[Programming language for programming an 8-channel FESE stimulator].
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Humans↗
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Visual programming languages.
Visual programming languages enable physicians and other computer users with little knowledge of programming to develop computer software. The physician uses a visual paradigm to "draw" the computer interface and then attaches short segments of computer code to buttons, menus, and list boxes. The programs can be written for DOS or Windows and can be used with various printers and input devices (a keyboard, mouse, or pen). This article describes the development of an example of a medical program, which calculates the treadmill score.
Decision Support Techniques↗
Simulation of aggregation in Dictyostelium using the Cell Programming Language.
In developmental biology, modeling and simulation play an important role in understanding cellular interactions. We suggest a simple language, the Cell Programming Language (CPL), to write computer programs to describe this behavior. Using these programs, it is possible to simulate and visualize intercellular behavior. We employ CPL to model aggregation in Dictyostelium in response to a chemotactic agent. CPL programs are utilized to model a variety of aggregation behavior including streaming, spiral formation and the effect of amoeba density on aggregation patterns. We believe CPL is a useful tool for developing, understanding and checking biological models that utilize cellular interactions.
Animals↗
Cellular segregation and engulfment simulations using the cell programming language.
In developmental biology, modeling and simulation play an important role in understanding cellular interactions. In this paper a simple language, the Cell Programming Language (CPL), is suggested for writing programs that describe this behavior. Using these programs, it is possible to simulate and visualize intercellular behavior. CPL is used to model cellular segregation based upon the differential adhesion hypothesis. Results indicate that a high degree of segregation can be produced in a mixture of cells by allowing random motion. The engulfment of a tissue by a less adhesive tissue is also observed when the two tissues are placed in contact. Both these simulations utilize only local interactions and random motion of cells. Earlier simulations used long-range interactions to observe similar effects. The present simulations prove that random motion of cells can produce long-range effects.
Animals↗
Medical computing in the 1980s. Operating system and programming language issues.
Operating systems and programming languages differ widely in their suitability for particular applications. The diversity of medical computing needs demands a diversity of solutions. Compounding this diversity if the decentralization caused by evolution of local computing systems for local needs. Relevant current trends in computing include increased emphasis on decentralization, growing capabilities for interconnection of diverse systems, and development of common data base and file server capabilities. In addition, standardization and hardware in dependence of operating systems, as well as programming languages and development of programmerless systems, continue to widen application opportunities.
Computers↗
Improving the interactivity and functionality of Web-based radiology teaching files with the Java programming language.
Java is a programming language that runs on a "virtual machine" built into World Wide Web (WWW)-browsing programs on multiple hardware platforms. Web pages were developed with Java to enable Web-browsing programs to overlay transparent graphics and text on displayed images so that the user could control the display of labels and annotations on the images, a key feature not available with standard Web pages. This feature was extended to include the presentation of normal radiologic anatomy. Java programming was also used to make Web browsers compatible with the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) file format. By enhancing the functionality of Web pages, Java technology should provide greater incentive for using a Web-based approach in the development of radiology teaching material.
Computer Communication Networks↗
Enhancement of storage phosphor plate images: a C-language program.
A C-language software program has been developed for emulating the image enhancement processing of a storage phosphor plate system. This software has been implemented on a VAX 3400 computer. There are 2,100 lines of C-language code in the program. There are seven parameters used to specify the degree of enhancement. The software is being implemented on a single accelerator board.
Algorithms↗
Processing sequence annotation data using the Lua programming language.
The data processing language in a graphical software tool that manages sequence annotation data from genome databases should provide flexible functions for the tasks in molecular biology research. Among currently available languages we adopted the Lua programming language. It fulfills our requirements to perform computational tasks for sequence map layouts, i.e. the handling of data containers, symbolic reference to data, and a simple programming syntax. Upon importing a foreign file, the original data are first decomposed in the Lua language while maintaining the original data schema. The converted data are parsed by the Lua interpreter and the contents are stored in our data warehouse. Then, portions of annotations are selected and arranged into our catalog format to be depicted on the sequence map. Our sequence visualization program was successfully implemented, embedding the Lua language for processing of annotation data and layout script. The program is available at http://staff.aist.go.jp/yutaka.ueno/guppy/.
Computational Biology↗
Numerical simulation of nonlinear feedback model of saccade generation circuit implemented in the LabView graphical programming language.
The object-oriented graphical programming language LabView was used to implement the numerical solution to a computational model of saccade generation in primates. The computational model simulates the activity and connectivity of anatomical strictures known to be involved in saccadic eye movements. The LabView program provides a graphical user interface to the model that makes it easy to observe and modify the behavior of each element of the model. Essential elements of the source code of the LabView program are presented and explained. A copy of the model is available for download from the internet.
Animals↗
Controlling behavioral experiments with a new programming language (SORCA) for microcomputer systems.
A new programming language SORCA has been defined and a compiler has been written for Z80-based microcomputer systems with CP/M operating system. The language was developed to control behavioral experiments by external stimuli and by time schedule in real-time. Eight binary hardware input lines are sampled cyclically by the computer and can be used to sense switches, level detectors and other binary information, while 8 binary hardware output lines, that are cyclically updated, can be used to control relays, lamps, generate tones or for other purposes. The typical reaction time (cycle time) of a SORCA-program is 500 microseconds to 1 ms. All functions can be programmed as often as necessary. Included are the basic logic functions, counters, timers, majority gates and other complex functions. Parameters can be given as constants or as a result of a step function or of a random process (with Gaussian or equal distribution). Several tasks can be performed simultaneously. In addition, results of an experiment (e.g., number of reactions or latencies) can be measured and printed out on request or automatically. The language is easy to learn and can also be used for many other control purposes.
Animals↗
PEGASE: a machine language program for DNA sequence analysis on Apple II microcomputer using a binary coding of nucleotides.
The core of a 6502 machine language program for DNA sequence analysis on Apple II microcomputer is described. Use of a binary coding of nucleotides allows interactive data manipulation on a low-cost configuration with execution times similar to those of larger computers. The PEGASE system should prove useful and easy to use in routine sequence handling and experiment design.
Algorithms↗
Palingol: a declarative programming language to describe nucleic acids' secondary structures and to scan sequence database.
At the DNA/RNA level, biological signals are defined by a combination of spatial structures and sequence motifs. Until now, few attempts had been made in writing general purpose search programs that take into account both sequence and structure criteria. Indeed, the most successful structure scanning programs are usually dedicated to particular structures and are written using general purpose programming languages through a complex and time consuming process where the biological problem of defining the structure and the computer engineering problem of looking for it are intimately intertwined. In this paper, we describe a general representation of structures, suitable for database scanning, together with a programming language, Palingol, designed to manipulate it. Palingol has specific data types, corresponding to structural elements-basically helices-that can be arranged in any way to form a complex structure. As a consequence of the declarative approach used in Palingol, the user should only focus on 'what to search for' while the language engine takes care of 'how to look for it'. Therefore, it becomes simpler to write a scanning program and the structural constraints that define the required structure are more clearly identified.
Base Sequence↗
Comprehension training with aphasic subjects: the development and application of five automated language programs.
Automated comprehension training was utilized to present five original language programs to seven aphasic adults. Subjects were required to attend to visual and auditory stimuli and to solve problems through language comprehension by pressing transparent panels over four pictured choices. Subjects were pre- and posttested with an automated probe containing those linguistic structures presented in the training programs. Results indicated significant improvement in the comprehension of certain linguistic structures as measured by performances on repeated program trials and by probe testing. Qualitative information relative to program construction and administration is included in the discussion.
Adult↗
EXPLAN--a programming language for complex visual stimuli presentation.
Visual cognition research requires the flexible use of structured spatial patterns, characterized by various space and time parameters, which may be administered as visual stimuli. Dealing with this kind of study, we developed a special-purpose programming language and implemented a compiler to build executable programs. The language allows the presentation of stimuli, their space coordinates, persistency values, sequence, kinematic parameters, space-time proximity with other visual stimuli, determination of their modification according to external interaction, generation of subliminal stimuli, monitoring of different subject reactions, automatic reporting of stimulus presentation, and reaction monitoring. Such a language has been successfully utilized in a visual perception research.
Algorithms↗
Dynamic simulation using a graphical programming language.
A power oscillator, suitable for energizing an ultrasonic surgical cutter was simulated using a graphical programming language. The simulation included a model of the amplitude control system as well as the ultrasonic actuator. In addition, those elements which existed in a practical oscillator and were typically obscure to the design requirements were identified, simulated and discussed.
Computer Simulation↗
A programming language and a system for automated time- and laboratory test level dependent decision-making during patient monitoring.
A programming language specifically designed for automated time-dependent decision-making during patient monitoring (obtaining test requests, scheduling of test requests, cancelling of test requests, the issuing of messages to clinician or laboratory) has been developed. The output from a program written in this language is a set of decision rules in tabular form (a patient type), intended to solve a specific problem related to patient monitoring. A system for automated decision-making based on this language utilizes a file of patient types and a patient file. Whenever a new patient record is created, the patient's type is defined and the corresponding patient type is copied from the patient type file and linked to the patient's record. The system is activated, i.e., the decision rules are implemented and the tables of the patient's type updated, when laboratory results are available, when a clinician wants to order tests, and at regular user-defined intervals.
Computer Systems↗
Software and the future of programming languages.
Although software is the key enabler of the global information infrastructure, the amount and extent of software in use in the world today are not widely understood, nor are the programming languages and paradigms that have been used to create the software. The vast size of the embedded base of existing software and the increasing costs of software maintenance, poor security, and limited functionality are posing significant challenges for the software R&D community.
Forecasting↗
Development of an on-line control system for the cultivation of animal cells in a hollow-fiber reactor using flowing injection analysis and a visual programming language.
A system for the independent control of ammonia and glutamine in a hollow-fiber reactor has been developed. On-line analysis of the two chemical species was performed using FIA. A custom-made program has been written to fully automate the FIA, to perform measurements, calibrations and data acquisition, and to activate two peristaltic feed pumps. Diagnostic tests were also automatically performed in order to identify, and in some cases eliminate, erroneous measurements and calibrations due to instrument failures. For this purpose, a visual programming language (LabVIEW) has been chosen. Ammonia concentration was controlled by varying the medium supply rate to the hollow-fiber reactor which was shown to behave like an ideal-stirred tank reactor. The glutamine concentration was controlled through the intermittent activation of a pump delivering a concentrated solution of this species to the reactor. This control system was tested with a culture of hybridoma cells at three different ammonia and one glutamine set-points. The hollow-fiber reactor was successfully operated automatically for more than 1200 h with ammonia and glutamine concentrations accurately controlled at non-limiting levels. The visual programming environment was found to be reliable and highly suitable for the development of custom programs for bioprocess control.
Animals↗