assays in 17 cases and successfully correlated in 85 percent. The new procedure is rapid, inexpensive and accurate, allowing for the detection of receptor in cytoplasm and/or nucleus and evaluation of receptor heterogeneity. The histochemical method may offer an alternate to biochemical assay of prostatic tissue as contamination with steroid binding globulins does not appear to be a problem at this time.

Fluorescent Antibody Technique↗
PubMed1991

Reproducibility of transrectal ultrasound of prostatic disease.

One hundred patients with suspicion of prostatic disease were examined by transrectal ultrasound. Two urologists with experience in this technique performed the examination separately for each patient. In the present study the differential diagnosis between normal prostate, benign hypertrophy and prostate cancer was almost perfectly reproducible. However, prostatitis was a difficult diagnosis by transrectal ultrasound. Prostatic cysts and stones were readily recognised. Although not perfectly reproducible, the transverse dimensions of the prostatic adenomas were reasonably comparable. Measurement of the longitudinal diameter of prostatic adenomas was difficult and poorly reproducible in our hands.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

Mass screening program for prostatic diseases with transrectal ultrasonotomography.

A special chair-type apparatus for transrectal ultrasonotomography was developed in our laboratory 3 years ago. We did a mass screening program for prostatic disease, using this equipment as the primary study in the system. The 132 apparently normal men evaluated ranged in age from 40 to 76 years (mean 55.0). The 48 patients suspected of having prostatic disease underwent secondary studies, consisting of the usual urological examinations. Prostatic disease was detected in 24 cases, including 18 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Thus, the model program revealed an extraordinarily high prevalence of latent prostatic disease among apparently normal older men.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Human prostatic aldehyde dehydrogenase of healthy controls and diseased prostates.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH, EC 1.2.1.3) of the human prostate was the subject of investigation in this study. The possible physiological role of aldehyde dehydrogenase in the human prostate might be to detoxify aldehydes arising from the oxidation of the polyamines via monoamine or diamine oxidases. The specific activity of the enzyme with 1 mM propionaldehyde as substrate and 0.5 mM NAD at pH 7.4 in the control normal prostates and prostates afflicted with the disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), was 26.06 +/- 2.96 and 5.17 +/- 0.48 nmol/g prostate per min, respectively. When 100 microM gamma-aminobutyraldehyde was used as a substrate, the specific activity in the normal controls and prostates with benign prostatic hyperplasia was 19.80 +/- 1.33 and 2.95 +/- 2.46 nmol/g prostate per min, respectively. Upon isoelectric focusing of the extracts of the control prostates when the gels were developed for aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, there were three aldehyde dehydrogenase activity bands visible, pI 4.9 (mitochondrial), 5.4 (cytosolic) and about 6.0-6.5, on the IEF gels developed with gamma-aminobutyraldehyde as a substrate. With the extracts of prostates with benign prostatic hyperplasia the pI 4.9 band was significantly reduced, the pI 5.4 band enhanced and the approx. pI 6.0 band was not detectable on the IEF gels with propionaldehyde as a substrate. There was no detectable aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the extract of the prostate with cancer on IEF gels nor in the activity assays with propionaldehyde or gamma-aminobutyraldehyde as substrates.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Essential fatty acid distribution in the plasma and tissue phospholipids of patients with benign and malignant prostatic disease.

There is increasing evidence that essential fatty acids (EFA) may have a role to play in the aetiology of some types of cancer although their precise mode of action is unknown. Differences in the metabolism of EFA between patients with benign or malignant prostatic disease may help to elucidate their role in the latter. We have, therefore, measured the concentration of the essential fatty acids, and their metabolites, in the phospholipid fractions of both plasma and tissue, in patients with either benign or malignant prostatic disease. Comparison of the median concentration of fatty acids in each group (n = 10) revealed significant differences between them. The phospholipid component of total lipid was greater in malignant (P less than 0.04, unpaired t-test) than in benign tissue. The concentrations of linoleic acid (LA) and di-homo gamma linolenic acid (DGLA) in plasma and tissue were not different between the two groups of patients, but a significant reduction in arachidonic acid (ARA) (P less than 0.002, Mann-Whitney U-test) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) (P = 0.009) concentrations was observed in malignant tissue as compared to benign. Patients with malignant prostatic disease also had a significantly higher concentration of oleic acid in phospholipids from both plasma and prostatic tissue. The stearic to oleic acid ratio was similar in plasma but was significantly reduced in malignant tissue (P = 0.006). We suggest that the decreased arachidonic acid concentration in malignant tissue may be due to its increased metabolism, via the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways to produce higher concentrations of eicosanoids, rather than an impairment in desaturase activity in situ.

Arachidonic Acid↗