Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Postpartum Amenorrhea”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

Breastfeeding: its relationship with postpartum amenorrhea and postpartum sexual abstinence in a Nigerian community.

Breastfeeding, together with its two related postpartum variables--amenorrhea and abstinence--govern both the tempo and quantum of fertility in traditional African societies. Decline in breastfeeding also implies decline in postpartum amenorrhea and abstinence practice. Changes in breastfeeding practices in tropical Africa, therefore, has fertility implications and consequences. This paper examines how breastfeeding is functionally related to postpartum amenorrhea and abstinence in Ilorin, an urban community in Nigeria. Results indicated that the effect of breastfeeding on fertility, through its relationship with postpartum abstinence, might be more important than its effect through lactational amenorrhea in this society. This is more true among women with little or no education than among women with secondary or higher education. The population or family planning implications of these relationships are discussed.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1988

[[The duration of postpartum amenorrhea in a Sundanese village]].

"The duration of postpartum amenorrhea of women in a Sundanese agricultural village [in Indonesia] whose last pregnancy resulted in live birth in the past six years was studied. Data were collected from 197 women from September through November 1983....[The] results suggest that the duration of postpartum amenorrhea of women in a Sundanese agricultural village although relatively long, has recently become shorter." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed2000

Weaning, body weight, and postpartum amenorrhea duration in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina).

Early permanent infant separation or weaning decreases the time interval between pregnancies and interbirth intervals for many female primates. At least part of the interpregnancy interval consists of postpartum amenorrhea, a period of non-menstruation lasting from the time of birth until the female begins to ovulate. This study investigated the effects of weaning age and dam's body weight on the duration of the interval between pregnancies, the duration of postpartum amenorrhea, and the number of cycles to conception in a year-round breeder. Female pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) have an observable perineal swelling that fluctuates throughout the menstrual cycle and provides a means of detecting ovulation. The perineal swelling records of socially housed pigtailed macaques were studied from July 1996 to September 1998. Postpartum amenorrhea data were obtained on 44 females who gave birth to normal, viable infants. As weaning age increased and dam's weight decreased, postpartum amenorrhea, and consequently the interval between pregnancies, increased in duration. The interpregnancy interval consisted almost entirely of the postpartum amenorrhea phase. Our finding that a higher dam's body weight decreased the length of postpartum amenorrhea duration lends support to the hypothesis that a minimum body weight is necessary for menstrual cycles to occur. Most females became pregnant on their first ovulation regardless of weaning age and whether or not they were carrying an infant. As the weaning age of the infant and the dam's weight increased, ovulation went from occurring after separation to occurring before separation.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1979

Effect of maternal nutritional status and infant supplementation during lactation on postpartum amenorrhea.

This paper explores the effects of maternal nutritional status and food supplementation ingested by the infant on the duration of postpartum amenorrhea. A significant negative association was found between the nutritional status of the mother during the third trimester of pregnancy and the length of postpartum amenorrhea. A negative association was also found between infant supplementation and duration of postpartum amenorrhea. Each of these associations remained significant after controlling for the other, suggesting that both factors independently affect the length of postpartum amenorrhea.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1996

Lactation, nutrition, and postpartum amenorrhea in lowland Papua New Guinea.

Prolonged on-demand breast feeding is known to delay the resumption of postpartum ovarian cyclicity. At present, however, little is known about the factors that influence the effectiveness of breast feeding as a natural contraceptive. Here, I examine the effects of maternal nutritional status on the duration of postpartum amenorrhea in two socioeconomic groups of Au forager-horticulturalists of lowland Papua New Guinea. Although women in both groups continue to breast-feed their offspring for approximately three and one-half years, well-nourished wage-earning Au women experience their first postpartum menses just over one year earlier (median = 12.5 months) than their more poorly nourished traditional counterparts (median = 26.6 months). Probit analyses are used to demonstrate that, even after controlling for time since delivery, maternal age, parity, and supplementation of infants' diets, the duration of postpartum amenorrhea is significantly (p < 0.05) negatively associated with indexes of maternal fat mass. No association between indexes of maternal lean body mass and the duration of postpartum amenorrhea were found. The results of this study suggest that components of maternal nutritional status, in particular, adiposity, play an important role in influencing fecundity in human populations.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1982

Effect of duration and frequency of breast-feeding on postpartum amenorrhea.

The relationship among duration and frequency of breast-feeding, age, level of education, and parity on postpartum amenorrhea were investigated retrospectively in selected married Nigerian women attending the two local maternity centers in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, between January and May 1980. The mean values for duration and frequency of breast-feeding per day were 16.48 +/- 5.43 (SD) months and 4.43 +/- 1.46 (SD), respectively. The mean length of postpartum amenorrhea was 12.54 +/- 6.97 (SD) months. Duration and frequency of breast-feeding were positively related to length of postpartum amenorrhea, whereas parity and years of maternal education were negatively related to it. Duration and frequency of breast-feeding were statistically significant (P less then .05), whereas maternal level of education, parity, and age were not. The implications of the findings for pediatricians and other health workers who may wish to promote breast-feeding among their nursing clients are highlighted.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breastfeeding and postpartum amenorrhea in a traditional society: a hazards model analysis.

There is considerable variation in the length of the postpartum amenorrhea during which breastfeeding suppresses fertility, both within and between societies. In this paper, we investigate the association between breastfeeding and the resumption of menses and the impact of various biological and social covariates thereon, using data from two retrospective surveys in India. We use both univariate life table and multivariate time-dependent hazards techniques to analyze the data. Most prior investigations related the impact of breastfeeding to postpartum amenorrhea by taking duration of breastfeeding as a fixed covariate. However, breastfeeding beyond the resumption of menstruation cannot affect the duration of menses. Accordingly, the present study has a methodological focus in the sense that breastfeeding is treated as a time-dependent covariate. We found that breastfeeding, age of mother at child's birth, social status, level of income, religion and caste (subcaste), and residential status have significant effects on return of menses in Indian traditional society.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Postpartum amenorrhea: how is it affected by maternal nutritional status?

The average length of postpartum amenorrhea reported by breast-feeding women in rural Bangladesh in 1975 was 18 to 20 months. Its duration was found to be only slightly related to maternal nutritional status. There was no evidence of a threshold of weight for height necessary for the resumption of menses postpartum. Factors related to the duration of postpartum amenorrhea were maternal age, socioeconomic status, and supplemental feeding of the infant.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1993

Effects of maternal nutritional status and maternal energy supplementation on length of postpartum amenorrhea among Guatemalan women.

To investigate the extent to which better maternal nutrition leads to reduction in length of postpartum amenorrhea, multivariate-logistic and linear-regression analyses were applied to data on 339 mother-infant pairs from the longitudinal Guatemalan Four Village Study, 1969-1977. Maternal triceps skinfold thickness was negatively associated with length of amenorrhea when infant supplementation (a proxy for reduced suckling) was accounted for. However, its effect was small: amenorrhea was only 0.5 mo shorter among women at the 75th percentile than among those at the 25th, equivalent to less than even one additional child during the women's reproductive years. Maternal supplementation was not associated with length of amenorrhea when infant supplementation was controlled. This is in contrast to previous studies in which breast-feeding or infant supplementation was not controlled. These results suggest that infant, not maternal, supplementation influences length of postpartum amenorrhea, and that maternal nutritional status has minimal influence.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed2003

Bone turnover markers during lactation, postpartum amenorrhea and resumption of menses.

Changes in bone turnover, and consequent bone loss and recovery during lactation and the postweaning period, are likely modulated by varying estrogen levels inherent in these time periods. To address this question we measured serum biochemical markers of bone formation (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, osteocalcin), of bone resorption (type I collagen carboxy-terminal telopeptide), and serum female sex hormones (estradiol, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone) in 32 healthy mothers prospectively after delivery, 3 months postpartum, after postpartum amenorrhea and 1 year after resumption of menses. During postpartum amenorrhea (mean 5.7, SD 2.9 months) bone mineral density decreased significantly, some 2% at the lumbar spine and some 3% at the femoral neck, but subsequently recovered completely at the former site and partially at the latter. Bone turnover marker levels were elevated at parturition and still at the end of postpartum amenorrhea. Subsequent to parturition the bone resorption marker level showed a decreasing trend while the formation marker levels continued increasing, and eventually coincided with the resorption level within the very first months postpartum. Both lactation and hormonal status modulated bone turnover marker levels. Maternal age was positively associated with increased bone turnover. Interestingly, higher parity and longer history of previous lactation were associated with lower bone turnover marker levels postpartum as compared with previously nulliparous women of the same age. The regression models explained typically some 20-30% of the variability in the bone turnover marker levels. The dynamic pattern in bone turnover is dissimilar to that occurring at menopause and it indicates that the bone loss most likely occurs in the beginning of postpartum period. It also seems that estrogen has a specific influence on bone turnover only during the first months of lactation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect on fecundity of pill acceptance during postpartum amenorrhea in rural Bangladesh.

The length of the interval from last live birth to the subsequent pregnancy was studied for 121 contraceptive pill acceptors who were in postpartum amenorrhea at the time of acceptance and 121 matched nonacceptors in a prospective study in Matlab, Bangladesh. Half of the pill acceptors discontinued use within seven months, and as a group the pill acceptors had a significantly shorter interval to the next pregnancy than the matched nonacceptors. These findings suggest that unless continuation rates can be improved, it is better not to encourage women in rural Bangladesh to start the contraceptive pill during postpartum amenorrhea.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Distribution of postpartum amenorrhea in rural Bangladeshi women.

Previous studies of postpartum amenorrhea (PPA) demonstrated distinct subgroups of women with short and long durations of amenorrhea. This phenomenon was attributed to cases where breastfeeding is absent because of pregnancy loss or infant death, or confusion of postpartum bleeding with resumption of menses. We explored these ideas using data from an 11-month prospective study in Bangladesh in which 858 women provided twice-weekly interviews and urine specimens for up to 9 months; 300 women were observed while experiencing PPA. The resulting exact, interval-censored, or right-censored durations were used to estimate parameters of two-component mixture models. A mixture of two Weibull distributions provided the best fit to the observations. The long-duration subgroup made up 84% (+/- 4% SE) of the population, with a mean duration of 457 (+/- 31) days. The short-duration subgroup had a mean duration of 94 (+/- 17) days. Three covariates were associated with the duration of PPA: women whose husbands had high-wage employment had a greater probability of falling in the short-duration subgroup; women in the long-duration subgroup whose husbands seasonally migrated had shorter periods of PPA within the subgroup; and mothers in the short-duration subgroup who gave birth during the monsoon season experienced a shortened duration of PPA within the subgroup. We conclude that the bimodal distribution of PPA reflects biological or behavioral heterogeneity rather than shortcomings of data collection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Prolactin response to suckling and maintenance of postpartum amenorrhea among intensively breastfeeding Nepali women.

The aim of the study was to determine the association between PRL responses to suckling and maintenance of postpartum amenorrhea among breastfeeding mothers. Three blood spot samples (5, 30, and 50 min following a timed nursing bout) were collected from 71 intensively breastfeeding Nepali women for PRL determination. Maternal age, BMI (weight/height2), menstrual status, caste, infant age, nursing bout length, and duration of supplementation were recorded at time of sample collection. Independent and paired t tests, linear regression analyses, and general linear models were used to evaluate differences between cycling (n = 36) and amenorrheic (n = 35) women and associations among variables. Logistic regression analyses were used to relate PRL measures to the odds of maintaining lactational amenorrhea. Amenorrheic breastfeeding mothers had higher (P < .001) PRL levels at all 3 collection times than cycling breastfeeding mothers, and PRL levels declined with time since birth (P < 0.05). The odds (OR) of having ceased lactational amenorrhea was significantly higher (OR = 5.0, 95% Cl = 1.3-19.9) among mothers with lower PRL levels (< or = 10 ng/mL) at 50 min post-sucking, and PRL at 50 min showed a significant dose response relationship with menstrual status. The association between 50 min PRL levels and lactational amenorrhea appears to be independent of time postpartum, maternal age, BMI, nursing bout length, and duration of supplementation. Among intensively nursing women, maintenance of elevated PRL levels across the interbout interval increases the odds of maintaining lactational amenorrhea.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Factors underlying changes in bone mineral during postpartum amenorrhea and lactation.

To determine the physiologic and habitual factors that may modulate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) postpartum, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed at the lumbar spine, right femoral neck and dominant distal radius immediately after delivery, after resumption of menses, and 1 year thereafter in a cohort of 41 healthy postpartum Finnish women aged 31.5 (SD 4.6) years. Mean durations of lactation and postpartum amenorrhea (PPA) were 7.7 (3.7) and 5.9 (2.9) months, respectively. After PPA, significant bone losses of 2%-4% were observed at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Duration of PPA and different lactational variables explained (adjusted R2) from 21% to 27% of the variability in changes in BMD during PPA. A recovery to postpregnancy BMD levels was observed at the lumbar spine; in contrast BMD at the femoral neck showed only a partial recovery. The duration of unsupplemented lactation was weakly (adjusted R2 = 0.13) associated with recovery at the lumbar spine, while a long duration of total lactation also showed a weak association (adjusted R2 = 0.02) with delayed recovery at the femoral neck. In conclusion, a systematic bone loss occurs during PPA, and after resumption of menstruation BMD recovers despite continued lactation. However, the time of bony recovery back to postpregnancy level seems to be modulated slightly by lactation habits. It is obvious that the control of postpartum BMD changes is a multifactorial process that may be specific to the skeletal site of interest.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infant feeding practices, postpartum amenorrhea, and contraceptive use in Thailand.

The findings from Thailand's 1984 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey suggest that an earlier trend toward reduced breastfeeding may have halted, with the initiation of breastfeeding virtually universal in rural areas and very common in urban areas. Breastfeeding duration, although quite prolonged on average, shows substantial rural-urban, regional, and educational differences. The introduction of supplemental food including infant formula and, to a much lesser extent, condensed milk, is very common and occurs when the infant is very young. Thus duration of breastfeeding in the absence of any supplemental food is very short, with a median duration of only one month. A sizeable minority of women start practicing contraception during postpartum amenorrhea. As amenorrhea is of only moderate duration, however, the extent of overlap in protection against pregnancy is very modest. Furthermore, the resumption of menses is clearly associated with a substantial increase in contraceptive practice.

Adolescent↗