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PubMed2026

Comparative Efficacy of Different AI Systems for Polyp Detection by Size During Colonoscopy: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer remains a leading cause of death despite being largely preventable through polypectomy. AI systems designed to enhance polyp detection during colonoscopy have shown promise, but the extent to which they improve detection of different-sized polyps remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the size-stratified efficacy of AI-assisted colonoscopy vs standard colonoscopy using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman (HKSJ) method, and generated exploratory rankings while acknowledging all cross-platform comparisons are indirect. METHODS: This systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science from inception to July 25, 2026, supplemented by citation searching. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing AI-assisted vs standard colonoscopy in adults (≥18 years of age), reporting mean polyp detection counts stratified by size (≤5 mm, 6-9 mm, and ≥10 mm). Two reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0. We conducted frequentist NMA using the HKSJ method with restricted maximum likelihood estimation, calculated 95% prediction intervals (PIs), and assessed heterogeneity using I2 and τ2. Certainty of evidence was rated using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) framework. RESULTS: A total of 13 RCTs (4156 participants) compared 8 AI systems to standard colonoscopy, forming a network without direct AI comparisons. For diminutive polyps (≤5 mm), AI showed a modest advantage (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.21, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.35, 95% PI -1.12 to 1.54), but substantial heterogeneity (I2=86.6%) and wide PI crossing the null indicated high uncertainty. EndoScreener showed the most consistent evidence (SMD 0.36, 95% CI 0.18-0.54). For small and large polyps, effects were minimal (SMD 0.02, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.06, 95% PI -0.03 to 0.07; SMD 0.01, 95% CI 0.00-0.02, 95% PI -0.01 to 0.03). GRADE certainty was very low for diminutive polyps and low for small and large polyps. Sensitivity analysis excluding Tianjin YuJin did not materially change findings. CONCLUSIONS: AI may modestly enhance diminutive polyp detection, but effects on small and large polyps are minimal, with no platform superiority. Given very low to low certainty, findings are hypothesis-generating. This exploratory NMA provides size-stratified comparisons that can inform future head-to-head trial design. Unlike prior reviews aggregating all polyp sizes, we show the overall AI benefit is driven by diminutive polyp detection, providing a framework for targeted deployment-prioritizing AI for diminutive polyp screening, with limited value for larger lesions. Head-to-head trials are urgently needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD420251266932; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251266932.

Colonoscopy↗

PubMed1975

[Stomach polyps in simians at the Sukhumi nursery].

Polyp-like changes in the mucous membrane of the stomach were noted in monkeys of the simian nursery in Sukhumi (100 cases). In 6 baboon hamadryads, in 4 Stum-tailed macaques and in one macaco rhesus they were diagnosed as the so-called polypous gastritis. In 5 Stum-tailed macaques there were noted gigantic folds of the pylorus. Of 84 macacos in 61 animals there was one polyp and in 23 macaques--2 and more polyps. Incidence of polyps among local monkeys was 0.48% in macaques rhesus and 2.3% in Stum-tailed macaques. Among imported monkeys the incidence of polyps was in macaques rhesus--0,31% and in Stum-tailed macaques--9,2%. Polyps in monkeys are considered as disregenatory formations, occasionally associated with parasitizing of helminths. In contrast to man, polyps in monkeys are not considered as precancer processes.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Atypical appearances of benign hyperplastic gastric polyps.

The vast majority of epithelial polyps of the stomach can be divided into two groups: (1) hyperplastic or regenerative polyps, and (2) adenomas. Of the two, hyperplastic polyps are much more common; they are nonneoplastic lesions which are typically asymptomatic, small, smooth-surfaced, and often multiple. Malignant transformation virtually never occurs in this group of polyps. Adenomas are true neoplasms; they are relatively large, have an irregular surface, and show a distinct tendency to undergo malignant transformation. In this paper the radiologic appearances of hyperplastic gastric polyps, with special reference to atypical findings, are discussed and illustrated. It is shown that simple hyperplastic polyps may present any or all of the radiologic criteria suggestive of gastric adenomas or even frank malignancy. Thus, while radiology plays a vital role in the initial detection and followup of gastric polyps, optimum clinical management of the patient is best based on knowledge of the histologic structure of the lesion obtained by endoscopy and biopsy.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

[Endoscopic resection of colonic polyps. A propos of 45 polypectomies].

Endoscopic resection of polyps of the colon is, no doubt, a considerable therapeutic advance. It avoids surgical operation permits histological examination and makes simple biopsy unnecessary. It is indicated in the presence of pediculated polyps of a diameter or less than 3 cm, whatever the site of the polyp. Thus we were able to remove 45 polyps without complications. The method is not indicated in a large size polyp, sessile polyps or diffuse polyposis. The follow-up is still insufficient to assess : 1) the true risk of resection which can only be undertaken after long experience of colonoscopy ; 2) the frequency or recurrent adenomas. Endoscopic resection is at present the simplest method of detection and treatment of carcinoma in situ of the colon of which we observed four cases in our series. The problem of surgical reoperation is discussed.

Colonic Neoplasms↗

PubMed1979

Familial polyposis coli: heterogeneous polyp expression in 2 kindreds.

We describe 2 extended kindreds supposedly manifesting familial multiple adenomatous polyposis coli (FPC), but which show marked heterogeneity in the phenotypic expression of colorectal adenomatous polyps. In one family, 2 individuals had diffuse polyposis at very early ages (7 and 10 years), while 6 others (aged 23 to 72 years) had solitary polyps only. Of the patients with solitary polyps, 2 had associated colonic malignancies (ages 26 and 35), while another had a prophylactic colectomy performed at age 46. In the second family, 5 of the 11 patients with evidence of polyps showed the classical presentation of FPC, while the remainder showed marked phenotypic variation. The marked variability in frequency and location of colon polyps points to the need to reassess our traditional criteria for diagnosis of FPC. The high risk of early onset colon cancer in patients from these families who have the most minimal manifestation, namely isolated polyps, recommends more careful scrutiny of supposedly unaffected members of all FPC kindreds.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

[Cytologic diagnosis of stomach polyps].

Cytological and cytochemical studies of smears, taken during gastrofibroscopy in 36 patients with polyps of the stomach, with the aim to ascertain cytological and cytochemical characteristics of gastric polyps depending upon their histological structure were carried out. It was established that in the case of simple glandular polyps, because of nonspecificity of morphological changes in the stomachal epithelium, a cytological investigation in establishing clinical diagnosis plays a secondary role; the presence of goblet cells in smears makes it possible to verify polyps by means of enterolysis; identification in smears of cells of the proliferating epithelium, possessing a set of pathognomic signs, enables one to diagnose cytologically a corresponding form of polyps.

Cytodiagnosis↗

PubMed1977

Gastric mucosal polyps in pernicious anaemia.

In a 4-year follow-up study of 68 patients with pernicious anaemia gastric polyps were observed in 25 patients. In some patients the polyps seemed to vanish completely from one year to another, while they might ascen or increase in other patients. None of these polyps underwent malignanttransformation during thperiod f observation, and by histological examination they could be classified as non-neoplastic regenerative benign polyps in an atrophic gastric mucosa. In our opinion the surgical attitude to these nonneoplastic gastric polyps in pernicious anaemia should be restrictive.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Multiple gastric polyps and parathyroid adenomas. Report of two cases.

Two cases of multiple gastric polyps associated with parathyroid adenomas are presented. A review of the literature revealed four patients with multiple gastric polyps and multiple endocrine adenomatosis. The possiblity of multiple gastric polyps as a variant of the MEA syndrome complex is explored. Emphasis is placed on the need for thorough endocrine evaluation in patients with multiple gastric polyps.

Adenoma↗

PubMed2026

Endoscopic mucosal resection with precutting vs. anchoring technique using snare tip for 10-25 mm nonpedunculated colorectal polyps: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Modified endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) techniques using a snare tip, precutting EMR (P-EMR) and anchoring EMR (A-EMR), have been developed for the effective resection of nonpedunculated colorectal polyps measuring 10-25 mm. Although previous studies have compared either P-EMR or A-EMR with conventional EMR, no study has directly compared these two snare tip-assisted techniques within modified EMR. This study aimed to evaluate P-EMR and A-EMR in terms of the R0 resection rate and procedure duration. METHODS: This prospective randomized controlled trial enrolled patients with nonpedunculated colorectal polyps measuring 10-25 mm. The patients were randomly assigned to the P-EMR or A-EMR groups. The primary outcome was R0 resection rate, defined as en bloc resection with histologically tumor-free margins. Secondary outcomes included the injection-to-snaring time, total procedure time, and adverse events. RESULTS: Each group included 63 polyps, of which 126 were analyzed in the final evaluation. Both groups achieved high R0 resection rates (93.7% for P-EMR and 88.9% for A-EMR), with no significant difference ( P  = 0.344). However, the A-EMR group demonstrated significantly shorter injection-to-snaring time (181.8 ± 81.9 vs. 320.9 ± 143.5 s, P  < 0.001) and total procedure time (259.7 ± 139.7 vs. 479.8 ± 249.0 s, P  < 0.001). Adverse events, including intraprocedural and delayed bleeding, were comparable between the groups. CONCLUSION: Both P-EMR and A-EMR demonstrated high R0 resection rates for nonpedunculated polyps measuring 10-25 mm. However, A-EMR achieved these outcomes with a shorter procedure time than P-EMR.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

SGLF-Net:Staged Global-to-Local Cross-Scale Fusion Network for Colonoscopic Polyp Segmentation.

Polyp segmentation in colonoscopy images plays a pivotal role in computer-aided medical diagnosis and the early prevention of colorectal cancer. However, existing methods often suffer from performance degradation when confronted with extreme polyp scale variation and polyp boundary ambiguity. To address these challenges, we propose the Staged Global-to-Local Cross-Scale Fusion Network (SGLF-Net), which adopts a novel staged global-to-local learning paradigm to progressively refine segmentation from coarse global semantics to fine-grained local details. Specifically, the Global Semantic Perception Stage integrates a Swin Transformer Encoder and a Dynamic Attentive Decoder (DAD) to construct comprehensive multi-scale contextual representations. The Local Detail Refinement Stage employs an Edge-aware Dynamic Attentive Decoder (E-DAD) to enhance structural fidelity and boundary precision through explicit edge-guided supervision. Furthermore, we introduce the Cross Spatial-Scale Feature Aggregation and Reconstitution (CSSAR) module, equipped with hybrid attention mechanisms, to facilitate efficient semantic structural interaction between the two cascaded stages. Extensive experiments on five public benchmark datasets demonstrate that SGLF-Net consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both segmentation accuracy and boundary preservation.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Metastasis from a pedunculated adenomatous colonic polyp with focally invasive carcinoma: report of a case.

A patient who had metastasis from a focus of invasive carcinoma confined to the head of an otherwise benign pedunculated adenomatous polyp of the sigmoid colon is described. That only 20 such cases have been reported previously attests to the rarity of this phenomenon. Because the morbidity and mortality of radical surgery far outweigh the liklihood of metastasis from such foci of invasive carcinoma in pedunculated adenomatous colonic polyps, local removal is recommended.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2024

S100A9 induces tissue remodeling of human nasal epithelium in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation triggers tissue remodeling in human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells. S100A9, a protein secreted by inflammatory cells, exhibits potent proinflammatory activity. However, its effect on HNE cell remodeling, such as squamous metaplasia, remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects and underlying pathways of S100A9 on HNE cell remodeling and investigate its clinical implications in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS: Cultured HNE cells were treated with S100A9. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed to analyze gene ontology (GO). Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were also analyzed. Additionally, immunohistochemistry and multiplex immunofluorescence were performed on tissue samples obtained from 60 patients, whose clinical informations were also reviewed. RESULTS: GO enrichment analysis indicated that S100A9 induced tissue remodeling in HNE cells toward squamous metaplasia. IPA and KEGG commonly showed that S100A9 affected HNE cells associated with the IL-17 signaling pathway, including target molecules such as matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and small proline-rich protein 2A (SPRR2A). Squamous metaplasia with a marked expression of S100A9 was observed in 50% of CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs). In addition, in multiplex immunofluorescence, the S100A9 in sub-epithelium was co-expressed with myeloperoxidase, a neutrophil marker, and MMP1 and SPRR2A were strongly expressed in epithelial remodeling. Clinically, the expression of S100A9 correlated with sino-nasal outcome test-22 (r = 0.294, p = 0.022) and Lund-Mackay scores (r = 0.348, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: S100A9 induces tissue remodeling in HNE cells. Its increased expression in CRSwNP, particularly squamous epithelium, correlates with disease severity. This suggests the clinical potential of S100A9 as a biomarker for CRS severity.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Bacterial Lysates Add-On Therapy to Reduce Postoperative Recurrence in Nasal Polyps.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the potential role of OM-85 in reducing polyp recurrence (PR). METHODS: A single-center randomized, prospective study was performed to compare the inter-group PR rate, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), CT and endoscopic scores. Hundred patients were randomized to receive either add-on OM-85 (34/50) or control group (43/50); 77 participants completed the 12-month follow-up. The OM-85 group received oral treatment for 10 days, followed by a 20-day washout (Months 1-3 and 7-9). Primary outcome was the PR rate. Secondary outcomes included PROMs, Lund-Kennedy (L-K) scores, Lund-Mackay (L-M) scores, and complete blood count (CBC) parameters. RESULTS: The PR rate was significantly lower in the OM-85 group (8.82%) than in the control group (27.91%, χ 2 = 4.408, p = 0.036). Univariable analysis identified pre-operative Lund-Mackay (L-M) score (p = 0.008) and hyposmia VAS score (p = 0.031) as significant predictors of PR. In multivariable analysis, the L-M score remained an independent predictor (OR = 1.15, p = 0.012), with an optimal cutoff of 10. The OM-85 group showed significant improvements in nasal obstruction, olfactory dysfunction, and mucopurulent discharge at 6 and 12 months (p < 0.05). Lund-Kennedy (L-K) score and 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) score were also significantly improved (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the OM-85 group exhibited elevated white blood cell counts and lymphocyte percentages from 6 months onward (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Adjuvant OM-85 may reduce postoperative PR, with improved endoscopic and symptom scores, potentially mediated by enhanced systemic immune function.

Humans↗

PubMed2025

Weifuchun ( ) exerts therapeutic effects on gastric fundic gland polyps by promoting ferroptosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effects of Chinese medicine Weifuchun (WFC, ) on gastric fundic gland polyps (FGPs). METHODS: FGPs organoids were constructed with patients-derived samples. The morphology and size of FGPs organoids were detected using bright-field imaging. Effective components and corresponding potential targets of WFC were screened using multiple open-source databases and research on Traditional Chinese Medicine or compound formulas. Core genes were identified through protein-protein interaction networks. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses of the core genes were conducted. The interactions between main components and core targets were analyzed through the FerrDb database. The expressions of core targets were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: After WFC treatment, the number and size of FGPs organoids were significantly reduced. Twenty nine active drug components and 162 candidate targets of WFC for treating FGPs were identified, including 37 targets related to ferroptosis. Quercetin, Glaucocalyxin B, Melissoidesin U, Melissoidesin O, Hesperetin, Glaucocalyxin A, Angustifolin, Melissoidesin M, Di-n-octyl phthalate, and beta-sitosterol were identified as the main active compounds. SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta, phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1, and AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 were identified as the primary targets. KEGG pathways related to carcinogenesis, cell proliferation and metabolism, and oxidative stress. WFC promoted FGPs organoids' death and could be reversed by ferroptosis inhibitor of Erastin. The qRT-PCR results showed that WFC treatment could regulate the mRNA expression levels of solute carrier family 7 member 11, acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase, type B. CONCLUSION: WFC may exert its therapeutic effects by inducing ferroptosis in FGPs cells.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

[The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of benign polyps of the ureter (author's transl)].

The radiological appearances of fibro-epithelial polyps of the ureter are demonstrated by four cases and the differential diagnosis is discussed. These mesenchymal tumors are characterised by their variable position and change in shape during the course of a retrograde pyelogram; they appear as smooth intraluminal filling defects with a narrow base and occasionally a racemose pattern. In general, they do not cause ureteric obstruction--and are more common on the left and in the proximal ureter.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Multiple benign ureteral fibrous polyps.

Two cases of benign polyps of the ureter are reported with emphasis on the uroradiological features and methods of evaluation in the diagnosis of benign mesodermal tumors of the ureter. The apparently excellent results from conservative surgery make the recognition and preoperative roentgenologic diagnosis of this entity mandatory.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

[A "hairy polyp" of the throat causes larynx occlusion in a newborn (author's transl)].

A case of "polyp with hair" in the throat is reported. It's occurence is extremely seldom. It is the simplest form of an epignathus. The birth defect is considered as an uncomplete dual formation, it is more often found in female than in male newborns. The left palate is the preferred place of occurence. Because it is anchored with a pedicle, the tumor may change it's position resulting in an occlusion of the larynx, as it was in this case. Recurrence after surgery is not known.

Female↗

PubMed1976

An electrophysiological study of mechanisms controlling polyp retraction in colonies of the scleractinian coral Goniopora lobata.

1. Electrical or mechanical stimulation of Goniopora lobata produces coordinated retraction of polyps in the colony. With repetitive stimulation, the response spreads in linear, radial increments which become successively smaller with each stimulus. 2. Electrical activity recorded from these colonies is interpreted as originating in a conduction system responsible for effecting the colonial retraction response. The electrical activity spreads incrementally through the colony in a similar manner to the behavioural response. 3. Various hypotheses have been proposed to account for such a spread of electrical acitvity. Of these, only interneural facilitation is of appreciable importance to Goniopora. 4. Temporary termination of a pathway, by the passage of an impulse through it, was found and interpreted as being an additional and important property of the colonial conduction system.

Animals↗