Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Povidone”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

Effect of povidone, povidone-iodine, and iodide on locomotion (in vitro) of neutrophils from people, rats, dogs, and rabbits.

The effect of the antiseptic povidone-iodine (P-I) on neutrophil locomotion was tested in vitro. Neutrophil migration into Micropore filters was significantly stimulated by P-I at concentrations between 0.03% and 0.005%. At higher concentrations (greater than or equal to 0.05%), a dose-dependent inhibition of neutrophil migration could be observed which was due to cytotoxic effects of P-I as shown by pyknosis and cell lysis. To analyze these effects, 2 components of P-I (namely, povidone and iodide) were tested separately. In these tests, povidone induced a pronounced stimulation of neutrophil migration at concentrations similar to the stimulatory concentrations of P-I. Inhibition of neutrophil migration or cytotoxic effects of povidone was not observed, even when tested at high concentrations (5.0%). Iodide (as NaI or KI) was cytotoxic and strongly inhibited neutrophil migration when it was tested at concentrations greater than that likely to be present in the inhibitory concentrations of P-I. Stimulatory effects of iodide on neutrophil migration could not be observed when tested over a wide range of noncytotoxic concentrations. Free iodine was not tested, but was considered to be the toxic component by exclusion. The patterns of response were similar for neutrophils from the 4 species tested. Migration of rabbit neutrophils, however, was inconsistently and weakly stimulated by P-I or povidone. These data indicate that the widely used antiseptic P-I, depending on its concentration, can either stimulate or inhibit neutrophil migration.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone) storage in RX-damaged skin following procaine-povidone intramuscular injections.

A man, aged 67, has been treated in 1968 by X-rays for a basal-cell carcinoma of the back. The treatment was followed by an ulcerative radiodermatitis. 3 years later, the patient was treated by ten intramuscular injections of procaine-polyvinylpyrrolidone (or procaine-povidone) for sciatic neuralgia. An orange infiltration appeared progressively around the radiodermatitis. The area was excised in 1979 and polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone) storage, responsible for the ring-shaped orange hue, could be demonstrated in the dermis and subcutaneous fat. Special stainings confirmed the presumed chemical nature of the deposits. 3 cases of povidone pseudotumours following procaine-povidone injections had been described previously. The preferential deposit of povidone in RX-damaged skin is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

A comparison of 5-minute povidone-iodine scrub and 1-minute povidone-iodine scrub followed by alcohol foam.

The purpose of this study was to determine if a 1-minute scrub with povidone-iodine followed by alcohol foam is as effective as a 5-minute scrub with povidone-iodine in reducing skin bacterial counts. A 1-minute scrub with povidone-iodine followed by alcohol foam and a 5-minute scrub with povidone-iodine was done. In the first study, cultures were obtained after 1 hour, and in the second study, cultures were obtained after 2 hours. Cultures were obtained by imprinting the first, second, and third fingers on nutrient agar plates. Bacterial counts were then obtained at 24 and 48 hours. The study involved two groups of 12 participants and a total of 37 patients over a period of 5 months. The results show that there was no significant difference between the number of colonies cultured for the 1-minute scrub compared with the 5-minute scrub for either the 1-hour or the 2-hour study. In fact, the total number of bacterial colonies was less after the 1-minute scrub with alcohol foam than after the standard 5-minute scrub in both the 1-hour group (10 vs. 18) and the 2-hour group (18 vs. 44).

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Topical burn therapy comparing povidone-iodine ointment or cream plus aserbine, and povidone-iodine cream.

A trial comparing three topical agents was carried out in patients with burns. The substances investigated were 10% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) ointment mixed with a proteolytic agent, 5% PVP-I cream alone and in combination with the same proteolytic agent. Differences were observed in healing times and bacteriological cultures. Shorter healing times were observed in burns treated with PVP-I cream. The addition of a proteolytic agent to the cream made no difference to the results. Fewer positive cultures for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained in the groups treated with the cream. It was concluded that 5% PVP-I cream is a safe and effective topical agent in burns.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1979

Intraperitoneal povidone-iodine in experimental canine and murine peritonitis.

In dogs with appendicitis-peritonitis, intraperitoneal povidone-iodine caused death more rapidly than the instillation of saline solution. The bacterial content of canine peritoneal fluid increased with time. Although fewer bacteria were found in fluid from povidone-iodine-treated dogs, the differences were not statistically significant. Qualitative chemical analysis of peritoneal fluid revealed iodide, but not free iodine, 15 to 30 minutes after instillation of povidone-iodine. Iodine was present in the peritoneum at 2 hours but not at 3 or 6 hours. The antibacterial effect of povidone-iodine was demonstrated in mice challenged intraperitoneally with lethal doses of Escherichia coli. Povidone-iodine diminished mortality when injected immediately (p less than 0.005) but not when given 1 to 3 hours later. Immediate injection of povidone-iodine into mice lowered the number of E. coli by 3 logs. Injection of povidone-iodine 3 hours after bacterial challenge lowered the number of E. coli by only 1/3 log. This lesser bactericidal effect in mice is attributed to greater dispersal and sequestration of bacteria throughout the peritoneal cavity with time and with inactivation of povidone-iodine by reduction to iodide in vivo. In dogs with appendicitis-peritonitis, the more rapid death after treatment with povidone-iodine was not associated with differences in peritoneal microflora but with peritoneal absorption of excessive amounts of iodide.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Peritoneal irrigation with povidone-iodine solution after laparoscopic-assisted splenectomy significantly decreases port-tumor recurrence in a murine model.

PURPOSE: The development of port-wound tumor recurrences has raised questions regarding the safety of laparoscopic methods for the resection of malignancies. The cause and the incidence of abdominal-wall tumor recurrences remain unknown. It is also not clear how to avoid or lower the incidence of port-tumor recurrences. The purpose of the current study was to determine the impact of abdominal irrigation with povidone-iodine on the port-wound tumor incidence in a murine model. METHODS: A splenic tumor model was used for this study. To establish splenic tumors, female BALB/c mice (N = 48) were given subcapsular splenic injections of a 0.1 ml suspension containing 10(5) C-26 colon adenocarcinoma cells via a left-flank incision at the initial procedure. Seven days later, the animals with isolated splenic tumors (100 percent) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) control, 2) saline irrigation (saline), or 3) povidone-iodine irrigation. All animals underwent laparoscopic mobilization of the spleen using a three-port technique, intra-abdominal crushing of the tumor, followed by an extracorporeal splenectomy via a subcostal incision. No irrigation was performed for control group animals. In the saline irrigation group, the subcostal incision was closed and pneumoperitoneum was re-established. The abdominal cavity was irrigated with 5 ml of normal saline for 60 seconds before instrument removal. In the povidone-iodine irrigation group, similar abdominal irrigation was performed, using 0.25 percent povidone-iodine. Attempts were made to recover completely the irrigation for both irrigation groups. Seven days after the splenectomy, animals were killed and inspected for abdominal-wall tumor implants. RESULTS: There were significantly more animals with at least one port-tumor recurrence in the control group than in the povidone-iodine group (P = 0.007). Although not statistically significant, the number of animals with port-wound tumors was higher in the saline group than in the povidone-iodine group (P < 0.08). There was no significant difference between the saline group and the control group. When each port site was considered independently, the incidence of port-wound tumors (number of ports with tumors per total number of ports) was significantly lower in the povidone-iodine group than in both the control (P = 0.00001) and saline groups (P = 0.03). The incidence of port-wound tumors was also significantly lower in the saline group compared with the control group incidence (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal irrigation with dilute povidone-iodine solution significantly reduced the number of animals with port-tumor recurrences. Abdominal irrigation with saline was also effective in reducing the incidence of port-wound tumor formation when each port was considered separately. However, povidone-iodine irrigation was much more effective than saline irrigation in preventing port-wound tumor formation.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1982

Interaction of povidone-iodine compounds, phagocytic cells, and microorganisms.

The interaction between povidone-iodine, phagocytic cells, and microorganisms was studied. Three preparations of povidone-iodine were investigated: commercially available povidone-iodine solution Betadine, pure high-molecular-weight povidone-iodine as used in Betadine, and a low-molecular-weight povidone-iodine. Low concentrations of povidone-iodine (approximately 0.005%) have considerable activity in vitro. The concentrations used clinically (0.1 to 20%) are toxic for granulocytes and monocytes. Leukocytes reduce the in vitro microbicidal activity of povidone-iodine. No differences of any importance were found between the three preparations of povidone-iodine.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1997

Changes in Staphylococcus aureus density and lesion severity after topical application of povidone-iodine in cases of atopic dermatitis.

A case-control study was performed to examine the efficacy of 10% povidone-iodine solution applied to atopic dermatitis patients. The density of Staphylococcus aureus on the eczematous lesions and the lesion severity before and after the topical application of povidone-iodine were compared. We found a 10-100-fold decrease in the density of S. aureus after povidone-iodine treatment in patients colonizing S. aureus at an initial density of > 1000 CFU/10 cm2. Erythema and exudation also decreased after povidone-iodine treatment in patients colonizing S. aureus at an initial density of > 1000 CFU/10 cm2. The 10% povidone-iodine solution disinfected S. aureus cells when added immediately after the cells were mixed in human plasma; however, 10% povidone-iodine solution only reduced the density of S. aureus cells by 10-100-fold when S. aureus cells were harvested after a 24 h incubation in human plasma. Staphylococcus aureus cells harvested after 24 h incubation in human plasma were often surrounded by fibrin bundles and cells circumscribed by fibrin bundles could not be disinfected with 10% povidone-iodine solution. We suggest that S. aureus cells may produce biofilm-like structures in atopic dermatitis patients and that these structures may help S. aureus cells resist the 10% povidone-iodine treatment.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1999

Local and systemic effects of intraoperative whole-colon washout with 5 per cent povidone-iodine.

BACKGROUND: Segmental intraluminal instillation of several tumoricidal agents including povidone-iodine has been advocated to prevent anastomotic recurrence after colonic resection for colorectal cancer. The local and systemic effects of on-table whole-colon washout using 5 per cent povidone-iodine were assessed in patients undergoing elective surgery for colorectal cancer. METHODS: The local effect of 5 per cent povidone-iodine on the colonic mucosa and the effect of colonic mucosal damage by povidone-iodine on tumour take was first investigated in Fischer 344 rats. In 12 euthyroid non-allergic patients, on-table whole-colon lavage via the appendix was performed. Systemic (thyroid function) and local (mucosal damage assessed by repeat biopsies) effects were studied, as well as the in vitro tumoricidal effect of the final anal effluent on tumour cell suspensions. RESULTS: After 30 min of contact with povidone-iodine the rat colonic mucosa was severely injured, with detachment of the epithelial cell layer. Povidone-iodine-induced 'colitis' did not result in tumour development after inoculation of 10(6) Mtln3 carcinoma cells in ten rats. Epithelial desquamation was also observed, in all but one patient, 1 and 4 h after colonic lavage. However, epithelial restitution started within 1 day and no abnormality was revealed after 3-7 days. Urinary iodine excretion increased markedly and was not within normal values after 1 week. Levels of thyroid hormones decreased significantly but became normal within 1 week. The anal effluent containing povidone-iodine was found to be tumoricidal in vitro on a human colonic carcinoma cell line and on a tumour cell suspension produced from the patient's tumour. CONCLUSION: On-table whole-colon washout using 5 per cent povidone-iodine seems clinically feasible. This technique deserves further study as a substitute for preoperative bowel preparation and may help to prevent recurrent cancer due to implantation of viable exfoliated tumour cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Anaphylactic shock following povidone.

OBJECTIVE: To report a patient with an anaphylactic reaction related to povidone administration. CASE SUMMARY: A 37-year-old man with a history of allergic rhinitis presented with urticaria, dyspnea, wheezing, rhinorrhea, and dysphonia 20 minutes after the intraarticular administration of mepivacaine hydrochloride and paramethasone acetate in his right knee. Two months after this episode, he was admitted for controlled provocation tests. Tests on mepivacaine were negative. The preparation of paramethasone contained the excipients benzalkonium chloride, polysorbate 80, and povidone. In vitro tests and provocation were negative with polysorbate 80 and benzalkonium chloride, but positive with povidone. DISCUSSION: Povidone, a mixture of synthetic polymers, is commonly used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products, an additive in food products, and a dispersant and stabilizer in hairsprays. Although it is well tolerated when used topically or parenterally, local and systemic effects have been reported. Furthermore, multiorgan involvement resulting from accumulation of the drug in the reticuloendothelial system has been described. The immunologic properties of povidone have not been explored in humans, but have been in animals. In fact, the capacity of povidone to release histamine and its immunogenicity are proportional to its molecular weight. An immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity reaction in asthma has been reported. In our case, povidone was responsible for the syndrome. However, we cannot determine the exact mechanism. An unspecific histamine release and/or an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity could be involved. CONCLUSIONS: Povidone was responsible for a severe anaphylactic reaction in our patient. The possibility of an iatrogenic adverse effect caused by the excipient but not by the active ingredient should be considered in patients exhibiting similar symptoms. We believe that the excipients used in the preparation of all medicines should be disclosed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Catheter port cleansing techniques and the entry of povidone-iodine into the epidural space.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To determine whether three epidural catheter port cleansing techniques used to apply a povidone-iodine solution differed with respect to the introduction of this solution through the epidural catheter. DESIGN: Experimental. SETTING: Laboratory. SAMPLE: Five DuPen (Davol, Cranston, RI) epidural catheters. METHODS: Five DuPen epidural catheters each were cleansed twice with (a) a commercially available 10% povidone-iodine swabstick, (b) a commercially available pledget impregnated with 10% povidone-iodine, and (c) a gauze pad saturated with 10% povidone-iodine. The order of cleansing was randomized. Each solution was used to clean the port for 30 seconds, and the port was allowed to dry for 30 seconds, similar to the technique used in the clinical setting. After cleaning the catheter port, water was injected through the catheter, and the solution from the tip of the catheter was analyzed using absorbance spectrophotometry. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Cleansing techniques, presence of povidone-iodine in catheter. FINDINGS: A statistically significant difference existed between the three cleansing techniques, with the pledget yielding the lowest values of povidone-iodine contamination of the epidural catheter (Freidman test, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Use of pledgets allowed the least amount of povidone-iodine to enter the epidural catheter as compared with the swabsticks or gauze pads. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Commercially available pledgets used to cleanse catheter injection ports may limit the introduction of 10% povidone-iodine into the epidural or intrathecal space.

Analgesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1993

Action of povidone-iodine against methicillin-sensitive and -resistant cultures of Staphylococcus aureus.

Forty clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus were studied for their susceptibility to povidone-iodine (available iodine 11%) under a variety of conditions. The cultures varied in properties, notably in their sensitivity to other therapeutic agents. No differences were observed between the resistant and sensitive cultures in destruction by povidone-iodine. When bactericidal activity occurred, > 99% of the bacterial cells were lethally damaged within 10 seconds of exposure to povidone-iodine. The bacterial cells that had been washed and resuspended thrice in distilled water were most susceptible, with as little as 1 x 10(-16) G (2.36 x 10(5) atoms) of iodine being required to destroy one bacterial cell. Attempts were made to select variants resistant to iodine from the surviving minority population in such experiments. These experiments failed to select resistance, and it is concluded that any apparent variation in vulnerability to povidone-iodine results from aggregation of the bacteria and differences in penetration of povidone-iodine. Substances were studied for their ability to inactivate povidone-iodine. The most potent agents were the free sulphur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine. These are present in high concentrations in nutrient broth and most other culture media. This explains the reports of 'pseudo-resistance' to povidone-iodine in certain laboratory experiments. Suggestions are made for the optimum use and formulation of povidone-iodine.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1976

Evaluation of "instant" preparation of the colon with povidone-iodine.

The antimicrobial effect of 20 minutes exposure to 10% povidone-iodine solution and to 5% neomycin-erythromycin solution was evaluated in vitro in 6 suspensions of dog feces. Povidone-iodine eliminated aerobic growth (P less than 0.001) and reduced anaerobes 4.01 +/- 1.06 (P less than 0.02); C. perfringens was the only anaerobic organism grown. Forty unprepared dogs underwent resection of the sigmoid colon and primary anastomosis. Twenty received normal saline and 20 povidone-iodine injected intraluminally immediately before resection. The colon contents of povidone-iodine treated dogs grew only 0.07 +/- 0.07 aerobes and 3.74 +/- 0.49 anaerobes (all Clostridia) (log10/ml colon contents) (P less than 0.001). All povidone-iodine dogs survived 3 weeks with no anastomotic leaks; three controls died from anastomotic leak within the first week (P = 0.12). Reexploration of survivors revealed less perianastomotic reaction in the povidone-iodine group. Twenty minutes exposure to povidone-iodine produced a significant decrease in bacterial counts in vitro and in unprepared sigmoid colon. No adverse effects were demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A new povidone-iodine cream for the treatment of burns. Comparison with a standard topical regimen.

A remarkable improvement in the rate of burn healing has been achieved with a mixture of povidone-iodine ointment (Betadine) and malic, benzoic and salicylic acids (MBS) (Aserbine). A study was undertaken to compare the effects of a new povidone-iodine formulation (Betadine cream) with and without MBS with povidone-iodine ointment plus MBS. All preparations were easy to apply and were readily removed, causing only mild discomfort on application in the majority of cases. A significant difference in healing times was observed between povidone-iodine cream and povidone-iodine cream plus MBS. There was also a significant difference in the decrease in the number of positive bacterial cultures between these two treatments. This applied to both superficial and deep burns. No skin sensitivity reactions were reported with any of the preparations. The addition of MBS to povidone-iodine cream did not produce as significant an improvement in results as its addition to povidone-iodine ointment.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1997

Efficacy of topical povidone-iodine during the first week after ophthalmic surgery.

PURPOSE: In the first postoperative day, povidone-iodine ophthalmic solution prevents an increase in conjunctival bacterial colony-forming units and decreases the species compared with antibiotic. We sought to determine whether these beneficial effects of povidone-iodine could be sustained during the first postoperative week. METHODS: In 42 eyes of 35 consecutive patients, one or two drops of either a broad-spectrum antibiotic (polymyxin B sulfate-neomycin sulfate-gramicidin) or povidone-iodine 1.25% to 2.5% were placed in the treated eye or eyes at the conclusion of surgery and three times daily during the first postoperative week. Bacterial cultures were taken from both eyes at the end of surgery before instillation of either of the eyedrops and again 1 week later. Twenty-eight untreated eyes served as a control group. RESULTS: During the first postoperative week, the number of colony-forming units and species increased in both treatment groups. Relative to the control group, both medications effectively reduced the mean number of colony-forming units at 1 week (P < .02), but their effects on colony-forming units did not significantly differ from each other (80 +/- 290 for the povidone-iodine-treated eyes and 75 +/- 90 for the antibiotic-treated eyes). At 1 week, the species count increased 281% in the antibiotic group but only 106% in the povidone-iodine group. Compared to the control group, eyes that received povidone-iodine had a significantly lower species count (P = .0097). CONCLUSION: Povidone-iodine ophthalmic solution is an alternative to postoperative topical antibiotics because of its effectiveness in controlling conjunctival bacterial colony-forming units and species, its relatively low cost, and its availability.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1994

Povidone-iodine for ophthalmia neonatorum prophylaxis.

PURPOSE: The agents currently used to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum are less than optimal, with reports indicating evidence of bacterial resistance, ineffectiveness, and toxicity. Povidone-iodine ophthalmic solution, which has been shown to be effective in the preoperative preparation of the eye, generates no resistance, is an effective antimicrobial agent, and has low toxicity. We evaluated the effectiveness and safety of povidone-iodine for ophthalmia neonatorum prophylaxis. METHODS: A bacterial culture was taken from the conjunctiva of each eye of 100 infants within 30 minutes of birth. A drop of 2.5% povidone-iodine solution was then placed on one eye, while the other eye received either one drop of silver nitrate 1% ophthalmic solution or 0.5% erythromycin ointment. Conjunctival bacterial cultures were again taken two to four hours after birth. At each culture and at 24 hours after birth, the eyes were examined for toxic changes. To measure the effectiveness of the medications, the number of bacterial colony-forming units and species from each culture was compared. RESULTS: All three agents significantly reduced the number of colony-forming units, but povidone-iodine caused the most significant decrease. The number of species was reduced significantly by povidone-iodine (P = .00051) and silver nitrate (P = .007), with povidone-iodine yielding the most significant decrease. Erythromycin did not significantly reduce the number of species. Silver nitrate demonstrated more ocular toxicity at the 24-hour determination point than did either of the other two medications (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Povidone-iodine 2.5% ophthalmic solution is an effective antibacterial agent on the conjunctiva of newborns and causes less toxicity than silver nitrate.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1995

The effect of povidone-iodine solution applied at the conclusion of ophthalmic surgery.

PURPOSE: Povidone-iodine 5% solution decreases the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis when used on the eye for preoperative preparation. We sought to determine whether it also minimized conjunctival bacterial flora immediately after surgery by preventing bacteria present on the surface of the eye from entering surgical wounds. METHODS: In 42 eyes of 40 patients, at the conclusion of surgery, on an alternating basis, each patient received either a drop of a broad-spectrum antibiotic solution (polymyxin B sulfate-neomycin sulfate-gramicidin) or a 5% povidone-iodine solution in the operated-on eye. Bacterial cultures were taken before and after surgery and 24 hours later. The 38 unoperated-on eyes in the unilateral cases served as control eyes. RESULTS: Relative to the control group, povidone-iodine was effective in preventing an increase in the number of colony-forming units (P = .035), while the antibiotic was not. At 24 hours after surgery, the species count was lower in the eyes receiving povidone-iodine than in the antibiotic-treated eyes (P = .034) and was increased in the antibiotic group since the completion of surgery (P = .013), but was lower in the povidone-iodine and antibiotic groups than in the control eyes for both groups (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Povidone-iodine 5% solution applied to the eye at the conclusion of surgery was more effective at minimizing the number of colony-forming units and species for the first postoperative day than was a broad-spectrum antibiotic. While not true for the antibiotic, the antimicrobial effect of povidone-iodine lasted for at least 24 hours after the completion of surgery.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1992

Effects of povidone-iodine chemical preparation and saline irrigation on the perilimbal flora.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effects of 5% povidone-iodine preparation and saline irrigation on the species composition of perilimbal flora. METHODS: Cultures were taken from the perilimbal conjunctiva in 100 eyes before preparation for ophthalmic surgery, after instillation of povidone-iodine solution, and after saline irrigation. RESULTS: Bacteria were isolated in 75% of eyes before preparation, in 28% after povidone-iodine instillation, and in 24% after saline irrigation. Fifty-one culture-positive eyes became negative with povidone-iodine, while only four culture-negative eyes became culture-positive (P < 0.001). The number of eyes yielding coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Propionibacterium were significantly decreased after povidone-iodine instillation. Twenty-three culture-positive eyes became negative after saline irrigation, while 19 culture-negative eyes became culture-positive (P > 0.25). CONCLUSION: Povidone-iodine solution is effective in reducing bacterial recovery from the perilimbal conjunctiva, where most incisions for intraocular surgery occur. Saline irrigation after povidone-iodine preparation has no significant effect.

Bacteria↗