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Potassium chloride was subjected to various kinds of pretreatments and irradiated in a nuclear reactor. Irradiated potassium chloride was dissolved in deaerated aqueous solution of several sulfur-salts. A portion of the solution was chromatographed on a thin layer chromatographic plate and the distribution of 35S-chemical species was determined. Irradiation of potassium chloride degassed at 3x10(-4)Torr resulted in the formation of about 60% of 35S in the form of thiosulfate and remainder was distributed among sulfide, sulfate and elementary sulfur. Thiosulfate[35S] was converted to elementary sulfur[35S] first by reducing to hydrogen sulfide [35S] with nascent hydrogen and then by oxidizing the latter to elementary sulfur[35S] with hexacyanoferrate(III). Elementary sulfur[35S] was finally extracted into benzene. Radiochemically pure elementary sulfur[35S] could be produced by simple procedures with a yield of about 60%. Thiosulfate[35S] was decomposed with acid to elementary sulfur[35S] and sulfur[35S] dioxide. The former was separated by centrifuging and dispersed in boiling water to form colloidal suspension of elementary sulfur[35S]. Approximately 40% of 35S was recovered as colloid.
A slow-release tablet containing 12.5 mEq of potassium chloride was compared with a potassium chloride solution in normal human subjects under controlled conditions. Changes in plasma potassium concentration and rates of urinary potassium excretion indicate the tablet is absorbed in a slow, sustained fashion in contrast to the solution. Net potassium excretion after single and multiple doses indicates that the amount of potassium absorbed from the slow-release tablet is comparable to the solution. The slow-release potassium chloride tablets were well tolerated and were effective in correcting experimentally induced potassium depletion of moderate severity. Gastrointestinal tract irritation was not apparent and fecal 51Cr red blood cell loss after the tablet and the solution were of the same order.
The present study was designed to evaluate the spectrum of responses of PRA and plasma aldosterone (PAldo) to a range of oral potassium intakes (0 to 300 mEq of potassium chloride per day) in 20 normal human subjects receiving an electrolyte-free diet. Potassium exhibited a dose-dependent natriuretic effect. The results of the PRA studies indicate that normal dietary amounts (50 mEq/day) of potassium chloride do not prevent the increase in PRA with absolute sodium deprivation and that PRA is maximally stimulated on 150 mEq of potassium chloride per day. The rise in PRA is directly correlated with serum potassium concentration. The results of the PAldo studies indicate that potassium chloride deprivation attenuates PAldo increases due to sodium deprivation and that PAldo is maximally stimulated on 150mEq of potassium chloride per day. The rise in PAldo is directly correlated with serum potassium concentration and with PRA. The administration of 300 mEq/day of potassium chloride caused significant hyperkalemia and blunted both PRA and PAldo increases. Our results suggest that potassium chloride has an important role in the regulation of PRA and PAldo, and that only following potassium chloride deprivation is the PRA/PAldo response dissociated.
Vasoconstrictory responses to noradrenaline (NA) or high potassium chloride (130 mM) usually show a biphasic behaviour: an initial peak is followed by a lower steady state level. The influence of three beta-sympatholytic agents (propranolol, pindolol, practolol) and a "Ca-antagonist" (verapamil) on this particular behaviour of KCl-induced vasoconstrictions was compared with responses to NA. Studies were performed on the intact vascular bed of an isolated intestinal preparation of the rat. 1. Increases in the concentration of propranolol and pindolol from 10(-10) to 10(-6) M attenuated the vascular responses to high KCl. Practolol, however, distinctly enhanced the KCl-responses. NA (1.3 microgram/ml)-elicited vasoconstriction was found to be influenced in a similar manner by the beta-receptor antagonists used, though lower concentrations of pindolol had an enhancing, higher concentrations a reducing effect on the constrictory responses to NA. 2. The extent to which the biphasic response adjusted to the steady state level was concentration-dependently increased KCl-responses and significantly decreased to a monophasic response to NA, in the presence of the beta-sympatholytic agents. 3. By using a quotient of deltaPs (steady-state phase) to deltaPi (initial vasoconstriction) and by comparing the effect of the three beta-sympatholytic agents with that of verapamil on this quotient showed a concentration-dependent decrease in presence of the beta-sympatholytic as well as of the Ca-antagonistic agents. These myotropic actions, i.e. negative influences on the mechanism of vascular smooth muscle activation ranged in the following sequence: Verapamil greater than propranolol greater than pindolol greater than practolol. 4. The mechanism underlying the biphasic responses to high potassium chloride are concluded to be basically different from the NA-responses because they are inversely affected by beta-sympatholytic agents. The steady-state response to KCl was found to be very sensitive to non-specific pharmacological actions of beta-sympatholytic substances. The myotropic action of the beta-receptor antagonists is compared with that of the Ca-antagonist verapamil and the role of calcium in the mechanism of activation of vascular smooth muscle is discussed.
The palatability and acceptance of three commercially available potassium chloride solutions were evaluated. Adult ambulatory patients routinely self-administering potassium chloride solution rate the palatability and acceptance of each preparation. An open-label, three-treatment crossover study design was used. The taste of Klorvess was rated significantly more palatable than Kaochlor (p less than 0.01) or KayCiel (p less than 0.05). Klorvess was rated significantly more acceptable if taken over a long period of time than Kaochlor (p less than 0.01) or KayCiel (p less than 0.01). The average amount consumed of all three products was 57% of the prescribed amount. The amount of Klorvess returned was significantly less than the amount of either KayCiel (p less than 0.01) or Kaochlor (p less than 0.01). The flavoring agents are described and the importance of ensuring that the patient uses an accurate measuring spoon is discussed.
The Authors, after giving an outline of metabolic alterations on acid-base balance in chronic obstructive lung disease, describe the need of correction of electrolytic umbalance, signally in relationship to metabolic alkalosis dued to hypochloremia. The Authors emphasize the importance of correction of jonic balance during long term therapy in such patients, especially diuretic and steroid long term treatment. The Authors studied the comparative effects on jonic assessment by correction with potassium chloride e.v. and potassium chloride by oral administration with a new capsulate preparation, (BS 560). Last they underline the good tolerance of this preparation and report the favourable effects on electrolytic patterns.
An open trial was carried out on ten middle-aged and elderly patients in cardiac failure to assess the effect on plasma potassium levels of one or more tablets containing 40 mg frusemide and a controlled-release formulation containing 600 mg potassium chloride. Patients had previously been maintained on frusemide and potassium supplements given as separate tablets. No significant rise or fall was observed when treatment was changed to the combined tablet.
Tumor-specific and skin-reactive antigen of a syngeneic liposarcoma (H-10) of Hartley/F guinea pig was solubilized with 3M potassium chloride and purified by precipitation with 2M ammonium sulfate, followed by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The antigenic activity of 7 fractions obtained was estimated by the delayed-type skin reaction elicited in syngeneic animals immunized with H-10 cells admixed with BCG. Accurate relative activity of the fractions comparable to the skin reaction elicited by living H-10 cells was calculated by the parallel line assay method in which the dose-response curves of the fractions are compared with that of living cells. About 30 approximately 50 microgram protein of the 3 fractions eluted slowly from the Sephadex column elicited the skin reaction equivalent to that elicited with 1 X 10(6) of living H-10 cells. Tumor-specific skin reactivity per microgram protein of these 3 fractions was roughly 20 approximately 40 times higher than that of lyophilized cells.
The release of ATP after potassium depolarization was measured on fragments of electric tissue incubated in a solution containing the firefly extract. Light emission was proportional to the extracellular KCL concentration. In contrast to the release of ATP after single nerve impulses, the release after direct KCL depolarization was insensitive to curare of eserin.
Information concerning normal concentrations of serum sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfate as well as clinically useful data concerning absorption and excretion of these physiologically important ions are reviewed. Clinical approaches to diagnosis of these electrolyte disturbances are summarized with special emphasis on interpretation and treatment of some of these disorders in children.
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In voltage clamp studies of cardiac Purkinje fibers, a large early outward current is consistently observed during depolarizations to voltages more positive than -20 mV. After the outward peak of the current, the total membrane current declines slowly. Dudel et al. (1967. Pfluegers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 294:197--212) reduced the extracellular chloride concentration and found that the outward peak and the decline of the current were abolished. They concluded that the total membrane current at these voltages was largely determined by a time- and voltage-dependent change in the membrane chloride conductance. We reinvestigated the chloride sensitivity of this current, taking care to minimize possible sources of error. When the extracellular chloride concentration was reduced to 8.6% of control, the principal effect was a 20% decrease in the peak amplitude of the outward current. This implies that the membrane chloride conductance is not the major determinant of the total current at these voltages. The reversal potential of current tails obtained after a short conditioning depolarization was not changed by alterations in the extracellular chloride or potassium concentrations. We suspect that the tail currents contain both inward and outward components, and that the apparent reversal potential of the net tail current largely reflects the kinetics of the outward component, so that this experiment does not rule out potassium as a possible charge carrier. The possibility that potassium carries much of the early outward current was further investigated using tetraethylammonium, which blocks potassium currents in nerve and skeletal muscle. This drug substantially reduced the early outward current, which suggests that much of the early outward current is carried by potassium ions.