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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Tissue response to intraperitoneal implants of polyethylene oxide-modified polyethylene terephthalate.

Polyethylene terephthalate films surface modified with polyethylene oxide of mol wt 18,500 g/mol (18.5 k) by a previously described technique, were implanted in the peritoneal cavity of mice, along with their respective untreated controls, for periods of 1-28 d. The implants were retrieved and examined for tissue reactivity and cellular adherence. The control polyethylene terephthalate surfaces showed an initial inflammatory reaction followed by an extensive fibrotic response with a mean thickness of 60 microns at 28 d. By contrast, polyethylene oxide-modified polyethylene terephthalate showed only a mild inflammatory response and no fibrotic encapsulation throughout the implantation period: at 28 d a cellular monolayer was observed. Apparently either the polyethylene oxide-modified surface was stimulating less inflammation, which was in turn stimulating less fibroblastic overgrowth, or the cellular adhesion to the polyethylene oxide-modified surface was too weak to support cellular multilayers.

Animals↗

Biological responses to polyethylene oxide modified polyethylene terephthalate surfaces.

Polyethylene oxide (PEO) of molecular weights 5,000, 10,000, 18,500, and 100,000 g/mol was covalently grafted to surfaces of otherwise cell adhesive polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films. Analysis of these surfaces by measurement of contact angles and ESCA verified the presence of the grafted PEO. Protein adsorption assays of radiolabeled albumin and fibrinogen showed a marked reduction in adsorbed protein for the 18,500 and 100,000 molecular weight PEO coupled surfaces. Cell growth assays using human foreskin fibroblasts in culture showed that the higher-molecular-weight PEO surfaces supported cell growth to a much lower extent than the two lower-molecular-weight PEOs. Flow of whole blood over these surfaces and visualization of platelet adherence using epifluorescence video-microscopy showed very low platelet adherence only on the two higher-molecular-weight PEO coupled surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy corroborated these results. It was concluded that PEO of molecular weights neighboring 18,500 and higher was effective in reducing protein adsorption and cellular interactions on these surfaces.

Adsorption↗

Polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron) in intraocular surgery.

Polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron) exhibits properties that make it highly suitable for use in intraocular surgery. These include high breaking and knot strength, good tensile strength retention in vivo, low tissue reaction, high resistance to hydrolysis, and good resistance to light. As a result of a series of animal experiments by Peyman and co-workers, Dacron has been shown to be suitable for fixation of an intraocular lens. Based on this, a series of human experiments was performed. Nine subjects received Dacron-wrapped loop iridocapsular or Dacron-wrapped loop iris fixation lens implants after an extracapsular or an intracapsular cataract extraction (study group). Nine subjects received the same style lens implants without Dacron-wrapped loops (control group). The complications in the study group were insignificant, and postoperative visual acuity was good in all patients. Fixation of the Dacron-wrapped loops to the back of the iris was demonstrated in eight of the nine eyes.

Aged↗

Effect of infections on the degradation of polyethylene terephthalate implants.

The macrokinetics of degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) protheses removed from patients were investigated. Two types of protheses were analysed in dependance on polymer environment: 15 patients were characterized as normal, with post-operation periods of 1-10 years and 7 patients were operated at different times after implantation having a bacterial environment around the implants. The tensile strengths, surface morphology and molecular mass of these samples were compared. The macrokinetics of the PET degradation have been described. The presence of bacteria characterized by acid pH accelerates the loss of tensile strength and molecular mass in the PET corresponding to the mechanism of the polymer matrix destruction. The protheses not subjected to infection have been degraded on the surface. The experimental values of the rate constant may be used for lifetime prediction of the polymer implants in the human body under different conditions.

Bacterial Infections↗

[Bacteriological variations in a medio-mineral water bottled in polyethylene terephthalate containers].

Containers made with PET (Polyethylene-terephthalate) are currently more and more employed in packing industry, particularly for the storage of mineral waters. The increasing utilization of such containers is due to the intrinsic properties of this polymer, which was shown particularly suitable for making bottles devoted to the storage of gassed drinks. The resistance of the PET to high pressure, hits by falls and top-to-down loads indeed makes PET bottles unbreakable; their gas-tightness warrants a good gas maintenance during the storage period; the high transparency of the PET allows a good vision of the contents; the light weight of the bottles and the low temperatures required for their production allow a remarkable saving of energy; lastly PET bottles can easily be recycled. Previous microbiological investigations carried out on several mineral waters bottled in glass bottles and non-PET plastic (i.e. PVC) bottles, had shown higher microbial counts in the water samples stored in plastic bottles. In the present work we have studied the growth rates of the bacterial flora in a sample of non gassed medio-mineral water stored in PET bottles, with respect to a control of the same kind of water, stored in glass bottles. Before using, both PET and glass bottles were washed with 5% Desogen, and sterilized by 100 vol. hydrogen peroxide. After the appropriate sterility checks, the bottles were filled directly from the spring with a non gassed medio-mineral water, and then subdivided into four groups, each consisting of the same number of bottles. A the time of bottling, a bacterial count on such water samples at 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C was performed, in order to establish the "zero" value. One of the two groups of PET bottles, and one of the two groups of glass bottles were stored in the darkness, while the other two groups were stored in the light. Afterwards, one bottle from each group was drawn once a week over one year, in order to measure the bacterial concentration in the water. 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C bacterial counts were done after plating in standard agar. The findings of our study show that the bacterial count in both PET- and glass-stored water increases first, but decreases afterwards, though in a non-uniform rate. Further, light exposure weakly don't affects significantly the bacterial growth, even though, in the average, the bacterial count is lower in the bottles exposed to the light.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Bacteria↗

Flow-cytometric analysis of leukocyte activation induced by polyethylene-terephthalate with and without pyrolytic carbon coating.

Leukocyte activation is one test for the evaluation of blood-materials interaction. The expression of adhesion molecules analyzed by flow cytometry provides a simple method to evaluate leukocyte activation by biomaterials: any change in these molecules can be predictive of the inflammatory activity of the materials. In this study the contact between leukocytes and uncoated polyethylene terephthalate or pyrolytic carbon-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET and PET-PC, respectively) was inspected by analyzing whether the expression of some adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte activation, namely LFA-1 (CD11a/ CD18), Mac-1/CR3 (CD11b/CD18), and LECAM-1 (CD62L) can be modified. By flow cytometry expression of the adhesion molecules can be studied separately on lymphocytes and myeloid cells. The materials tested reduced the total numbers of both leukocytes and neutrophils, although not significantly. Neither PET nor PET-PC changed the expression of the adhesion molecules in lymphocytes: this suggests that no specific immune response is stimulated. On the contrary, statistically significant changes were observed for monocytes and granulocytes: the percentage of cells expressing Mac-1 and the density of such antigens on cell membranes increased while the percentage of LECAM-1 positive cells decreased. Similar changes were observed when the cells underwent the inflammatory stimulus provided by an in vitro challenge with bacterial endotoxin. Our results demonstrated that polyethylene terephthalate activates leukocytes by modifying the expression in neutrophils of the molecules involved in the early phase of the inflammatory response. Even after coating PET with pyrolytic carbon, the ability of this material to activate circulating leukocytes was maintained.

Biocompatible Materials↗

Polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane coatings for endovascular stents: preliminary results in canine experimental arteriovenous fistulas.

PURPOSE: To evaluate polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane as coatings of vascular endoprostheses in the treatment of experimental arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen bilateral carotid artery-to-external jugular vein AVFs were created in 10 adult dogs. Fourteen polyethylene terephthalate-coated and five polyurethane-coated self-expandable nitinol stents were placed with a transfemoral approach. Angiography was performed immediately after placement, after 1 and 3 weeks, and at months 3, 6, 9, and 12. All grafts were examined histopathologically. RESULTS: The AVF was successfully occluded with all but one of the polyethylene terephthalate-coated stents. Graft patency was seen with 12 polyethylene terephthalate-coated stents, while acute vessel occlusion was evident with two polyethylene terephthalate-coated stents following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty immediately after implantation. In the group with polyurethane-coated stents, three graft dislocations and two delayed vessel occlusions were observed. In both groups, histologic examination disclosed a mild foreign body reaction with a few macro-phages. No inflammatory reactions were seen. An unorganized fibrin layer was found adjacent to the polyurethane coating. CONCLUSION: Polyethylene terephthalate-coated nitinol stents showed good biocompatibility and a high rate of occlusion of experimental AVFs. The mechanical properties of the polyethylene terephthalate coating were similar to those of the nitinol stents, which facilitated handling. Polyurethane-coated stents showed frequent dislocation.

Alloys↗

Effect of steam sterilization on polyethylene terephthalate.

Subtle changes on the surface of polymeric materials on autoclaving have been ignored so far. An increase in cyclic trimer content on the surface of polyethylene terephthalate on autoclaving is reported. This increase may affect the biocompatibility of polyethylene terephthalate. Quantification of the cyclic trimer was done by high performance liquid chromatography.

Biocompatible Materials↗

Determination of potential migrants from commercial amber polyethylene terephthalate bottle wall.

Potential migrants were isolated from commercial polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles using Soxhlet extraction. The concentrated extract was then subjected to GC/MS analysis. A total of 19 migrants has been identified. The majority of compounds appeared to be intermediate reaction products or residual monomers of their dehydration and transesterification products. Several processing aids such as fatty acids and commonly used plasticizers were also identified. The amount of seven compounds present in the major portion of exhaustive extract of the PET bottle wall ranged from 800 micrograms/g polymer to as low as 0.6 microgram/g.

Drug Packaging↗

Biocompatibility of polyethylene terephthalate (Trevira hochfest) augmentation device in repair of the anterior cruciate ligament.

The biocompatibility of a 3 mm band made of polyethylene terephthalate (Trevira hochfest) has been tested in an experimental study within right knee joints of 60 sheep. After transsecting the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), two randomized groups were formed. In group I, the ACL was repaired according to the Marshall technique whilst in group II an additional 3 mm polyethylene terephthalate (PET) augmentation band was implanted using the through-the-condyle (TTC) procedure. To assess the biocompatibility of the augmentation device the knee joints of both groups were punctured and the synovial fluids were analyzed before, as well as 2, 6, 16, 26, and 52 weeks after the operation. In addition, the histologic appearance of excised suprapatellar pouches and ipsilateral inguinal and popliteal lymphatic noduli were examined. Comparing both groups no significant differences were found neither before nor after the augmented and non-augmented ACL repair. No pathological increase in the total protein concentration occurred after operation and no significant differences versus the preoperative analysis were found. No synovitis signalling a decrease in the glucose concentration was observed. The cytological examination revealed no increase of the leukocyte cell count results. Within the synovial specimen neither free nor phagocytosed PET wearparticles could be detected. In groups I and II the histological appearance of excised popliteal and inguinal lymphatic noduli showed a normal result. In 25% of the PET augmented ACL repairs, a slight concentration of PET wearparticles and solitary, multinuclear giant foreign body cells could be seen in the histological preparations of suprapatellar pouches.

Animals↗

Platelet and coagulation factor variations induced in vitro by polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron) coated with pyrolytic carbon.

The haemocompatibility of polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron) coated with pyrolytic carbon was examined in vitro, evaluating its capability of inducing adhesion and platelet activation, and of modifying the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Platelet adhesion was evaluated by counting platelets before and after in vitro contact of human plasma with the material under examination. Platelet activation was evaluated by determining platelet factor 4 (PF4) and thromboxane B2. Intrinsic coagulation pathway alterations were studied by determining activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and the activity of single factors. The results obtained show that pyrolytic carbon-coated Dacron induces platelet adhesion, reduction in platelet volume and lower increase in thromboxane production than that obtained after contact with uncoated Dacron. Pyrolytic carbon-coated Dacron does not induce PF4 release, contrary to uncoated Dacron induces a significant release. Moreover, pyrolytic carbon-coated Dacron, induces a significant extension of APTT by reducing the activity of intrinsic pathway factors, particularly factor XI.

Biocompatible Materials↗

Controlled microstructure of two stage polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate coatings on polyethylene terephthalate substrates for potential prosthetic applications.

Two types of polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron) substrates (USCI DeBakey Vasculour-D and USCI Sauvage filamentous) have been selectively coated with Poly-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (P-HEMA) in a two-stage process. Using scanning electon microscopy (SEM) techniques, the microstructural details of the fabrications were identified. The first stage of this process imparted a coating of P-HEMA having a heterogeneous macroporous structure and the second stage yielded an internal surface coating of hydrogel with a homogeneous microporous surface structure. The morphology on a colloidal level was controlled by adjustment of the cosolvent ratios holding other fabrication parameters constant. These microstructural features coupled with the chemical properties of the hydrogel suggest potential medical prosthetic applications. The results of initial canine carotid artery implantations indicate that an endothelial-like cell layer can be established within 21 days on the luminal surface of specific hydrogel impregnated Dacron knitted prosthetic materials. The chemical and morphological properties of a hydrogel impregnated Dacron prosthesis may present a blood flow surface which allows proper conditioning protein and cellular deposition leading to an accelerated endothelial development without the need to preclot the prosthesis wall.

Acrylates↗

Evaluation of polyethylene terephthalate cyclic trimer migration from microwave food packaging using temperature-time profiles.

The polymer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used for packaging food that will be heated or cooked in the PET container. A procedure was developed to predict the potential of PET to migrate from the container into the food. Migration experiments using crystallized polyethylene terephthalate (CPET) and corn oil were performed at 115, 146 and 176 degrees C. From these experiments diffusion coefficients were calculated for the cyclic trimer in PET. By using an Arrhenius plot to obtain the diffusion coefficient and a temperature versus time plot of a microwave susceptor-heated CPET tray, it was possible to predict migration of the cyclic trimer into corn oil under microwave conditions. Predicted values were in good agreement with measured results.

Diffusion↗

Association of polyacrylamide beads to polyethylene terephthalate prostheses.

A method for the coupling of polyacrylamide beads to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) vascular prostheses is described. The reactional procedure used is performed along several steps; acrylic acid grafting on PET textile fibres, in order to introduce reactive carboxylic groups, introduction of terminal primary amine groups onto the beads, and then, attachment method which consists in coupling carboxylic groups of prostheses with amine groups of modified beads. The relative weight increase of the samples before and after the coupling reaction and, microscopic observations of beads distribution onto the prostheses surface demonstrate the binding feasibility of polyacrylamide matrices to PET prostheses. In the near future, authors expect to replace these beads by microcapsules with polyacrylamide wall and containing active compounds to improve the vascular prostheses biocompatibility.

Acrylic Resins↗

In vitro studies of platelet adhesion on laser-treated polyethylene terephthalate surface.

In order to improve blood compatibility, the surfaces of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were treated using CO2 pulsed and KrF excimer lasers. The physico-chemical characterization of the laser-treated PET surfaces was carried out through attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy and contact-angle measurements. The hemocompatibility of the laser-irradiated PET films was examined in vitro to evaluate their capability of inducing platelet adhesion in comparison with unmodified PET. The number of adhered platelets was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity measurement. Platelet adhesion on the untreated PET was relatively high compared to the laser-treated samples. Laser irradiation of PET surface reduced the number of adherent platelets and prevented platelet spreading on the surface. Reduction of platelet adhesion was attributed to the change in morphology, chemical structure, and crystallinity of the PET surface due to laser irradiation with various numbers of pulses. The morphology of adhered platelets on the PET surfaces was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM observations were consistent with the results obtained from LDH activity measurement.

Biocompatible Materials↗

Migration of ethylene glycol from polyethylene terephthalate bottles into 3% acetic acid.

Migration of ethylene glycol (EG) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into the food simulate 3% acetic acid was studied using 32 fluid oz PET bottles filled with 3% acetic acid and stored at 32 degrees C for 6 months. Final concentration of EG in the 3% acetic acid migration solution was about 100 ppb, which is equivalent to about 94 microgram EG/bottle. A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for quantitating EG was developed which is capable of measuring EG levels as low as 50 ppb in the migration solution.

Acetates↗

[The migration of acetaldehyde from polyethylene terephthalate bottles for fresh beverages containing carbonic acid].

The migration of acetaldehyde from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) under various conditions was analysed by headspace gas chromatography and flame ionisation detection. The residual amounts of new PET bottles were about 6.3 mg/kg with a migration value of 200 micrograms/l. On studying the migration at different temperatures and times, behaviour curves characteristic of packing materials made from plastics are obtained. The amount of acetaldehyde diffusing from PET at a temperature of 40 degrees C reached a constant level after 4 days which was about 10% of the residual value of acetaldehyde. On increasing the temperature by 20 degrees C, this level was raised up to 50%. The results of the analysis of acetaldehyde in soft drinks containing carbonic acid show that the migration in fact is not sufficiently high to influence the taste of these soft drinks. A negative effect on the taste may be recognized with mineral waters and soda when they are exposed to higher temperatures (e.g. 40 degrees C or more) over a longer period of time.

Acetaldehyde↗

Visualization method for fingerprints on skin by impression on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) semirigid sheet.

Based on the phenomenon that static electricity attracts dust, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) semirigid sheet coated with printing ink was used to visualize impressions of fingerprints on the skin of living and dead bodies. Compared with visualization methods for perspiration fingerprints, this method recovers better images for a longer time after the fingerprint has been deposited on skin. Fingerprints transferred to the PET sheet are photographed with sidelighting using an ordinary light source. For fingerprints that yield inadequate contrast, an argon-ion laser can be used to improve the contrast.

Dermatoglyphics↗