[Expertness in nursing: primary nursing and nursing diagnosis].
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Primary nursing brings about changing roles, responsibilities, and communication patterns for all members of the health care team. The head nurse, as she introduces new staff to primary nursing and its day-to-day applications, is in an ideal position to generate enthusiasm for the goals of the concept. In attempting to implement this new care pattern, she must continually promote the philosophy behind it by her support and recognition of its principles. In the long run, it is the positive attitude and high motivation of the head nurse that will determine the success or failure of the program wherever it is introduced.
Primary nursing is a relatively new phenomenon in the organization of ward-based nursing. This paper seeks to answer the question of what lies behind primary nursing's sudden and startling rise in popularity. Factors within nursing which are implicated include most importantly the adoption of the nursing process, and the attempt to provide truly individualized patient care. Nursing's search for professional status has played its part, primary nursing frequently being seen as a key strategy in its achievement. Other areas of wider social change have also had an impact, from the nascent dominance of new right political/social values, to the micropolitical scene within the British National Health Service. While appearing to be the ideal answer to some of nursing's current problems, primary nursing contains some inherent contradictions, most evident being those surrounding the concept of accountability. It may also threaten the cohesiveness of the nursing team on the ward, and may lead to the uncovering of conflicts between doctors and nurses. Finally, perhaps one of the major reasons for its continuing success is the way it brings together the various nursing interest groups and current managerialism in the NHS.
Primary nursing is now seen as popular method of delivering nursing care. The process of introducing this system requires prior planning, involving all members of nursing staff. A change in philosophy, culture and roles occurs with the introduction of primary nursing. Evaluation of this change is necessary, to determine if it is beneficial both to patients and the multidisciplinary team.
This study compares the job satisfaction experienced by intensive care nurses practising primary nursing with those who practised total patient care in an a earlier study using the same tool. Differences in the job aspects of; challenge, initiative, seeing work through, output/goals, knowledge and skills appear to be associated with the organisational approach. Some similarities exist between the two units-nurses gained most sense of achievement from: seeing patients improve, personal achievement, giving care and camaraderie. In both units nurses wanted greater opportunities for inter-professional involvement and decision-making. Primary nursing as an organisational approach may provide opportunities for increasing the amount of challenge, decision-making, opportunities for using initiative, seeing work through and subsequently job satisfaction in intensive care nursing. Further study of the job satisfaction of nurses practising primary nursing in ICU is recommended, but sizes and return rates need to be optimised.
Primary nurses in the Intensive Care Unit of Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems' Shock Trauma Center have developed a unique, cost-effective, time-efficient tool for evaluating and recording primary nursing activities. The discussion of methods and procedures used in developing this tool constitutes a guide for developing a similar program in any facility.
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