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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2025

Genomic insights into karyotype evolution and adaptive mechanisms in Polygonaceae species.

Polygonaceae, with ecological versatility and global distribution, is an ideal system for investigating plant adaptation. However, the genomic mechanisms underlying its karyotype evolution and environmental resilience remain unclear. We herein present chromosome-level genomes of 11 species from 10 Polygonaceae genera. Our analyses reveal that Gypsy retrotransposons are key drivers of genome size variations in Polygonaceae. We reconstructed a Polygonaceae ancestral karyotype comprising 28 proto-chromosomes and elucidated evolutionary trajectories via extensive chromosomal rearrangements. Furthermore, we constructed a cross-genus super pan-genome for Polygonaceae, identifying 80,055 gene families, of which 9,845 (12.30%) are core gene families. Private genes are found to contribute significantly to interspecific differences in adaptability. Notably, gene copy number variations are identified as a critical factor influencing adaptations to diverse niches involving species-specific increases in metabolic pathways. This study provides a genomic framework for Polygonaceae karyotype plasticity and adaptive innovation, offering insights into plant evolution under environmental challenges.

Karyotype↗
PubMed2006

An unusual homoisoflavanone and a structurally-related dihydrochalcone from Polygonum ferrugineum (Polygonaceae).

The homoisoflavanone 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3-(9-hydroxy-phenylmethyl)-chroman-4-one (1) and its structurally related 2',4',6'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxy-alpha-hydroxymethyl-beta-hydroxy-dihydrochalcone (2) along with the known pashanone (3), flavokawin B (4) and cardamonin or alpinetin chalcone (5) pinostrobin (6) and 5,8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxychroman-4-one (7) were isolated from dry leaves of Polygonum ferrugineum (Polygonaceae). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of a homoisoflavanone from the Polygonum genus and the Polygonaceae family, and could be an important chemotaxonomic finding. In addition, the pattern of substitution of this homoisoflavanone is different from others previously reported.

Chalcones↗
PubMed2007

Hybridization and sexual reproduction in the invasive alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) complex in Belgium.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The knotweed complex, Fallopia spp. (Polygonaceae), belongs to the most troublesome invasive species in Europe and North America. Vegetative regeneration is widely recognized as the main mode of reproduction in the adventive regions. However, the contribution of sexual reproduction to the success of these invasive species has only been detailed for the British Isles. An examination was made as to how hybridization may influence the sexual reproduction of the complex in Belgium and to determine how it may contribute to the dispersal of the species. METHODS: Studies were made of floral biology, reproductive success, seed rain, seed bank, germination capacity, seedling survival and dispersal capacity in order to characterize the reproductive biology of the species. Moreover, chromosome counts and flow cytometry were used to assess the hybrid status of seedlings produced by sexual reproduction. KEY RESULTS: In the area investigated, extensive sexual reproduction by hybridization within the complex, including one horticultural species, was demonstrated. A small percentage of seeds may be dispersed outside the maternal clone (>16 m) allowing the formation of genetically differentiated individuals. Seed germination was possible even after a winter cold period. CONCLUSIONS: The extensive sexual reproduction by hybridization could further contribute to the dramatic invasive success of knotweeds in Belgium and should not be underestimated when considering control and management measures.

Belgium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identification and determination of flavonoids in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Polygonaceae) by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry and photodiode array ultraviolet detection.

An analytical method for flavonoids present in the seed extract of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Polygonaceae), using HPLC and a photodiode array detector and interfaced to an electrospray ionisation mass spectrometer, has been developed. Structural information about the flavonols was obtained from the retention time characteristics, the UV-visible spectra and the mass spectra without the need to isolate the individual compounds. The methanol extract of buckwheat contained principally four flavonol glycosides: rutin, quercetin, kaempferol-3-rutinoside and a trace quantity of a flavonol triglycoside.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1968

Lectins in extracts of certain Polygonaceae seed precipitate animal and human serums.

Seeds of four species of Polygonaceae were tested for lectins that precipitate human and animal serums. Rumex crispus, Polygonum convolvulus, and Polygonum pennsylvanicum developed specific precipitate bands on double diffusion on agar gel plates. These bands were enhanced and increased in number when extracts were tested against serums from patients with certain diseases. When tested against lyophilized serum, no precipitate bands developed. The active substance cannot be dialyzed through cellulose membrane against running tap water for 16 hours, and it is heat stable. Extracts from Fagopyrum esculentum developed no precipitate bands.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2002

Two new Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) species, F. gracilipedoides and F. jinshaense from Yunnan, China.

Two new Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) species, F. gracilipedoides and F. jinshaense, are described. Fagopyrum gracilipedoides was only found at Baoshan village, Lijiang district, Yunnan province, China. This species resembles the weedy species, F. gracilipes in morphology but they differ in both mating system and ploidy level; F. gracilipedoides is a heterostylous self-incompatible diploid species (2n = 16), whereas F. gracilipes is a self-compatible tetraploid species (2n = 32). Fagopyrum jinshaense was found along the Jinsha River valley near the border of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet in China. Fagopyrum jinshaense is morphologically similar to F. gilesii, but they differ in the morphology of their inflorescences. Fagopyrum jinshaense has long spike-like inflorescences, whereas F. gilesii has a compact head-like one. Both F. jinshaense and F. gilesii are self-incompatible with heterostylous flowers and are diploid. Interspecific crosses between the two new species and already known species in the urophyllum group of Fagopyrum resulted in the production of self- and cross-sterile hybrids in the species combinations attempted. These results indicated that both new species are reproductively isolated from other Fagopyrum species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequence of the trnK gene intron in chloroplast DNA revealed the following points: 1) F. gracilipedoides, F. rubifolium and F. gracilipes / F. capillatum showed a trifurcating relationship and 2) F. jinshaense formed a clade with F. pleioramosum, F. callanthum, and F. macrocarpum, and was only distantly related to F. gilesii. In the clade of F. capillatum, F. gracilipes, F. gracilipedoides and F. rubifolium, the breakdown of self-incompatibility accompanying genome duplication seems to have occurred twice independently.

China↗
PubMed2000

Intra- and interspecific phylogeny of wild Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) species based on nucleotide sequences of noncoding regions in chloroplast DNA.

The intra- and interspecific phylogeny of Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) species was studied using nucleotide sequence data from two noncoding regions in chloroplast DNA, the trnK (UUU) intron and the trnC (GCA)-rpoB spacer. Thirty-seven accessions of ten species and two unidentified samples in the urophyllum group of Fagopyrum were analyzed. Both of the studied regions showed high variability, including nucleotide substitutions, insertion/deletions, and inversions. Separate parsimony analyses of the two regions generated phylogenies that were largely consistent with each other. A single most parsimonious tree derived from the combined data of the two regions suggested that (1) either F. statice or F. leptopodum was derived from the ancestor more than once, (2) F. gracilipes, a tetraploid species, has recently been derived from diploid ancestor and rapidly spread out to its present distribution areas, and (3) F. pleioramosum, F. macrocarpum, and F. callianthum, three newly discovered species endemic to the upper Min River valley, differentiated from their common ancestral species in the present distribution area.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Structure and ultrastructure of the secretory glands in the genus, Polygonum (L.), section Persicaria (Polygonaceae).

The aim of this paper is to present the structure of exocrine glands in P. glabrum, P. amphybium, P. minus, P. persicaria and P. punctatum, of them from section Persicaria, family Polygonaceae. The observations were performed with light, scanning and transmission electron microscope, using routine techniques for sample preparation. The structures observed at superficial view are composed of four cells flanking a small pore in the middle, and surrounded by a number of rather small cells, followed by normal epidermic cells. In the cross section the structure is composed of a great cavity filled with secretion, and communicated with the external side of the pore. The cavity is internally surrounded by a flat cell epithelium separated from the mesophyll by a layer of parenchymatic cells.

Microscopy, Electron↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of neuropharmacological effects of Rumex maritimus Linn. (Polygonaceae) root extracts.

Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the root of Rumex maritimus Linn. (Polygonaceae) were evaluated for neuropharmacological activities in different models. All the extracts significantly and dose dependently inhibited acetic acid induced abdominal constrictions in mice. The hexane and methanol extract exhibited significant central analgesic activity in the radiant heat method. Only the methanol extract showed statistically significant mild to moderate central nervous system depressant activity assessed by hole cross, open field and hole board test in the mice model.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2004

Flavonoids in translucent bracts of the Himalayan Rheum nobile (Polygonaceae) as ultraviolet shields.

UV-absorbing substances were isolated from the translucent bracts of Rheum nobile, which grows in the alpine zone of the eastern Himalayas. Nine kinds of the UV-absorbing substances were found by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and paper chromatography (PC) surveys. All of the five major compounds are flavonoids, and were identified as quercetin 3- O-glucoside, quercetin 3- O-galactoside, quercetin 3- O-rutinoside, quercetin 3- O-arabinoside and quercetin 3- O-[6"-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)-glucoside] by UV, 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectra, and acid hydrolysis of the original glycosides, and direct PC and HPLC comparisons with authentic specimens. The four minor compounds were characterised as quercetin itself, quercetin 7- O-glycoside, kaempferol glycoside and feruloyl ester. Of those compounds, quercetin 3- O-[6"-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)-glucoside] was found in nature for the first time. The translucent bracts of R. nobile accumulate a substantial quantity of flavonoids (3.3-5 mg per g dry material for the major compounds). Moreover, it was clarified by quantitative HPLC survey that much more of the UV-absorbing substances is present in the bracts than in rosulate leaves. Although the flavonoid compounds have been presumed to be the important UV shields in higher plants, there has been little characterisation of these compounds. In this paper, the UV-absorbing substances of the Himalayan R. nobile were characterised as flavonol glycosides based on quercetin.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2001

Phytoestrogens from the roots of Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygonaceae): structure-requirement of hydroxyanthraquinones for estrogenic activity.

The methanolic extract from the roots of Polygonum (P.) cuspidatum was found to enhance cell proliferation at 30 or 100 microg/mL in MCF-7, an estrogen-sensitive cell line. By bioassay-guided separation from P. cuspidatum with the most potent activity, emodin and emodin 8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside were isolated as active principles. The methanolic extracts from Polygonum, Cassia, Aloe, and Rheum species, which were known to contain anthraquinones, also showed the MCF-7 proliferation. As a result of the evaluation of various anthraquinones from plant sources and synthetic anthraquinones, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, chrysophanol 8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone showed weak activity. On the other hand, alizalin and 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone as well as emodin having the 2- and/or 6-hydroxyl groups showed potent activity. These results show that the unchelated hydroxyl group is essential for strong activity. Emodin and 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone also inhibited 17beta-estradiol binding to human estrogen receptors (ERs) with K(i) values of 0.77 and 0.31microM for ERalpha and 1.5 and 0.69 microM for ERbeta. These findings indicate that hydroxyanthraquinones such as emodin are phytoestrogens with an affinity to human estrogen receptors.

Anthraquinones↗
PubMed2001

Treatment trial of subclinical mastitis with the herb Persicaria senegalense (Polygonaceae).

The possible remedial effect of Persicaria senegalense in bovine subclinical mastitis was studied by in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial tests, using crude extracts and the leaf in different forms. The in vitro test showed that isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Corynebacterium bovis from subclinical cases and an isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a clinical case of mastitis were all inhibited by the three crude extracts at 820 micrograms concentration. An in vivo trial feeding 1.5 kg of the cooked leaf per day for 5 days did not give a significant cure rate, whereas a second trial in which 0.77 kg of leaf powder, equivalent to 3 kg of wet leaf, was fed per day for 5 days resulted in an apparent cure rate of 92.8% (52.8% actual as there was a 40% spontaneous cure rate in the negative control group, in contrast to 80% (40% actual) in the positive control group treated with an intramammary antibiotic preparation. The difference in cure rate between the negative control group and the experimental group given 0.77 kg leaf powder was significant (p = 0.008).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Further sesquiterpenes from Polygonum viscosum (Polygonaceae).

Two new sesquiterpenes, 4-methoxycarbonyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-6-oxo-3,3a,7,8,8a-pentahydroazulene-1-carboxylic acid (viscoazusone) and 1,4-dimethoxy-carbonyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-6-oxo-3,3a,7,8,8a-pentahydroazulene (viscoazulone), were isolated from the whole plant of Polygonum viscosum. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic means.

Azulenes↗
PubMed2001

Nucleotide sequence variation of the chloroplast trnK/matK region in two wild Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) species, F. leptopodum and F. statice.

Nucleotide sequence polymorphisms of the intron of the chloroplast trnK (UUU) gene, including a matK gene, were investigated within two wild Fagopyrum species, F. leptopodum and F. statice, to assess the degree and pattern of the inter- and intraspecific differences in coding and noncoding chloroplast DNA regions in higher plants. Ten and five accessions were used for F. leptopodum and F. statice, respectively. The length of the trnK intron region in these species ranged from 2494 to 2506 bp. In the trnK intron, the net nucleotide substitution number per site (Da) between the two species was 0.00109, lower than the nucleotide diversity (pi), 0.00195 for F. leptopodum and 0.00144 for F. statice, suggesting a low level of interspecific divergence. This result seems to be due to the phylogenetic pattern that both species are interspersed with each other, which was revealed by the phylogenetic analyses based on the nucleotide substitutions and indels. In the matK gene region (1524 bp), seven and two nucleotide substitutions were found within F. leptopodum and F. statice, respectively. All of the nine nucleotide substitutions (eight of which were nonsynonymous) within and between F. leptopodum and F. statice were clustered in the 5' part of the matK gene region, and no variation was found in the 3' part. This suggests that most of the 3' part is occupied by the conserved domains that are important for the binding activity of the gene product to the precursor mRNA, and therefore implies that the 3' part is more functionally constrained than the 5' part.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Topological incongruence between nuclear and chloroplast DNA trees suggesting hybridization in the urophyllum group of the genus Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae).

We performed phylogenetic analyses of Fagopyrum species in the urophyllum group based on nucleotide sequences of two nuclear genes, FLORICAULA/LEAFY (FLO/LFY) and AGAMOUS (AG), and three segments of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), rbcL-accD, trnK intron, and trnC-rpoB spacer. The FLO/LFY and AG sequences turned out to be phylogenetically more informative at the intrageneric level than the cpDNA sequences. Congruence among these gene trees, inferred by a maximum-likelihood (ML) method, demonstrated that topologies were partially incongruent between the nuclear and chloroplast DNA phylogenies. The nuclear DNA sequence data supported a monophyletic relation of F. statice, F. gilesii, and F. jinshaense, whereas the former two species formed another monophyletic relation with the F. capillatum-F. gracilipes-F. gracilipedoides-F. rubifolium clade excluding F. jinshaense in the synthetic cpDNA phylogeny. In addition, two divergent sequences of FLO/LFY were found in F. rubifolium (tetraploid). One of these was sister to F. gracilipedoides and another was sister to F. statice, and a monophyletic relation of these two genes was rejected by a bootstrap analysis. These results suggest that hybridization may have occurred during diversification of Fagopyrum species in the urophyllum group, and that F. rubifolium is possibly allotetraploid species.

Arabidopsis Proteins↗
PubMed2003

[Immunomodulating activity of erythrocytes and their stroma incubated with menadion and heteropolysaccharides Polygonaceae in case of acute hemorrhage].

Effect of animal erythrocytes incubated with glycosaminoglycanes and menadion on the immune response of mice and rats with acute hemorrhage was investigated. The results of the study proves the interest in elaboration of the methods to produce erythrocytes stroma incubated extracorporately with menadion and glucosaminoglycanes. This preparation may be useful for immunomodulating effect in the case of acute hemorrhage and also in other stress situations, connected with changes of erythrocytes properties and activity.

Acute Disease↗