Methyl methacrylate and polymethyl methacrylate.
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Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
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Silver polymethyl methacrylate antibacterial bone cement.
An improved antibacterial bone cement was sought based on the addition of low concentrations of inorganic silver compounds to polymethyl methacrylate. Composites with AgCl, Ag-AgCl, Ag2O, Ag2SO4 and Ag3PO4 in concentrations of 0.05% to 1% by weight, were tested in vitro against bacterial cultures. All were effective, but Ag2SO4 was especially so, even after 7 weeks of incubation in normal saline. Compressive strength of the cement was not affected by these additions, except in the case of Ag2O. Biocompabibility tests in rabbit muscle for up to 12 weeks showed no significant difference between the Ag -PMM and plain PMM in tissue reactivity, both being minimal. These features, coupled with the broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and low allergic potential of silver, make Ag-PMM an attractive alternative to conventional organic antibiotic/bone cement composites.
Acrylic Resins↗
[Autoradiographic determinations of carbon-14-labeled monomers and residual monomers in the tissues of Wistar rats after implantation of cold-polymerizing polymethyl methacrylate (bone cement) (author's transl)].
Self-setting acrylics, named bone cement, are taken for the reconstruction of bone defects, for the fixation of endothesis and fractures. A disadvantage of these rapid-cure acrylic compounds is the toxicity of its monomer. Infraredspectrographic measurements showed an absolute content of 12,3 per cent monomer in an acrylic-resin-compound-implant. In order to perseive the incorporation of the diffused monomer after implantation of bone cement in rats, the monomer were marked with 14C (radioactive carbon). The autoradiographic examination revealed the excretion of the marked monomer in the urine and an accumulation in kidney, liver and lungs. The results were demonstrated.
Acrylic Resins↗
[Addition of gentamicine to polymethyl methacrylate for therapy of infectious bone diseases. Expeimental in vivo tests].
In experimental in vivo tests the therapeutic effect of Gentamicin added to Palacos is detected in a standardized osteomyelitic infection caused by Staph. aureus haemolyticus. The number of germ populations is reduced significantly by the antibiotic which is released in a microbiologically active concentration. On the other hand the number of germ populations in control trials (without adding an antibiotic) is remaining on a high level. During the time of the tests the appearance of other bacterial is registrated.
Animals↗
[The use of polymethyl-methacrylate balls and beads containing Gentamycin for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis (author's transl)].
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Administration, Topical↗
Strength determination of periodontal splints fabricated from acid-etched retained materials.
Six systems (one polycarboxylate, one polymethyl methacrylate, one unfilled BIS-GMA resin, two combinations of methyl cyanoacrylate and polymethyl methacrylate, and one combination of unfilled BIS-GMA and filled composite resin) were evaluated for in vitro retention to acid-etched human enamel. Also tested were one unfilled-filled resin combination backed by perforated orthodontic band metal and another unfilled resin backed by stainless steel wire mesh. Significant differences in retention were found. Results show that retention depends pril surface and to resist subsequent chemical degradation.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Influence of methyl methacrylate on quantitative gel diffusion assay of immunoglobulins.
Infection is not a common problem following implant surgery using the bone cement, polymethyl methacrylate. When infection occurs, its often disastrous results makes for major complications. Many methods have been used in an attempt to reduce bacterial contamination at the time of implant surgery, but little attention has been given to the problem of possible effects of implant materials on the immune mechanisms of the host. In the experiments reported here, the in vitro effect of methyl methacrylate monomer on human immunoglobulins was determined using a quantitative gel diffusion technique. When methyl methacrylate monomer was added to serum samples containing immunoglobulin, it caused no statistically significant change in the immunoglobulin concentration of immunoglobulin-G, immunoglobulin-A, or immunoglobulin-M. It is possible that methyl methacrylate could affect other types of antigen antibody reactions which may be important in resisting infection, but the evidence reported here indicates that in low concentrations, methyl methacrylate monomer does not affect the normal reactivity of immunoglobulins of the G, M, or A class.
Agar↗
[Studies of the dental methacrylic resins. (V) Effects of molecular weight and temperature on the plasticity (author's transl)].
The plasticity, the douing time, and the working time, of the mixture of powder-liquid type methacrylic resin were measured under the various circumstances of the elapsed time and the certain temperature. Six polymethyl methacrylates, whose molecular weight was prepared by mean of gamma-ray irradiation, were used as the polymer of resin, again methyl methacrylate being used as the monomer of resin. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The plasticity is reduced with the increase of the molecular weight of the polymer. (2) The plasticity, generally, is reduced with the time elapsed, but its values appear at 10 min. and 5 min. elapsed at 16 degrees C and 23 degrees C respectively. (3) The plasticities of the mixtures of polymers with 6 X 10(4), 8 X 10(4), 20 X 10(4) and 34 X 10(4) molecular weights are increased with the increase of temperature. The plasticities of the mixtures of polymers with 60 X 10(4) and 74 X 10(4) molecular weights at 0 min. time elapsed, indicate their maximum value at 30 degrees C. At 5 min. time elapsed plasticities of all mixtures indicate their maximum value at 23 degrees C. Over 5 min. time elapsed, however, the plasticity is reduced with the increase of temperature. (4) The doughing time and the working time are reduced with the increase of molecular weight of the polymer and the temperature.
Acrylates↗
Drug entrapment for controlled release in radiation-polymerized beads.
The preparation of beads including polymer, vinyl monomer, and drug was carried out by low temperature, radiation-induced polymerization. Complete spherical particles were obtained when ethanol was the precipitation medium Polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate and polystyrene were dissolved in various glass-forming monomers, and the drug was dispersed in the mixture. The mixture was dropped into cold precipitation media. The formed monomeric particle was irradiated at low temperatures to produce polymerization. The drug release profiles from polymerized particles were changed by varying the glass-forming monomer and the precipitation medium.
Delayed-Action Preparations↗
Sarin transport across excised human skin II: Effect of solvent pretreatment on permeability.
The effect of pretreating callus membranes with dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, formamide, dioxane, or methyl orthoformate on sarin permeability was studied at three temperatures to determine the activation energy for transport. In addition, the effect of membrane pretreatment on permeability through callus membranes from either a sarin-carboxypolymethylene gel or a sarin-polymethyl methacrylate gel was studied.
Humans↗
A new method for fluorescence immunoassay using plane surface solid phases (FIAPS).
A method distinguished by high sensitivity, low non-specific binding, easy handling, and broad applicability with respect to various antigens is described. Films of polymethyl-methacrylate with plane surfaces were selected as solid phase for adhesive or covalent binding of different antigens (DNA, histone, human, rabbit or goat immunoglobulins). Proteins were covalently bound to the films by the azide method (Orth and Brummer, 1972). Polymethylmethacrylate films thus coated had a negligible autofluorescence and gave minimal non-specific binding of protein. Coated films were used for specificity control of FITC-labeled antibody preparations and in the double antibody and sandwich techniques for detection of antibodies or antigens in sera from man, rabbit and goat. FITC-conjugated hyperimmune antibody, in some cases purified by immunoadsorption was used as second antibody in indirect techniques. The amount of fluorescent-labeled antibody bound per unit of surface area of film was measured by incident light with a Zeiss-Axiomat fluorescence microscope equipped for fluorescence photometry and an uranyl acetate glass plate was used as a standard. The technique appears superior to present methods of quantitative immunofluorescence analysis.
Animals↗
High resolution microchemical analysis using soft X-ray lithographic techniques.
High resolution x-ray lithographic studies of cells from chick embryo hearts dried by the CO2 critical point method have been made with soft x-ray radiation of different wavelengths. A marked difference in the relief replica in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resulting from the differential absorption by the dried cells of carbon K alpha radiation at 4.48 nm and broad band synchrotron radiation (SR) with lambda is greater than 1.5 nm demonstrates the potential usefulness of the technique in making high resolution (approximately or equal to 10 nm) chemical identification of the constitutents which make up the various parts of the cell.
Animals↗
[Histological studies on the healing of mandibular osteotomies in the dog following stable osteosynthesis with the cold polymerizing polymethylmethacrylate "Kallokryl K"].
The disadvantages of methods of accomplishing stable osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures are described and the possibilities of jacketing the fragments with Kallokryl K plastic material, which is a cold-polymerizing polymethyl methacrylate, pointed out. After six months from the surgical operation, the healing under Kallokryl K was clinically and histologically evaluated on canine mandibles subjected to osteotomy and with the periosteum removed from the lower jaw bone. The reaction of both soft tissue and bone to the plastic material attached thereto was also evaluated. The results are discussed in the light of what is presently known about primary and secondary bone healing.
Animals↗
[Determination of the residual monomer diffusion from implanted kallokryl-K bodies and their mandibular tissue reactions].
The paper, after discussing the problems associated with the implantation of cold-polymerizing polymethyl methacrylates, describes the methods and results of determining the diffusion of residual monomers from implanted Kallokryl K bodies. Also described and discussed are histological studies of the implant supporting tissue and possible consequences of the decreasing, but constant diffusion of residual monomers, respectively.
Acrylates↗
[Comparative materials science studies of Evicrol plastic filling material].
The water absorption of Evicrol, its hardness, flexural strength and abrasion resistance were measured and compared with the values found for Adaptic and those for Kallocryl A as a non-filled polymethyl methacrylate plastic. The flexural strength and the abrasion resistance of Evicrol amount to those of Adaptic. The hardness of Evicrol falls also short of that of Adaptic. On the contrary, Evicrol behaves quite differently under water. It was found that the amound of water absorbed by Evicrol is some 3-fold greater than that absorbed by Adaptic, and that saturation is reached considerably slower.
Absorption↗
[The results of experimental and clinical use of Gentamycin PMMA balls (author's transl)].
Authors describe a new method of treatment for bone and soft tissue infections using polymethyl methacrylate balls containing Gentamycin. Advantages of this method can be summarized in 3 points: 1. From the patients point of view saving the rinsing-sucking drainage, early mobilisation etc. 2. From nursing point of view a significant facilitation of the patient's care. 3. From the hospital management's point of view: improved hygienic conditions by eliminating the possible infections related to a rinsing-sucking wet system. Cutting down hospital expences both by abbreviation of the time of hospitalization and saving on expensive antibiotics.
Administration, Topical↗
[Long-term results of plastic skull repairs with acrylic resins].
In the period from the beginning of 1956 until June 1978, we closed 312 skull gaps with acrylic resin. We used Palacos G (group I) 205 times and Refobacin Palacos R (group II) 107 times. Owing to the antibiotic action of Palacos, the infection rate, which was 6.8 per cent in the first group, could be lowered to 1.07 per cent even with a larger range of indications. The cosmetic results were very satisfactory. Owing to only slight changes in consistency and elasticity, a good protection of the brain was ensured. With the exception of one patient who temporarily showed psychic alterations, the acrylic resin was not felt as a foreign body. Disagreeable sensations, especially in case of the action of heat and cold such as are occasionally mentioned by wearers of metal plates, did not occur in our patients. Formation of neoplasms caused by polymethyl methacrylate has been found in none of the patients during the observation period of 20 years. The plastic repair with acrylic resin can be carried out quickly and in a simple manner. It may be used in all regions of the cranium. Even larger defects can be closed in this way.
Acrylic Resins↗
Prosthetic resurfacing of the patella.
Accumulated data from many sources seem to indicate that prosthetic resurfacing of the patella may be an acceptable alternative to patellectomy in the treatment of chondromalacia patellae or patellofemoral arthrosis. A patellar prosthesis which is made of cobalt-chromium alloy is attached to a remnant of the original patella by means of the acrylic cement, polymethyl methacrylate. An analysis fo the results of the use of this prosthesis in 14 knees of 13 patients reveals excellent or good results in 13 cases and one poor result. The longest follow-up period was 2 years and 9 months and the shortest was 6 weeks. Based on current experience and the experience of others, prosthetic resurfacing of the patella may give the patient some years of pain-free patellofemoral function. This is especially true in patients with poor quadriceps reserve in whom the lever-arm distance of the extensor torque should be maiwtained. Until the ideal resurfacing material is developed, the use of presently available patellar prostheses with or without femoral prosthetic components, is recommended for further investigation.
Adolescent↗