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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Isolation and identification of the Sersenk strain of goat pox virus in Iraq.

Goat pox virus was isolated during an outbreak of pox infection among goats in the Sersenk district, Iraq. The isolated virus grew on the chorioallantoic membranes of developing chick embryos and in primary lamb testis cell cultures. It was identified morphologically as a pox virus and serologically as a member of the Capripoxvirus group in the family Poxviridae. The isolated virus was designated the "Sersenk" strain.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Pox infection in white rats.

2 pox outbreaks among white rats in a breeding colony are described. The infection occurred in 3 different forms: pulmonary, dermal and mixed. Apparently healthy animals appeared to be virus carriers. The virus isolated belonged to the genus Orthopoxvirus of Poxviridae family, and was very close to cowpox virus. It differed from reference strains of cowpox virus in having a lower ceiling temperature and a higher pathogenicity for white rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Evaluation of Vaccinia Virus Infection in Mice Using Two-Reporter Recombinant Virus.

The family Poxviridae comprises multiple viruses with large double-stranded (ds) DNA genomes that can infect numerous vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, including humans. The development of genetic engineering methods for Vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototypic member in the family, have allowed the manipulation of the genomes of poxviruses for the generation of recombinant (r)VACV expressing easily traceable luciferase and/or fluorescent reporter genes. These recombinant viruses have significantly contributed to progress in the field of poxvirus research and accelerated the development of novel prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic antiviral treatments. Recently, we described two reporter rVACV expressing luciferase (Nluc) and fluorescent (GFP or Scarlet) proteins to easily track viral infections in different systems, overcoming the limitations associated with the use of rVACV expressing a single luciferase or fluorescent reporter gene. Here, we describe the experimental procedures to carry out in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies using these novel bireporter-expressing rVACV, which also represent an excellent option to study the biology of VACV, including the use of these reporter viruses for testing new antivirals and vaccines, using cultured cells and/or well-characterized animal models of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Potential of MRNA vaccines for mpox prevention: current evidence and future directions.

In 2022, the presumption of monkeypox (mpox) to be of limited epidemiology shifted when a global outbreak was announced. Being a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family, it'd been reported in over 82 countries with over 17 000 confirmed cases by July 2022, thus showing its capability for spreading rapidly. As the smallpox vaccine offers 85% cross-immunity against mpox, the outbreak highlighted the attenuation of global immunity against orthopoxviruses after the cessation of vaccination campaigns against smallpox. The mortality of this virus is higher in vulnerable populations such as children, pregnant women, the elderly, and immunosuppressed individuals. With treatment methods being limited to off-label use of antivirals, the need for urgent and efficient preventative measures is emphasized. At present, JYNNEOS (Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic), showing favorable safety, and ACAM2000, a live attenuated virus with a high risk of side effects, are two vaccines that are indicated for mpox immunization. However, neither of them has proven full safety, efficacy, and widespread accessibility against mpox. Hence, the use of mRNA vaccines has emerged as a better alternative to traditional vaccinations, as they leverage synthetic messenger RNA to instruct host cells to produce antigens, eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses. Though they provided rapid scalability, adaptability to emerging viral variants, and an established safety profile after the COVID-19 pandemic, their usage in preventing mpox remains an area of research. This paper elucidates the potential of mRNA technology to address the unmet needs in mpox prevention. It also highlights the need for genomic surveillance, immunological insights, and innovative delivery systems.

COVID-19↗
PubMed2026

Influence of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Diversity on Immune Modulation, Pathogenesis, and Control of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus.

INTRODUCTION: Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a member of the genus Capripoxvirus within the family Poxviridae, is an economically important transboundary viral pathogen affecting cattle and water buffalo. The disease causes severe production losses through decreased milk yield, infertility, hide damage, reduced growth performance, and occasional mortality. The rapid geographic spread of LSDV, together with its vectorborne transmission and emerging recombinant strains, has intensified the need for improved understanding of viral pathogenesis, host immune responses, and effective prevention strategies. In particular, the role of the bovine Major Histocompatibility Complex (BoLA/MHC) in regulating antiviral immunity, disease susceptibility, and vaccine responsiveness has gained increasing scientific attention. METHODS: This review summarises the published literature related to the epidemiology, transmission, structure, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and control of LSDV, with special emphasis on the immunological and molecular role of bovine MHC molecules. Relevant studies concerning BoLA-mediated antigen presentation, immunoinformaticsbased epitope prediction, vaccine development, antiviral drug repurposing, molecular docking, genomic surveillance, and diagnostic approaches, including PCR- and ELISAbased assays, were critically evaluated. Recent advances in computational biology, molecular virology, and host-pathogen interaction studies were also reviewed. RESULTS: The reviewed studies demonstrate that Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) possesses a complex double-stranded DNA genome enabling immune modulation and efficient transmission through arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and biting flies. Disease progression involves systemic viral replication, vascular injury, dermal necrosis, and inflammatory skin lesions. Real-time PCR remains the most sensitive diagnostic method for early detection, while ELISA supports surveillance. Evidence highlights the central role of bovine Major Histocompatibility Complex (BoLA) molecules in antigen presentation and T-cell activation. Computational studies identified promising BoLA-binding epitopes and repurposed antiviral candidates, including ivermectin, theaflavin, canagliflozin, and tepotinib, for future therapeutic development. DISCUSSION: Current evidence indicates that effective LSDV control requires integration of molecular diagnostics, vector management, vaccination, and host immunogenetics. BoLAguided immunoinformatics provides promising opportunities for developing multi-epitope vaccines, although experimental validation remains essential. Similarly, repurposed antiviral candidates require comprehensive in vivo and pharmacological evaluation before clinical application. Future research should focus on elucidating viral immune-evasion mechanisms, validating predicted epitopes, and translating computational findings into practical vaccines and therapeutics for sustainable disease control. CONCLUSION: Lumpy Skin Disease continues to pose a major threat to global cattle health and livestock economies. Advances in molecular diagnostics, genomic surveillance, antiviral drug discovery, and BoLA-guided vaccine design provide promising opportunities for improved disease control. Understanding the interaction between LSDV and the bovine MHC system is essential for developing next-generation vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and precision disease-management strategies. Future research should prioritise experimental validation of predicted epitopes, large-scale vaccine trials, and mechanistic studies on host-virus immune interactions to establish effective and sustainable global control programs for LSDV.

BoLA↗
PubMed1977

The antiviral activity of dipyridamole.

Dipyridamole, a coronary vasodilatator, was found to possess antiviral activity against representatives of different families. The antiviral properties were studied in chick embryo, human diplid and FL cell cultures by the agar diffusion plaque inhibition and plaque reduction tests and one-step growth cycle experiments. The inhibition of the virus-induced cytopathic effect was estimated quantitatively. Dipyridamole significantly inhibited the yield of members of the viral families Picornaviridae, Togaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Herpetoviridae and Poxviridae, as well as of Chlamydiaceae (sheep abortion agent).

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1978

[Morphological virus diagnosis--electron microscopy study of animal viruses with negative contrast procedure].

Reported in this paper are results obtained in morphological virus diagnosis by using the negative contrast technique on the basis of electron microscopy. The availability of high-efficiency electron microscopy as well as of perfectly improved techniques of preparation, knowledge of the latest virus model concepts, and indivudual skills in diagnosis are essential conditions for the above approach. Parvoviridae, picornaviridae, and togaviridae are identifiable only in high particle concentrations and by group representation. Papovaviridae, adenoviridae, herpetoviridae, poxviridae, and reoviridae, on the other hand, can be safely identified even as single particles. The diagnosis of orthomyxoviridae, paramyxoviridae, rhabdoviridae, and retroviridae is facilitated by their own dimensions and their characteristic helico-symmmetrical nucleocapside. Coronaviridae are of highly conspicuous morphology but, nevertheless, pose problems in differential diagnosis. Substantive improvement of morphological virus diagnosis, in terms of minute details, may be achieved by means of the negative contrast method on the basis of immune electron microscopy. Advantages implied in that morphological method include less time-consuming and quite uninvolved practicability and good dependability of diagnosis for more efficient decision-making in research and practice.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

An Evolutionary Framework Exploiting Virologs and Their Host Origins to Inform Poxvirus Protein Functions.

Poxviruses represent evolutionary successful infectious agents. As a family, poxviruses can infect a wide variety of species including humans, fish, and insects. While many other viruses are species-specific, an individual poxvirus species is often capable of infecting diverse hosts and cell types. For example, the prototypical poxvirus, vaccinia, is well known to infect numerous human cell types but can also infect cells from divergent hosts like frog neurons. Notably, poxvirus infections result in both detrimental human and animal diseases. The most infamous disease linked to a poxvirus is smallpox caused by variola virus. Poxviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses, which uniquely replicate in the cytoplasm of cells. The model poxvirus genome encodes ~200 nonoverlapping protein-coding open reading frames (ORFs). Poxvirus gene products impact various biological processes like the production of virus particles, the host range of infectivity, and disease pathogenesis. In addition, poxviruses and their gene products have biomedical application with several species commonly engineered for use as vaccines and oncolytic virotherapy. Nevertheless, we still have an incomplete understanding of the functions associated with many poxvirus genes. In this chapter, we outline evolutionary insights that can complement ongoing studies of poxvirus gene functions and biology, which may serve to elucidate new molecular activities linked to this biomedically relevant class of viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of cowpox-like viruses isolated from European zoos. Brief report.

Poxviruses isolated from captive carnivores in Russia (Moscow virus) and elephants in Germany (elephant virus) were very closely-related to cowpox virus. Immunological analysis with absorbed sera separated elephant virus but not cowpox and Moscow virus, whereas polypeptide analysis separated cowpox but not elephant and Moscow virus. A combination of biological tests separated all three. The epidemiological implications are briefly reviewed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Identification and study of a poxvirus isolated from wild rodents in Turkmenia.

A new poxvirus was isolated in 1974 from the kidney of a wild big gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) caught in Turkmenia, where these gerbils are wide-spread. The virus resembles cowpox virus and is markedly different from the virus of infectious ectromelia, the best-known poxvirus of rodents. The new virus is apparently identical to other poxvirus isolates made from white rats and Felidae in the Moscow Zoo. Experimental inoculation of the natural hosts--big gerbils and yellow susliks (Citellus fulvus)--produced a severe infection with a high mortality rate. Trnasmission of virus to uninoculated cage mates was shown to occur. Virus persisted in convalescent animals and was present in urine 3 weeks after inoculation and in kidney and testis for at least 5 weeks after inoculation. The role of rodents as natural hosts of poxviruses is discussed.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1975

Swinepox. Virus isolation, experimental infections and the differentiation from vaccinia virus infections.

The isolation of swinepox virus in primary pig kidney cell cultures is reported. The differentiation from vaccinia virus was possible with challenge infections of convalescent pigs and the use of the agar gel diffusion precipitation (AGDP) test and immuno-electroosmophoresis (IEOP). Using both immune precipitation tests reactions of identity were obtained between the heterologous antigens of swinepox and vaccinia viruses. A total of 829 pig sera from the field were tested for precipitating antibodies with the IEOP. Antibodies were detected in 65 (=7.8 per cent) of these serum samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Ultrastructural aspects of experimental swinepox with special reference to inclusion bodies.

A light and electron microscopic study was performed on pox-like epidermal lesions in an experimentally infected pig. Light microscopical investigation of semithin sections revealed the presence of nuclear vacuoles and of different types of cytoplasmic inclusions. In electron microscopical studies large numbers of both immature and mature virus particles and the cytological changes indicative of pox virus infection were observed. Various types of intra-cytoplasmic inclusions -- i.e. fibrillar inclusions, crystalloid-containing dense inclusions, complex membraneous inclusions and dense homogeneous inclusions -- were encountered in addition to viroplasms and nuclear vacuoles. Because of the presence of vacuoles in nuclei of stratum spinosum cells the diagnosis swine pox by swinepox virus was most probable. These nuclear vacuoles have not been described in swine pox caused by vaccinia virus, the only other known cause of pox in swine.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Physical characterization of a stomatitis papulosa virus genome: a cleavage map for the restriction endonucleases HindIII and EcoRI.

The genome of stomatitis papulosa virus (a parapoxvirus) was cleaved with the restriction endonucleases HindIII and EcoRI, each giving rise to 6 fragments respectively. Double digestion with both enzymes resulted in 8 bands, two of which contained DNA fragments in double molar concentrations as revealed by reciprocal digests of isolated DNA fragments. The genome size, estimated by summation of the molecular weights of the fragments, is approximately 86 X 10(6) daltons, some 30 X 10(6) daltons smaller than vaccinia virus (an orthopoxvirus) DNA. The cleavage sites of HindIII and EcoRI endonucleases were mapped on the genome by analysis of reciprocal digests of isolated DNA fragments and by cross-hybridization experiments. This yielded two mapped segments which were then oriented relative to one another by cleavage of isolated partial digestion products. The terminal restriction fragments show rapid renaturation after alkali denaturation and subsequent neutralization, indicating that stomatitis papulosa virus DNA contains terminal cross-links analogous to those found in vaccinia virus DNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A new freeze-dried living virus vaccine against sheep-pox.

A sheep-pox virus strain has been adapted and multiplied in primary lamb kidney cell cultures. The main characteristics of the strain have been verified in vitro after clones were isolated, and the results confirmed its identity. The safety and the potency of the strain have been investigated in sheep. The inoculation of the strain to sheep was followed by a post-vaccinal reaction materialised by a nodule at the site of inoculation and an increase of temperature by about 1 degree C. No reactions adversely affecting pregnancy have been noted. Immunisation was demonstrated by an increase in the level of neutralising serous antibodies and protection against the pathogenic virus. The immunity tended to decrease during the second year after primovaccination and a yearly booster vaccination appeared to be necessary. Primovaccination of lambs over 2 months of age produced a better immunity, especially when the lambs were born from vaccinated ewes. This strain forms the active principle of a freeze-dried vaccine containing no adjuvant of the immunity.

Animals↗