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PubMedDate not supplied

Results of salmonella isolation from poultry products, poultry, poultry environment, and other characteristics.

Five hundred sixty-nine Salmonella were isolated out of 4745 samples from poultry products, poultry, and poultry environment in 1999 and 2000 from the Pacific northwest. These Salmonella were identified to their exact source, and some were serogrouped, serotyped, phage typed, and tested for antibiotic sensitivity. Food product samples tested included rinse water of spent hens and broilers and chicken ground meat. Poultry environment samples were hatchery fluff from the hatcheries where eggs of grandparent broiler breeders or parent broiler breeder eggs were hatched and drag swabs from poultry houses. Diagnostic samples were of liver or yolk sac contents collected at necropsy from the young chicks received in the laboratory. Of these samples tested, 569 were Salmonella positive (11.99%). Ninety-two Salmonella were serogrouped with polyvalent somatic antisera A-I and the polymerase chain reaction. Somatic serogroups B and C comprised 95.25% of all the Salmonella. Out of a total of 569 positive samples, 97 isolates of Salmonella were serotyped. A total of 16 serotypes and an unnamed Salmonella belonging to serogroup C1 were identified. The Salmonella serotypes were heidelberg (25.77%); kentucky (21.64%); montevideo (11.34%); hadar and enteritidis (5.15% each); infantis, typhimurium, ohio, and thompson (4.12% each); mbandaka and cerro (3.09% each); senftenberg (2.06%); berta, istanbul, indiana, and saintpaul (1.03% each); and an unnamed monomorphic Salmonella (2.06%). Ninety-two Salmonella were tested for drug sensitivity with nine different antimicrobials. All of the 92 Salmonella were resistant to erythromycin, lincomycin, and penicillin except one sample (S. berta), which was moderately sensitive to penicillin. All of the tested Salmonella were susceptible to sarafloxacin and ceftiofur. The percentages of Salmonella susceptible to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, gentamicin, triple sulfa, and tetracycline were 97.83%, 92.39%, 86.96%, and 82.61%, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Risk for the transmission of Newcastle disease by contaminated poultry products].

Poultry products contaminated with pathogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus are a source of virus transmission to susceptible poultry flocks. The probability of contamination varies according to the type of product. Research conducted by various laboratories in Europe has shown that pathogenic virus can be isolated from the carcasses of chickens, whether vaccinated or not, during a brief period after experimental infection. Eggs laid by hens infected with Newcastle disease virus present a very low risk. Furthermore, feathers, bones, blood and offal present potential risks if they are incorporated in poultry feed. Finally, poultry droppings used as a fertiliser can present a major risk of infection in certain circumstances.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from poultry products and from the poultry-processing environment by random amplification of polymorphic DNA and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis.

A total of 289 Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from a poultry-processing environment and poultry products over a 6-month period were characterized by random amplification of polymorphic DNA, (RAPD) to pinpoint sources of contamination within the plant and gain some measure of the persistence of individual genotypes within this environment. Eighteen RAPD profiles (A through R) were identified within this group, with 64% (184 of 289) of all strains displaying a single RAPD profile, RAPD type A. This genotype was more prevalent in the raw-poultry-processing environment, where, although its origin within this environment appeared to be the incoming birds, it was also widespread on food contact surfaces, floors, and drains. This was the only genotype which persisted throughout the entire 6-month period, and it and RAPD type B were the only two genotypes found in both the raw- and cooked-poultry-processing environments. L. monocytogenes strains isolated from cooked poultry products and the cooked-poultry-processing environment up to 1 year later (17 strains) contained only RAPD types A and B, highlighting the potential which exists for persistent strains to cross-contaminate foods processed in that environment. The other genotypes (C through R) occurred more sporadically, suggesting varied sources of contamination. These were confined to either the raw- or the cooked-poultry-processing environment and were relatively short-lived. Further characterization of a selection of RAPD type A strains, together with strains of RAPD types B through R, was carried out by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Strains of RAPD type A contained two electrophoretic types, one of which was serotype 1/2a and the other was 1/2c.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The future of veterinary medicine in poultry production.

The poultry industry is a highly complex food-animal production system. Its success is dependent upon sophisticated techniques and systems to ensure disease prevention and product quality. Poultry veterinarians play a key role in the overall business and are typically the only individuals within poultry companies who are involved in the entire production process, including production management, health management, product quality, nutrition, and economics. Preparing veterinarians to work effectively in the poultry industry can no longer be accomplished within the DVM instructional program. Post-DVM training programs specializing in poultry medicine are now producing the veterinarians entering the North American poultry industry. Regionalization of training in poultry medicine has already taken place. These training programs are very important to food animal production in North America; in the future, they must be nurtured and supported in order to remain able to supply the veterinary workforce for our dynamic poultry industry.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1998

Sensitivity to commercial disinfectants, and the occurrence of plasmids within various Listeria monocytogenes genotypes isolated from poultry products and the poultry processing environment.

The European Suspension Test was used to assess the relative resistance of 19 individual Listeria monocytogenes genotypes, isolated from the poultry processing environment, to three commercially used disinfectants employed in the plant at the time of their isolation. To establish the relative resistance between the strains, the concentration of each disinfectant was reduced until inter-strain variation became apparent. For Darasan 214 and 7058, variation was detected at 0.1% and 0.5% v/v, respectively, while Daraclean 7361 had to be reduced to only 2.5% v/v. At these concentrations, the mean microbiocidal effect (ME) of each disinfectant ranged between 4.3 and 3.1 log10 reduction in cfu ml-1. Significant differences between the strains were obtained with respect to their resistance to the disinfectants employed (P < 0.01), but the overall log10 reduction for genotypes 'A1' and 'A2', which were found to persist in the poultry processing environment, were not found to be significantly different from the genotypes which had been isolated on a more sporadic basis (P > 0.05). The L. monocytogenes strains fell into four groups with respect to incidence and size of plasmids isolated. The first group contained strains which carried two plasmids (5 and 40 MDa) and the other three (groups 2, 3 and 4) comprised strains which carried a single plasmid (14, 47 and 52 MDa, respectively). There was no correlation between persistent and sporadic strains with respect to incidence and size of plasmids isolated. Moreover, the strains which carried no plasmids were found to be as resistant to the disinfectants as those which did carry plasmids, suggesting that the plasmids isolated did not confer resistance of L. monocytogenes planktonic cells to the disinfectants tested. Therefore, it is unlikely that the strains which had been found to persist in the poultry processing environment did so by means of plasmid-mediated resistance to the commercial disinfectants used.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Molecular epidemiological survey of Listeria monocytogenes in broilers and poultry products.

AIMS: To investigate the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in poultry products, and to elucidate whether poultry products may be linked to listeriosis cases. A further goal was to identify contamination routes for L. monocytogenes to broiler carcasses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Poultry products (385 samples) were screened for L. monocytogenes. The recovered isolates and 19 patient isolates were characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and restriction enzyme analysis. The poultry isolates showed great genetic diversity, but no identical subclones were identified from poultry sources and patients. One slaughterhouse was examined in detail during a 16-month period. The contamination rates increased along the processing line, and one subclone was found during the whole period. Only low prevalence of the bacteria was revealed from broiler faeces. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of L. monocytogenes in poultry products was high, but no listeriosis cases was linked to poultry products. Broilers seem to be contaminated during the slaughter process, and specific strains may persist in the processing environment. Broiler faeces does not seem to be an important source of L. monocytogenes in poultry products. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Preventive measures to avoid contamination of poultry products by L. monocytogenes must be taken in the processing plants.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1999

Important parasites in poultry production systems.

Poultry now accounts for 30% of all meat consumed. Parasites are a problem where ever poultry are raised, whether in large commercial operations or in small back-yard flocks, and economic losses can be significant. This paper will briefly review the major protozoan, helminth, and arthropod species in poultry including pathogenesis. Other topics will include the importance of the interaction of other diseases and parasites, and control of the infection by chemotherapy, management, and immunity.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1987

[Process control in large-scale technical meat production--poultry].

1. The technical process of poultry meat production influences the quantitative and qualitative bacteriological status of the food broiler-meat in a characteristic and especially explicable manner. 2. Successful provisions to improve the bacteriological status of deep-frozen broiler-meat have to be enforced in the earlier stages of poultry meat production. 3. Controlling the bacteriological status of a product by recourse to the gaining technology is a bearing concept as for self-control-aspects as for official supervision. 4. Nevertheless, to guarantee the comparison of data, a reproducible and as simple as possible bacteriological technique is necessary, which can be commonly accepted and which covers a broad spectrum of bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Arsenic resistance in Campylobacter spp. isolated from retail poultry products.

Organoarsenicals are commonly used for growth promotion in U.S. poultry production. Susceptibilities to arsenite, arsenate, and the organoarsenical roxarsone were measured in 251 Campylobacter isolates from conventional and antimicrobial-free retail poultry products. Isolates from conventional poultry products had significantly higher roxarsone MICs (z = 8.22; P < 0.0001).

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Incidence of Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Listeria monocytogenes in poultry carcasses and different types of poultry products for sale on the Belgian retail market.

From January 1997 to May 1998, 772 samples of poultry carcasses and poultry products for sale on the retail market in Belgium were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and Listeria monocytogenes per 100 cm2 or 25 g. Poultry samples were contaminated with Salmonella (36.5%), C. jejuni and C. coli (28.5%), and L. monocytogenes (38.2%). In about 12.3% of the poultry samples, the L. monocytogenes contamination level exceeded 1 CFU per g or cm2. Significant differences in pathogen contamination rates of poultry products were noticed between the poultry products originating from Belgian, French, and U.K. abattoirs. Poultry products derived from broiler chickens running free in pine woods until slaughtering age (12 to 13 weeks) had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower contamination rate of Salmonella than poultry products from enclosed broilers slaughtered at the age of 6 to 8 weeks. A significantly (P < 0.05) lower pathogen contamination rate was noted for Salmonella, C. jejuni, and C. coli for poultry cuts without skin compared to poultry cuts with skin on. An increase in pathogen contamination rate was noticed during cutting and further processing. To diminish C. jejuni, C. coli, Salmonella, and L. monocytogenes contamination rates, hygienic rules of slaughter and meat processing must be rigorously observed. At the moment, zero tolerance for these pathogens is not feasible, and there is a need to establish criteria allowing these pathogens to be present at reasonable levels in the examined poultry samples.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

U.S. Food safety and Inspection Service testing for Salmonella in selected raw meat and poultry products in the United States, 1998 through 2003: an establishment-level analysis.

The U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) pathogen reduction-hazard analysis critical control point systems final rule, published in 1996, established Salmonella performance standards for broiler chicken, cow and bull, market hog, and steer and heifer carcasses and for ground beef, chicken, and turkey meat. In 1998, the FSIS began testing to verify that establishments are meeting performance standards. Samples are collected in sets in which the number of samples is defined but varies according to product class. A sample set fails when the number of positive Salmonella samples exceeds the maximum number of positive samples allowed under the performance standard. Salmonella sample sets collected at 1,584 establishments from 1998 through 2003 were examined to identify factors associated with failure of one or more sets. Overall, 1,282 (80.9%) of establishments never had failed sets. In establishments that did experience set failure(s), generally the failed sets were collected early in the establishment testing history, with the exception of broiler establishments where failure(s) occurred both early and late in the course of testing. Small establishments were more likely to have experienced a set failure than were large or very small establishments, and broiler establishments were more likely to have failed than were ground beef, market hog, or steer-heifer establishments. Agency response to failed Salmonella sample sets in the form of in-depth verification reviews and related establishment-initiated corrective actions have likely contributed to declines in the number of establishments that failed sets. A focus on food safety measures in small establishments and broiler processing establishments should further reduce the number of sample sets that fail to meet the Salmonella performance standard.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Epizootic-epidemiologic aspects of the Salmonella infection chain in poultry production].

Infections with S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis develop in poultry flocks as persistent flock enzootics, often without any clinical manifestation. Infected parenteral hen flocks are the source of vertical, so-called pseudo-trans-ovarian infection chains. These chains may induce horizontally self-maintaining cycles of the infection in the flocks. Environmental Salmonella may enter such cycles. Each of these cycles is able to transmit Salmonella to poultry products so entailing human health hazards permanently. The intensification in modern poultry production causes the permanent presence of Salmonella in the flocks. Hitherto all known control measures (biological, chemoprophylactic, physical) didn't result in a remarkable success. Therefore, the only alternative is the consequent implementation of hygiene regimes in all stages of production and during processing and marketing of poultry products in order to dilute Salmonella as much as possible.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The impact of semi-scavenging poultry production on the consumption of animal source foods by women and girls in Bangladesh.

Semi-scavenging poultry production is a potential avenue for increasing poultry production and income, and improving the livelihoods of members of poor rural households. Since 1998, the Participatory Livestock Development Project (PLDP) has used this strategy to increase poultry production and household income in the northwest and north-central regions of Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the PLDP on the food and nutrient intakes of females in the PLDP-adopting households. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted using data for 35 women of reproductive age and 35 girls (5-12 y old) from both the PLDP-adopting and nonadopting households. Data was collected in 1999 on food consumption as well as poultry production, household socioeconomic status and food preferences, using quantitative and qualitative questionnaires. High-yielding parent poultry stock and egg production were significantly higher in the PLDP households (P < 0.001). Intakes of chicken and eggs were similar in both groups and negligible compared to other foods, especially rice, vegetables and fish. Fish intake was higher in the PLDP-adopting women (P < 0.08) and girls (P < 0.06) compared to their nonadopting counterparts. Women had a higher preference for small fish compared to other animal foods. The results of this study suggested that if a project such as the PLDP, which increases animal food production and income in rural Bangladesh, also aims to increase intakes of animal source foods in females, then the accessibility of small fish must be ensured.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Pathogen testing of ready-to-eat meat and poultry products collected at federally inspected establishments in the United States, 1990 to 1999.

The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) conducted microbiological testing programs for ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry products produced at approximately 1,800 federally inspected establishments. All samples were collected at production facilities and not at retail. We report results here for the years 1990 through 1999. Prevalence data for Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, or staphylococcal enterotoxins in nine different categories of RTE meat and poultry products are presented and discussed. The prevalence data have certain limitations that restrict statistical inferences, because these RTE product-testing programs are strictly regulatory in nature and not statistically designed. The cumulative 10-year Salmonella prevalences were as follows: jerky, 0.31%; cooked, uncured poultry products, 0.10%; large-diameter cooked sausages, 0.07%; small-diameter cooked sausages, 0.20%; cooked beef, roast beef, and cooked corned beef, 0.22%; salads, spreads, and pâtés, 0.05%; and sliced ham and luncheon meat, 0.22%. The cumulative 3-year Salmonella prevalence for dry and semidry fermented sausages was 1.43%. The cumulative 10-year L. monocytogenes prevalences were as follows: jerky, 0.52%; cooked, uncured poultry products, 2.12%; large-diameter cooked sausages, 1.31%; small-diameter cooked sausages, 3.56%; cooked beef, roast beef, and cooked corned beef, 3.09%; salads, spreads, and pâtés, 3.03%; and sliced ham and luncheon meat, 5.16%. The cumulative 3-year L. monocytogenes prevalence for dry and semidry fermented sausages was 3.25%. None of the RTE products tested for E. coli O157:H7 or staphylococcal enterotoxins was positive. Although FSIS and the industry have made progress in reducing pathogens in these products, additional efforts are ongoing to continually improve the safety of all RTE meat and poultry products manufactured in federally inspected establishments in the United States.

Animals↗