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Results for “Poverty Areas”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Phantom of the area: poverty-area residence and mortality in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to conduct a national multivariate analysis on poverty-area residence and mortality in the United States. METHODS: Proportional hazards analyses were performed of the effect of poverty-area residence on the risk of mortality among adult examinees in the 1971 through 1974 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who were followed through 1987. RESULTS: Poverty-area residence was associated with significantly elevated risk of all-cause mortality (rate ratio = 1.78, 95% confidence interval = 1.33, 2.38) and some cause-specific mortality among those aged 25 through 54 years, but not among those aged 55 through 74 years, at baseline after adjustment for several individual and household characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Residence in poverty areas contributes to socioeconomic gradients in mortality among nonelderly adults in the United States.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Short, thin, or obese? Comparing growth indexes of children from high- and low-poverty areas.

This study compared the growth indexes of first-grade, white children living in geographic areas of high poverty (n = 281) and low poverty (n = 442) in the state of Washington. Obesity was the most common growth deviance observed in these children. In the low-poverty area, 18% of children had a weight for height greater than the 90th percentile on the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth standards, whereas only 12% of children from the high-poverty area were in this category. Neither area had high numbers of children with reduced weight for height (less than the 10th percentile on the NCHS growth standards), but children from the high-poverty area were almost twice as likely to be short for their age; 9% of children from the high-poverty area and 5% of children from the low-poverty area had height-for-age values less than the 10th percentile on the NCHS growth standards. Criteria used to determine students' eligibility for financial support for school lunch did not accurately identify children who were thin or short. The prevalence of obesity in these first-grade children suggests that school-based growth screening as well as weight management and physical fitness programs are needed to identify and avert childhood obesity.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2003

Racial/ethnic disparities in the use of mental health services in poverty areas.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined racial/ethnic disparities in mental health service access and use at different poverty levels. METHODS: We compared demographic and clinical characteristics and service use patterns of Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians living in low-poverty and high-poverty areas. Logistic regression models were used to assess service use patterns of minority racial/ethnic groups compared with Whites in different poverty areas. RESULTS: Residence in a poverty neighborhood moderates the relationship between race/ethnicity and mental health service access and use. Disparities in using emergency and inpatient services and having coercive referrals were more evident in low-poverty than in high-poverty areas. CONCLUSIONS: Neighborhood poverty is a key to understanding racial/ethnic disparities in the use of mental health services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Poverty area residence and changes in depression and perceived health status: evidence from the Alameda County Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous evidence from the Alameda County Study indicated that residential area has an independent effect on risk for mortality, adjusting for a variety of important individual characteristics. The current research examined the effect of poverty area residence on risk for developing depressive symptoms and decline in perceived health status in a sample of 1737. METHODS: Data were from a longitudinal population-based cohort. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Age- and sex-adjusted risk for incident high levels of depressive symptoms in 1974 was higher for poverty area residents (odds ratio [OR] 2.14; confidence interval [CI]: 1.49-3.06). Those reporting excellent/good health in 1965 were at higher risk for having fair/poor health in 1974 if they lived in a poverty area (age- and sex-adjusted OR 3.30; CI: 2.32-4.71). Independent of individual income, education, smoking status, body mass index, and alcohol consumption, poverty area residence remained associated with change in outcome variables. CONCLUSION: These results further support the hypothesis that characteristics of place affect health conditions and health status.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Poverty area residence and changes in physical activity level: evidence from the Alameda County Study.

OBJECTIVES: Evidence from the Alameda County Study indicated that residential area has an independent effect on mortality risk. The current research examined the effect of poverty area residence on change in physical activity (n = 1737). METHODS: Data were from a longitudinal population-based cohort. Multiple linear regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Age- and sex-adjusted change scores between 1965 and 1974 for physical activity were 0.67 units lower for people living in poverty areas (P = .0001). Independent of individual income, education, smoking status, body mass index, and alcohol consumption, poverty area residence remained associated with physical activity change. CONCLUSION: These results further support the hypothesis that place affects health behaviors.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2006

Effect of area poverty rate on cancer screening across US communities.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyse the contextual effect of area poverty rate on never having been screened for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer by (1) describing the extent of the variation in screening behaviours among 98 US metropolitan areas; (2) determining if the variation in lack of screening can be explained by differences in the characteristics of the persons who resided in these areas; and (3) determining if living in a metropolitan area with a higher poverty rate increased the likelihood of never having been screened for cancer over and above individual characteristics. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey using data from the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Multilevel logistic regression included both individual level factors as well as area poverty rate. SETTING: Ninety eight areas across the USA. PARTICIPANTS: Over 118 000 persons residing in 98 areas; a sample aimed at estimating 48.3% of the US population age 18 or older. MAIN RESULTS: After adjustment for individual level factors, increasing area level poverty rate (per 5%) remained associated with never having had a mammogram (odds ratio (OR) = 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03 to 1.37); clinical breast examination (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.48), colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.19), and a faecal occult blood test (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.27). Poverty rate was not independently associated with never having had a Pap smear (OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 0.90 to 1.41). The size of the variance among metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas (MMSAs) varied by type of screening test, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 4.9% (never having had a Pap smear) to 1.2% (never having had a colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy). CONCLUSIONS: Area poverty rate was independently associated with never having been screened for breast and colorectal cancer, but not cervical cancer. The size of the variance among MMSAs was modest at best.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Reproductive expectation and gender preferences of parents in poverty areas of China].

OBJECTIVE: The reproductive goals of married couples living in impoverished areas of China affect survival rates and quality of life of female children in those areas. The goal of this study was to collect information on parents' attitudes toward reproduction, gender preferences/prejudices, and to collect relevant socioeconomic and demographic data. METHODS: Random sample families were enrolled from 3 poverty counties. Sample size included parents of 1800 children from birth to 6 years old. The children were divided into 6 age groups at one-year interval. Baseline data were collected and a questionnaire (endorsed by UNICEF) was used to evaluate reproductive expectations and gender preferences of parents. RESULTS: (1) The success of the One Child Family program has lead to a decreased overall birthrate. (2) The gender ratio (boys:girls) of the 3 counties studied was 100:87-100:95-100:97. No gender imbalance was found in this study. (3) The "Boy Preference" was still expressed by both fathers (69.0%) and mothers (65.7%). Approximately 40% of fathers and 37% of mothers interviewed expressed that only a male child would be acceptable. (4) Approximately 65% of both fathers and mothers recognize that girls are more likely to care for aging parents. CONCLUSION: Government initiatives have encouraged small families, yet in this region gender ratio of newborns is still normal. More educational and social programs are needed to influence perceptions regarding gender and to eliminate the suboptimal status/poorly perceived value of girls in many societies.

Attitude↗
PubMed2000

[Health resources and strategies: knowledge and practice of women living in poverty areas in Brazil].

This study presents a reflection on the health resources and strategies used by poor Brazilian women and that coexist with "official" medical practices. For this qualitative research, the authors applied social representation categories as central categories of analysis, which were understood as part of contradictory social relations and of the collective history of the groups. The peculiar way by which popular segments reaffirm and, at the same time, deny their own knowledge/action as a counterpoint to the dominant medical practices is brought into focus, beginning from the utilization of a varied set of health resources and strategies that include measures such as household-medicine, medical and religious practices, self-medication, consultations with "pharmacists" and orientation by local health agents.

Adolescent↗