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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila in community-acquired pneumonia.

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the simultaneous detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila. Oligonucleotide primers for the amplification of the DNA of these three organisms were optimized for use in combination in the same reaction. PCR products were detected by the Micro-Chip Electrophoresis Analysis System. Clinical samples were obtained from 208 community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients who were participants in a multicenter CAP surveillance study performed at seven medical schools and their affiliate hospitals in Japan. No significant differences in the sensitivity of each primer set were observed when tested in both the multiplex and monoplex PCR assays. Our multiplex PCR was able to reliably detect 10 copies/100 microl of each of the three pathogen DNAs. Of the panel of 208 samples, 14 of 15 C. pneumoniae, 10 of 10 M. pneumoniae, eight of eight L. pneumophila and 165 of 176 negative samples were correctly identified. Eleven cases who were the multiplex PCR positive and conventional method negative were observed. The PCR findings were of possible significance in at least four of these patients. Our multiplex PCR assay could potentially be used as a diagnostic and epidemiological tool. Further prospective studies are needed to establish its clinical usefulness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Comparative radiographic features of community acquired Legionnaires' disease, pneumococcal pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, and psittacosis.

The features of the chest radiographs of 49 adults with legionnaires' disease were compared with those of 91 adults with pneumococcal pneumonia (31 of whom had bacteraemia or antigenaemia), 46 with mycoplasma pneumonia, and 10 with psittacosis pneumonia. No distinctive pattern was seen for any group. Homogeneous shadowing was more frequent in legionnaires' disease (40/49 cases) (p less than 0.005), bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia (25/31) (p less than 0.01) and non-bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia (42/60) (p less than 0.05) than in mycoplasma pneumonia (23/46). Multilobe disease at presentation was commoner in bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia (20/31) than in non-bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia (15/60) (p less than 0.001) or legionnaires' disease (19/49) (p less than 0.025). In bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia multilobe disease at presentation was associated with increased mortality. Pleural effusions and some degree of lung collapse were seen in all groups, although effusions were commoner in bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia. Cavitation was unusual. Lymphadenopathy occurred only in mycoplasma pneumonia (10/46). Radiographic deterioration was particularly a feature of legionnaires' disease (30/46) and bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia (14/27), and these groups also showed slow radiographic resolution in survivors. Radiographic resolution was fastest with mycoplasma pneumonia; psittacosis and non-bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia cleared at an intermediate rate. Residual intrapulmonary streaky opacities remained in over a quarter of survivors from legionnaires' disease (12/42) and bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia (5/19).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

In vitro susceptibilities of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to sparfloxacin and PD 127391.

The in vitro activities of two investigational quinolones, sparfloxacin (previously designated AT 4140) and PD 127391, were determined for 30 strains each of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum and compared with those of ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, clindamycin, and erythromycin. Erythromycin was the most active compound against M. pneumoniae (maximum MIC, less than 0.008 microgram/ml). PD 127391 (MICs, less than 0.008 to 0.031 microgram/ml), sparfloxacin (MICs, less than 0.008 to 0.25 microgram/ml), clindamycin (MICs, less than 0.008 to 0.5 microgram/ml), and tetracycline (MICs, 0.063 to 0.25 microgram/ml) were superior to ciprofloxacin (MICs, 0.5 to 2 microgram/ml). Sparfloxacin and PD 127391 were active against M. hominis (MICs, less than 0.008 to 0.031 microgram/ml for each) at concentrations comparable to those of clindamycin (MICs, less than 0.008 to 0.063 microgram/ml) and at concentrations lower than those of ciprofloxacin (MICs, 0.125 to 0.5 microgram/ml). As expected, M. hominis was resistant to erythromycin (MICs, 32 to greater than or equal to 256 micrograms/ml). For U. urealyticum, PD 127391 (MICs, 0.031 to 0.5 microgram/ml) and sparfloxacin (MICs, 0.063 to 1 microgram/ml) were superior to erythromycin (MICs, 0.25 to 4 micrograms/ml), ciprofloxacin (MICs, 0.5 to 8 micrograms/ml), and clindamycin (MICs, 0.25 to 64 micrograms/ml. Both new quinolones were equally active against tetracycline-susceptible as well as resistant strains of M. hominis and U. urealyticum. The possible influence of medium components and/or pH on MICs was evaluated by testing a Staphylococcus aureus reference strain with each antibiotic in SP-4 broth and 10-B broth and comparing the results with published MICs for this strain. MICs determined in 10-B broth for erythromycin were affected most. This study shows that the activities of sparfloxacin and PD 127391 are similar to one another and comparable or superior to those of other drugs used to treat mycoplasmal infections. The MICs of both new quinolones were consistently 2 to several dilutions lower than those of ciprofloxacin for each species.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1990

Comparative in vitro activity of azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin and lomefloxacin against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

The in vitro activity of three macrolides, azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin and a new fluoroquinolone, lomefloxacin, against pathogenic mycoplasma (16 to 18 strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 41 to 77 strains of Mycoplasma hominis, 65 to 104 strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum) was compared. The three macrolides were highly active against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Clarithromycin was the most active macrolide against Ureaplasma urealyticum whereas azithromycin was somewhat more active than erythromycin against Mycoplasma hominis. Lomefloxacin was moderately active against all three mycoplasma species.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed2004

Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila in elderly patients with stroke (C-PEPS, M-PEPS, L-PEPS): a case-control study on the infectious burden of atypical respiratory pathogens in elderly patients with acute cerebrovascular disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Multiple studies have suggested an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether the risk of cerebrovascular disease is associated with Legionella pneumophila infection and the aggregate number/infectious burden of these atypical respiratory pathogens. METHODS: One hundred patients aged >65 years admitted with acute stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and 87 control patients admitted concurrently with acute noncardiopulmonary, noninfective conditions were recruited prospectively. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, we previously reported the seroprevalences of C pneumoniae and M pneumoniae in these patients. We have now determined the seroprevalences of L pneumophila IgG and IgM in this cohort of patients using ELISA. RESULTS: The seroprevalences of L pneumophila IgG and IgM were 29% (n=91) and 12% (n=81) in the stroke/TIA group and 22% (n=86) and 10% (n=72) in the controls, respectively. Using logistic regression to adjust for age, sex, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic ECG, the odds ratios for stroke/TIA in relation to L pneumophila IgG and IgM were 1.52 (95% CI, 0.70 to 3.28; P=0.29) and 1.49 (95% CI, 0.45 to 4.90; P=0.51), respectively. The odds ratios in relation to IgG seropositivity for 1, 2, or 3 atypical respiratory pathogens after adjustment were 3.89 (95% CI, 1.13 to 13.33), 2.00 (95% CI, 0.64 to 6.21), and 6.67 (95% CI, 1.22 to 37.04), respectively (P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: L pneumophila seropositivity is not significantly associated with stroke/TIA. However, the risk of stroke/TIA appears to be associated with the aggregate number of chronic infectious burden of atypical respiratory pathogens such as C pneumoniae, M pneumoniae, and L pneumophila.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Evidence that UGA is read as a tryptophan codon rather than as a stop codon by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Molecular cloning and sequencing showed that Mycoplasma gallisepticum, like Mycoplasma capricolum, contains both tRNA(UCA) and tRNA(CCA) genes, while Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium each appear to have only a tRNA(UCA) gene. Therefore, these mycoplasma species contain a tRNA with the anticodon UCA that can translate both UGA and UGG codons.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1988

In vitro comparison of the activity of doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin and a new macrolide, CP 62993, against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

The in vitro activities of doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin and a new macrolide, CP 62993, against clinical isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 3), Mycoplasma hominis (n = 64) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (n = 33), were compared using an agar dilution method. M. pneumoniae seemed equally susceptible to the two tetracyclines, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of doxycycline were one or two dilution steps lower than the MICs of tetracycline for most strains of M. hominis and U. urealyticum. Ten of the 64 M. hominis strains required greater than or equal to 32 mg/l of tetracycline and 4 to 32 mg/l of doxycycline for inhibition. The MICs of CP 62993 were lower than those of erythromycin for all species tested although as much as 2 to 4 mg/l were required for inhibition of M. hominis. There is microbiological evidence that doxycycline as well as tetracycline might be effective against mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas. For erythromycin this is only true for M. pneumoniae and U. urealyticum.

Azithromycin↗
PubMed2004

The occurrence of Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and herpesviruses in otitis media with effusion.

In a previous report we found Chlamydia (C.) pneumoniae to be present in middle ear fluids (MEE) from older children with otitis media with effusion (OME). However, OME is a disease of younger children the present study was conducted in toddlers. MEEs (n = 150) and nasopharynx samples (n = 83) from children with OME was analyzed by PCR for the presence of C. pneumoniae and Mycoplasma (M.) pneumoniae. C. pneumoniae was not present in any and M. pneumoniae only in one of the MEEs, and these pathogens could be demonstrated in one and two nasopharynx samples, respectively. Further, 133 MEEs were analyzed by PCR for the presence of the 8 human herpesviruses, and all samples were found to be negative. We conclude that neither C. pneumoniae or M. pneumoniae, or any of the 8 human herpesviruses seems to play a major role in the pathogenesis of OME in early childhood OME.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to a new quinolone, trovafloxacin (CP-99,219).

The susceptibilities of mycoplasmas to a new quinolone, trovafloxacin (CP-99,219), were compared with those to sparfloxacin and ofloxacin. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was as susceptible to trovafloxacin (MIC = 0.25 microgram/ml) as to sparfloxacin and fourfold less susceptible to ofloxacin. Mycoplasma hominis was highly susceptible to trovafloxacin (MIC = 0.06 microgram/ml) and sparfloxacin (MIC = 0.03 microgram/ml) and less susceptible to ofloxacin (MIC = 0.5 microgram/ml). Ureaplasma urealyticum was most susceptible to trovafloxacin, with susceptibilities ranging from 0.06 to 0.5 microgram/ml compared with 0.25 to 1.0 microgram of sparfloxacin per ml and 1 to 4 micrograms of ofloxacin per ml.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2000

Intrathecal synthesis of specific antibodies in patients with invasion of the central nervous system by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae commonly causes respiratory tract infections in humans, but it may also be associated with central nervous system manifestations. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the cerebrospinal fluid taken from patients with neurologic symptoms due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection contains specific antibodies and whether the detection of these antibodies can be used for diagnosis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid taken from nine patients with central nervous system symptoms on admission to the hospital. In addition, Mycoplasma pneumoniae was detected in cerebrospinal fluid using polymerase chain reaction in four other patients. Antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae were detected using the enzyme immunosorbent assay, indirect immunoperoxidase assay and immunoblotting in cerebrospinal fluid samples from 14 of 19 patients included in the study. The indirect immunoperoxidase assay showed high titers of Mycoplasma pneumoniae immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgM antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid samples of some patients with meningoencephalitis or meningitis. Titers of specific IgA, IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies were lower, while specific IgG4 was not detectable. Cerebrospinal fluid samples with higher antibody titers also contained IgA, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgM antibodies that recognized the P1 adhesin (170 kDa protein) of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. A comparison of antibody titers of concomitant serum/cerebrospinal fluid samples to Mycoplasma pneumoniae and those to measles virus by enzyme immunosorbent assay suggested the intrathecal synthesis of IgG and IgM antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in patients with acute meningoencephalitis. Data from this study clearly reinforce previous findings that Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an etiologic agent of central nervous system infections in humans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection occurs worldwide and is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in 5- to 20-year-olds. The most reliable diagnostic test is the enzyme immunoassay, which allows immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM titration and presents 92% sensitivity and 95% specificity on paired samples. Potentially active drugs are tetracyclines, macrolides, ketolides, lincosamides, streptogamines, chloramphenicol, and fluoroquinolones. Chlamydia pneumoniae accounts for 6 to 20% of CAP cases, depending on several factors such as setting of the studied population, age group examined, and diagnostic methods used. The current gold standard for serological diagnosis of acute infection is microimmunofluorescence testing. Tetracyclines and erythromycin show good in vitro activity and so far have been the most commonly employed drugs in the treatment of C. pneumoniae infection. New macrolides, ketolides, and new fluoroquinolones are other potentially effective drugs.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Critical analysis of antibiotic therapy of acute respiratory infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae].

Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the most frequently proved causative agent of pneumonia in patients hospitalized in our hospital. During the 6-year period (1980-1985), Mycoplasma pneumoniae was diagnosed in 390 patients with acute respiratory infections. Out of them 315 had pneumonia, and 75 had acute bronchitis with febrility. Pneumonia of older children and of younger adults was caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae mostly. Most of our patients (60.77%) were treated by inadequate antibiotic therapy. In 176 (45.13%) the therapy with mostly inappropriate antibiotic started before hospitalization. This was the main reason why 165 patients (42.31%) were given two or more antibiotics. Only 126 patients (32.31%) were treated rationally with one antibiotic from the group of tetracyclines or macrolides. Doxycycline was the most effective drug, and erythromycin and midecamycin showed the very good result as well. The difference among these three antibiotics was not statistically significant (x2 = 3.188; p greater than 0.05). However, this difference was statistically very significant in relation to penicillin (x2 = 28.082; p less than 0.001). Penicillin was given to 62 patients (15.90%).

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

[Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in adults. Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae].

INCIDENCE: Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections cause 15 to 40% of acute pneumonia cases treated by community physicians. This incidence is lower for cases of pneumonia treated in a hospital setting, falling to less than 3% for cases treated in intensive care units. Incidence varies with the geographical area, season, age and patient population. BRONCHIAL INVOLVEMENT: Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae cause 6 to 15% of all cases of acute bronchitis and are the causal agents in approximately 5% of acute episodes in patients with chronic bronchitis. PATHOGENESIS: Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are general identified as the causal agents on the basis of clinical features, microbiological results and the clinical course. The question of the role of carriers or chronic infection is debated; it most likely has a real effect.

Acute Disease↗