World population perspectives 1985.
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Aged↗
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Child health and care services in China.
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Child↗
Sterilization in Thailand.
Sterilization in Thailand began in the 40ies but the slow progress was due to lack of government support. In 1970 the government declared the population policy that resulted in the development of the tubal resection and vasectomy programs in the governmental hospitals and private sectors. The current total number of sterilizations reaches 200,000 cases annually with female to male ratio of 4:1. Contributions by the government and the private sectors are 80% and 20% respectively. The university hospitals have been involved in programme planning and various studies on sterilization acceptance and development of appropriate technology and delivery system. Sterilization service has been directed to the rural areas where 80% of the Thais live. All efforts are directed towards an objective to reduce the population growth to 1.2 by the end of 1990.
Family Planning Services↗
The fifth freedom revisited: II, The way forward.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Relative growth and maturation of axon size and myelin thickness in the tibial nerve of the rat. 1. Normal animals.
Morphometric observations have been made on the medial plantar division of the tibial nerve (MPD) and on the motor branches of the tibial nerve to the calf muscles (MBC) in rats ranging in age from weaning (3 weeks) to 12 months. Axon size, assessed by measurements of circumference and cross-sectional area, increased rapidly until 3 months with further slight increases between 3 and 9 months and a slight fall between 9 and 12 months. Axon size distributions were unimodal throughout in the MPD but bimodal for the MBC except at 3 weeks. Distributions of myelin thickness were bimodal throughout for both nerves. Scatter plots of g ratios (axon diameter:total fibre diameter) confirmed the presence of two fibre populations: a group of small fibres with relatively thin myelin sheaths, and a group of larger fibres within which sheath thickness was relatively less on the larger than on the smaller axons. These two fibres populations were less easily separable in the MBC than in the MPD nerves. These results document morphometrically the normal growth changes in the rat tibial nerve and also provide control data for the analysis of the effects of experimental procedures on the growth and maturation of peripheral nerve fibres.
Aging↗
Evaluation of growth fractions with monoclonal antibodies to human alpha-DNA polymerase.
We have established and partially characterized a panel of monoclonal antibodies against alpha-DNA polymerase. One of the hybridomas, clone 5F, has been exploited for cell kinetic studies on three colon cancer cell lines, LOVO, SW 620, and SW 403, which are endowed with different growth patterns and differentiation status. By an immunoperoxidase method, we could demonstrate the specific intranuclear localization of alpha-DNA polymerase during the exponential phase of in vitro growth and contrast it with the diffuse distribution of the enzyme throughout the cytoplasm during the resting state. The percentage of intranuclear staining positive cells, evaluated at successive time points of in vitro growth, changed from 75 to 95% (assayed on Days 3 and 7) to 15 to 25% in confluent and resting populations assayed on Days 12 to 14. In agreement with the assumption that the enzyme moves from nucleus to cytoplasm after entering quiescence, alpha-DNA polymerase was still present in the cytoplasm or in the cytoplasmic perinuclear area of cells in resting phase cultures. Comparisons between traditional kinetic parameters (thymidine labeling index and primer-dependent alpha-DNA polymerase) and proliferative state determined by the monoclonal antibody supported the feasibility of this approach to define the proportion of actively proliferating elements in a tumor cell population. Moreover, parallel flow cytometric analysis performed on Days 5 and 14 of continuous culture showed fluctuations of alpha-DNA polymerase content in relation to exponential and steady-state phases, with a significant increase in the amount of alpha-DNA polymerase in actively proliferating populations and a progressive reduction of the enzyme as the cultures entered the resting stage.
Animals↗
[Growth of the eye and pigment epithelium of the retina during postnatal development of rats].
By the weight changes, the rat's eye grows during the whole life, whereas its scleral sector with the area equal to that of pigment epithelium of the retina grows most intensively between the 2nd and 5th days after birth. During this period, its weight attains half of the value characteristic of the scleral sector for one year old rats. This period of growth of the scleral sector coincides with the previously established peak of proliferative activity and appearance of first binuclear cells in the pigment epithelium. From the 5th day till the 12th month after birth, the weight of scleral sector increases twice and its area 6 times. This suggests that the mechanical tension of the scleral sector walls is one of the factors of growth of this eye part. On the basis of comparison of the scleral sector growth, changes in proliferative activity and number of polyploid cells in the pigment epithelium of the central zone of fundus oculi, the following periodization of the life cycle of cell population of the pigment epithelium is proposed: (1) from birth till the 15th day--period of principal determination (the number of binuclear tetraploid cells attains 80%), (2) from the 15th day till, at least, the 5th month--period of stabilization, (3) after 5 months--period of senescence characterized by the accumulation of highly ploid tri- and tetranuclear cells; its lower limit is not clearly defined.
Aging↗
Transition of human breast cancer cells from an oestrogen responsive to unresponsive state.
An in vitro model system is described for studying the problem of loss of steroid sensitivity in breast cancer cells. Growth of cloned oestrogen-sensitive human breast cancer cells in the long-term absence of steroid gives rise to a population of oestrogen-insensitive cells. In ZR-75-1 cells, the effect is clonal but occurs at high frequency suggesting a mechanism affecting a wide proportion of the cell population synchronously. This does not involve any reduction in oestrogen receptor number. Furthermore, there is no coordinated loss of oestrogen-sensitive molecular markers, showing that oestrogen receptors remain not only present but functional. These growth changes are not accompanied by any loss of growth inhibition by antioestrogen. Although steroid deprivation does not result in loss of oestrogen-sensitive markers, this does not hold true for other steroids. There was a reduction in progestin, androgen and glucocorticoid regulation on transfected LTRs. Loss of steroid-sensitive growth was accompanied by changes in response to exogenous growth factors and altered endogenous growth factor mRNA production. Steroid-deprived T-47-D cells acquire sensitivity to stimulation by TGF beta and have raised TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 mRNA levels. ZR-75-1 cells are growth inhibited by TGF beta and have reduced TGF beta 1 mRNA levels. In MCF-7 cells, increased IGFII mRNA, following transfection, can result in an increased basal cell growth rate in the absence of steroid. These findings are discussed in relation to possible autocrine mechanisms in the loss of steroid sensitivity of breast cancer cells.
Breast Neoplasms↗
[A comparative study on the structure and growth of the dentoskeleton and soft-tissue in normal occlusion].
A study of hard tissue and soft tissue contour and growth on normal occlusion among Chinese population was made by means of computerized radiographic cephalometrics. Correlation analysis and polygon methods were applied to analyse the profile contour. The result showed that the dento-skeletal pattern and integumental contour were not necessarily alike, the diversity could be quite prominent. As to the growth change features in soft-tissue and hard-tissue structure, we found that the growth behavior of the lips seemed to show a tendency to follow the dental structure directly. The bony profile tended to become less convex with aging, while the soft-tissue profile remained stable in its degree of convexity.
Adolescent↗
Induction of relative growth changes in the musculoskeletal system of the sheep by limb immobilisation.
The function of the limbs of the sheep was modified to study growth changes in the musculoskeletal system. Seven lambs treated with one hindlimb bound to the body, with the hip fully flexed and the stifle and hock fully extended, were reared from the day after birth to about three months old, together with two untreated controls. The effects of this functional alteration were measured by dissecting and weighing components of the whole carcase, by histometry and electron microscopy of the semitendinosus muscles, and by measurements and ashing of the femurs and tibias. With the particular exception of the hip bone and the muscles extending the hip on the bound side, muscles and bones tended to be heavier on the contralateral side in the hindlimb and on the ipsilateral side in the forelimb. The semitendinosus muscle of the bound limb weighed nearly twice as much as that of the controls. The increase in mass was due to a proportionate enlargement of all the muscle components studied. There was, however, a significant increase in the number of myosine adenosine triphosphatase low reacting fibres, as a percentage of the regional fibre population, in the deeper part of the muscle. It was concluded that the enlargement of the semitendinosus muscle was due to stretch and that the histochemical changes were due to chronic nervous stimulation.
Animals↗
Deceleration of age at menarche in Poland.
The purpose of this paper is to describe secular growth changes in age at menarche of girls in Poland during the past 40 years. For this purpose data obtained from four consecutive surveys conducted in 1955, 1966, 1978 and 1988 were analysed. Each cohort was selected from settlements: big cities, small towns (approximately 10,000 inhabitants) and villages. Data regarding schoolgirls aged 7-18 years were collected by the status quo method. It was found that after the continuous trend towards an earlier maturation of Polish girls from 1955 to 1978 a substantial slowing down, and even a reverse trend, was observed. The deceleration of the age at menarche is most marked among girls from small towns. The results seem to have been caused by the retardation of menarcheal age in social groups which in the previous examinations were the earliest maturers.
Adolescent↗
Heterogeneity of a human T-lymphoblastoid cell line.
A human T-lymphoblastoid cell line (Jurkat) was cloned, and four resulting sublines were characterized in a variety of ways with the objective of gaining information on heterogeneity in cell lines. Within a few weeks of cloning, distinct cellular morphologies and growth patterns became apparent in the four sublines. Growth rate measurements made over 3 months did not show any significant differences between the sublines. Surface protein profiles obtained by radioimmunoprecipitation using antisera in conjunction with extracts from [35S]Met and 125I-labeled cells revealed differences between the sublines. Analysis of total cell DNA showed that one of the sublines possessed only half the chromosome complement of the other sublines and the parental line. Karyotyping confirmed this result and, in addition, demonstrated that chromosome numbers fluctuated around a mean value for each subline. Karyotypic variability became apparent within 2 months of cloning and tended to increase with time in culture. G-banding analysis showed that the analyzed cell populations contained distinctive cytogenetic aberrations. Properties of the cloned sublines were monitored over a 9-month period. One of the sublines that had shown heterogeneous morphology even after 6 weeks maintained the heterogeneity throughout this time. Another subline underwent a marked change in morphology (round to irregular) and growth habit (single cells to large clumps) with increasing time in culture. Interestingly, several alterations to surface proteins accompanied these growth changes. A third subline had relatively stable morphology and chromosome number throughout the 9-month period. The modal chromosome number was hypotetraploid for three sublines and the parent line, but was diploid for another subline. However, it was interesting that progression toward tetraploidy in this subline was apparent after almost 2 years of culturing. The results showed that the original cell line consisted of a heterogeneous assemblage of cell types, some of which were quite unstable. Some implications for research using cultured cell lines are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Tumor growth changes the contribution of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor during macrophage-mediated suppression of allorecognition.
Tumor-bearing host (TBH) macrophages (M phi) suppress T cell alloresponses, and this study suggests granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a molecule associated with suppressive M phi activity during tumor growth, signals more immunosuppression. In the absence of M phi, GM-CSF increased T cell proliferation in response to alloantigen. However, TBH M phi-mediated suppression of allorecogntion was further induced by GM-CSF. Allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) cultures, containing normal host (NH) M phi, were either unaffected or enhanced. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a highly suppressive monokine that decreases alloreactivity, did not seem to be involved in the suppression caused by the TBH M phi/GM-CSF interaction. M phi-CSF (M-CSF) addition to cultures did not reverse the suppression caused by TBH M phi and GM-CSF, and inhibition of PGE2 synthesis did not change the response to M-CSF. TBH Ia- M phi, a suppressor population that predominates among splenic M phi during tumor growth, demonstrated significantly lower reactivity in the presence of GM-CSF. In contrast, alloresponses suppressed by NH Ia- M phi demonstrated higher reactivity in the presence of GM-CSF. The data collectively suggest that TBH M phi respond differently to GM-CSF, and that tumor-induced changes in GM-CSF responsiveness affect M phi accessory ability.
Animals↗
Nutrition studies in Thailand: effects of calories, nutrient supplements, and health interventions on growth of preschool Thai village children.
A study of the effects of providing high-calorie and vitamin-mineral supplements to preschool village children retarded in growth and development in Chiang Mai, Thailand was done. The preschool children of 24 villages with a population of approximately 11,000 were divided into five control and intervention groups. The interventions consisted of a village health program, high-calorie snacks, and vitamin-mineral supplements. The supplements when used were provided in day care centers for preschool children. The health and nutrition interventions used did not significantly affect growth during the study period reported from December 1981 to October 1983. Monthly changes in length and weight observed in this and a previous study indicate that growth patterns in Thai children are different from those seen in industrialized societies. Factors other than lack of nutrients and infection may be responsible for the inadequate growth often reported in developing countries.
Body Height↗
Infant outcome, fetal growth, and pregnancy care: relationships in Indonesian university obstetrics.
The risk of perinatal death is displayed for '56 growth combinations', then contracted into 16 gestational age/birthweight categories (GA/BW) with additional control for antenatal visits (AV;CARE) for 36 000 singleton birth deliveries monitored in Indonesia from 1978-1980. For virtually all GA/BW combinations, the risk of perinatal death (PD) drops impressively with pregnancy care (Care effect on PD). Fetal growth curves are then displayed by infant outcome, the BW difference being the deficit birthweight (DBW) that may serve as a specific life-death growth standard (LDGS)--a reference system in relation to which fetal growth curves, to be controlled for factors other than infant outcome, may be studied. By controlling for maternal education and pregnancy care, the fetal growth curve associated with high pregnancy care and low education (HIAV/LOED) is more favorable than that for low pregnancy care and high education (LOAV/HIED). In Indonesia then, pregnancy care is more important than formal education in the reduction of not only perinatal mortality but also low birthweight (Care effect on fetal growth).
Birth Weight↗
Long-term follow-up of children with surgically treated vesicorenal reflux: renal growth.
Renal growth after successful surgical correction of vesicoureterorenal reflux (VUR) in childhood was observed in 137 female and 22 male patients over a mean follow-up period of 10.5 years. The renal parenchymal area was determined using a compensatory planimeter. For each measured value, the standard deviation score (SDS) was calculated by comparison with a normal population. On average, renal growth after reflux operation nearly paralleled the expected normal growth rate. Scarred kidneys had a worse growth prognosis than refluxing renal units (RU) without renal damage, growth retardation being correlated with the degree of pyelonephritic changes. The diminished growth rate of scarred kidneys was accompanied by a compensatory growth of the contralateral kidney. In the absence of renal scars, a modest tendency toward growth retardation was seen in kidneys with previously high degrees of VUR. In 39.7% of the unscarred RU with an initial SDS less than -0.5, accelerated growth (change in SDS of 0.5 or more) was observed. Accelerated growth was most accentuated on small unscarred kidneys (initial SDS less than -2.0).
Adolescent↗
Nutritional support of the medical oncology patient.
Our current ability to favorably influence the adverse consequences of malnutrition in adult patients with established cancer is quite limited. Nutrient provision alone has not been successful in this regard. In fact, the approach of managing cancer patients with weight loss by solely providing calories is almost entirely extrapolated from clinical situations in which the presence of cancer is not a confounding problem and, therefore, may well be seriously flawed. These conclusions may not apply to situations in which special considerations hold, such as childhood malignancies and bone marrow transplantation. Current clinical management strategies for the cancer patient with weight loss require appropriate attention to the potential influence of the selected intervention on more than one parameter. As illustrated in Figure 1, nutritional support, whether by nutrient provision, pharmacologic administration, or a combination approach, differentially influences several parameters including nutritional status, abnormal host metabolism, gastrointestinal symptoms, and/or tumor growth. Changes in these parameters will influence the true end points with clinical relevance, which are patient survival and quality of life. Increased survival of patients with metastatic cancer has been difficult to achieve, even using chemotherapeutic regimens targeted directly at cancer growth. Similarly, nutritional support for patients with advanced cancer has not demonstrated improvement in this refractory parameter. Therefore, at the present time, clinicians must judge whether a nutritional support modality will favorably or unfavorably influence patient quality of life. This end point is of emerging importance in studies of nutritional support in cancer populations. Potential interrelationships among parameters influenced by nutritional support and their effect on clinically relevant end points are conceptually outlined in Figure 1. It is likely that concurrent attention to both optimal provision of nutrients and reversal of abnormal metabolism will be required if successful nutritional support approaches are to be described. Currently emerging clinical results provide some optimism for the future, but they do not unequivocally support the present routine application of any one particular nutrition support strategy for the medical patient with cancer.
Cachexia↗
[A study of the growth changes of the alveolar arch in Chinese infants].
Sillman, Abe, and Ichilkawa demonstrated that the alveolar arches of infants change with growth and development. They considered that the shape and dimensions of the dental arch will change as the growth of the alveolar arch in infants proceed. They also suggested that recording the growth pattern of the alveolar arch might help us predict the future development of the dental arch. Our material consisted of maxillary and mandibular casts of 164 Kaohsiung infants. It was obtained after pooling the data of studies of Child Dental Growth and Development for research conducted under the direction of Dr. Tien-Yu Shieh of the School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical College. After being examined at the Pediatric Health Center, Chung Ho Memorial Hospital, K.M.C., 106 male infants and 58 female infants from two months to twelve months of age were selected. All individuals were free of abnormalities, chronic disease, or cleft lip and palate. The dimensions of the upper and lower arches were measured with a vernier in combination with other special devices. The growth and developmental curves of the lengths and widths of the alveolar arches were plotted using the means of the alveolar lengths and widths. Results demonstrated that the dimensional coefficients of variance of the anterior alveolar length were greater than those of the other dimensions. The anterior alveolar length varied the most for any given age (in months). The posterior alveolar width and mandibular whole alveolar length showed the least amount of change from two months to twelve months of age. Comparison of the right and left side of the alveolar vector dimension showed no significant difference. It was noted that the alveolar arches of male and female infants grew rapidly. The growth and developmental curves of the alveolar arches of male infants were more steep and rapid than those of female infants. As compared with previous investigations of the Japanese population, the maxillary anterior alveolar lengths and anterior alveolar widths of the present investigation were greater than those of Japanese infants.
Age Factors↗