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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Technology innovations and experience curves for nitrogen oxides control technologies.

This paper reviews the regulatory history for nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollutant emissions from stationary sources, primarily in coal-fired power plants. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the six criteria pollutants regulated by the 1970 Clean Air Act where National Ambient Air Quality Standards were established to protect public health and welfare. We use patent data to show that in the cases of Japan, Germany, and the United States, innovations in NOx control technologies did not occur until stringent government regulations were in place, thus "forcing" innovation. We also demonstrate that reductions in the capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs of new generations of high-efficiency NOx control technologies, selective catalytic reduction (SCR), are consistently associated with the increasing adoption of the control technology: the so-called learning-by-doing phenomena. The results show that as cumulative world coal-fired SCR capacity doubles, capital costs decline to approximately 86% and O&M costs to 58% of their original values. The observed changes in SCR technology reflect the impact of technological advance as well as other factors, such as market competition and economies of scale.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1994

Ethnobotany and intellectual property rights.

Contemporary intellectual property law permits only the patenting of an identified active principle from a plant, not the plant or folk information relating to medicinal properties of a plant. The most significant rights of indigenous peoples are those deriving from physical control of the plants and the knowledge pertaining to their use. This control can provide the basis for trade secret protection. Such agreements are enforceable in developed nations and should become so in developing nations. There have been recent efforts to strengthen indigenous peoples' rights over genetic resources and relevant folk knowledge but the most far-reaching of these are not yet a part of international law. Pharmaceutical patents combined with trade secrecy can allow firms to develop and market products and ensure that the nation and/or people from which the material or information was derived are properly rewarded. This does not provide protection from competition or with respect to derived knowledge nor does it act retrospectively. At present, rights under the United Nations Convention on Biodiversity are prospective only. These rights belong to the nation and there is little legal pressure for recompense to be shared with indigenous peoples. A uniform agreement that deals in a balanced way with the relative rights of indigenous peoples and of their governments should be developed by non-governmental organizations.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed2004

"Sufficiency" for living organism inventions under the Patents Act 1990 (Cth).

The Patents Act 1990 (Cth) requires a complete specification to describe the invention. This description is central to the policy objective that the statutory rights under the Patents Act 1990 (Cth) are exchanged for disclosure of the invention, including how to make the invention. In addressing these requirements for "micro-organisms", the Patents Act 1990 (Cth) adopted the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Micro-organisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure (Budapest Treaty) recognising that the "invented" organism itself may be necessary to make and use the invention, and that a formal description may be of limited value or practicability. The scope of the Budapest Treaty does not, however, extend to a significant class of living organisms outside the class defined by the term "micro-organism". This article reviews the application of the description requirements for living organism inventions under the Patents Act 1990 (Cth) and concludes that some form of public availability or deposit requirements are necessary for invented living organisms that are outside the scope of the Budapest Treaty's "micro-organisms".

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Conceptual approaches to the diagnosis of stress-induced functional disorders in humans under conditions of industrial activity].

In accordance with the fundamental concept of the systems symmetrical approach, a model of the body's "ideal functional status" and a polyparametric method for diagnosing the human functional status (the method has been patented in Russia) were developed, on the basis of the unified set of amplitude and time parameters of a complex of physiological parameters (ECG, etc.). The systems symmetrical approach is basically new in defining the ratio of harmonic parameters acting as new diagnostic evidence for the health status. The unchanging ratio of parameters of autovariation processes in the cardiac, vascular, and respiratory systems, their changes in the development of the adaptative syndrome and the value were examined in healthy individuals at rest and during exercise an intensive productive activity (point brazing at a plant of electron devices), and in the trainees. It was demonstrated that the mechanism of development of adaptative processes was associated with the synchronization of autovariations in the cardiorespiratory and vascular systems and the involution of adaptative processes, their break, depletion, i.e. stress, were determined by the imbalance of relationships and the desynchronization of autovariations in these systems. To define a set of cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic parameters is necessary, but insufficient to evaluate (diagnose) the health status and health-disease intermediate diseases (stress and adaptative overtension). The ratio harmonicity of these parameters, i.e. well-balanced relations between the subsystems is the main characteristic. The assessment of the human health status in terms of the reference-the model of the ideal status as the ideal health status without using the complex and indefinite concept of the normal and moderate health status-is conceptual for polyparametric status estimation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Cannabis-based medicines--GW pharmaceuticals: high CBD, high THC, medicinal cannabis--GW pharmaceuticals, THC:CBD.

GW Pharmaceuticals is undertaking a major research programme in the UK to develop and market distinct cannabis-based prescription medicines [THC:CBD, High THC, High CBD] in a range of medical conditions. The cannabis for this programme is grown in a secret location in the UK. It is expected that the product will be marketed in the US in late 2003. GW's cannabis-based products include selected phytocannabinoids from cannabis plants, including D9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). The company is investigating their use in three delivery systems, including sublingual spray, sublingual tablet and inhaled (but not smoked) dosage forms. The technology is protected by patent applications. Four different formulations are currently being investigated, including High THC, THC:CBD (narrow ratio), THC:CBD (broad ratio) and High CBD. GW is also developing a specialist security technology that will be incorporated in all its drug delivery systems. This technology allows for the recording and remote monitoring of patient usage to prevent any potential abuse of its cannabis-based medicines. GW plans to enter into agreements with other companies following phase III development, to secure the best commercialisation terms for its cannabis-based medicines. In June 2003, GW announced that exclusive commercialisation rights for the drug in the UK had been licensed to Bayer AG. The drug will be marketed under the Sativex brand name. This agreement also provides Bayer with an option to expand their license to include the European Union and certain world markets. GW was granted a clinical trial exemption certificate by the Medicines Control Agency to conduct clinical studies with cannabis-based medicines in the UK. The exemption includes investigations in the relief of pain of neurological origin and defects of neurological function in the following indications: multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, central nervous system damage, neuroinvasive cancer, dystonias, cerebral vascular accident and spina bifida, as well as for the relief of pain and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and also pain relief in brachial plexus injury. The UK Government stated that it would be willing to amend the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 to permit the introduction of a cannabis-based medicine. GW stated in its 2002 Annual Report that it was currently conducting five phase III trials of its cannabis derivatives, including a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a sublingual spray containing High THC in more than 100 patients with cancer pain in the UK. Also included is a phase III trial of THC:CBD (narrow ratio) being conducted in patients with severe pain due to brachial plexus injury, as are two more phase III trials of THC:CBD (narrow ratio) targeting spasticity and bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis patients. Another phase III trial of THC:CBD (narrow ratio) in patients with spinal cord injury is also being conducted. Results from the trials are expected during 2003. Three additional trials are also in the early stages of planning. These trials include a phase I trial of THC:CBD (broad ratio) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, a phase I trial of High CBD in patients with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, and a preclinical trial of High CBD in various CNS disorders (including epilepsy, stroke and head injury). GW Pharmaceuticals submitted an application for approval of cannabis-based medicines to UK regulatory authorities in March 2003. Originally GW hoped to market cannabis-based prescription medicines by 2004, but is now planning for a launch in the UK towards the end of 2003. Several trials for GW's cannabis derivatives have also been completed, including four randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trials conducted in the UK. The trials were initiated by GW in April 2002, to investigate the use of a sublingual spray containing THC:CBD (narrow ratio) in the following medical conditions: pain in spinal cord injury, pain and sleep in MS and spinal cord injury, neuropathic pain in MS and general neuropathic pain (presented as allodynia). Results from these trials show that THC:CBD (narrow ratio) caused statistically significant reductions in neuropathic pain in patients with MS and other conditions. In addition, improvements in other MS symptoms were observed as well. Phase II studies of THC:CBD (narrow ratio) have also been completed in patients with MS, spinal cord injury, neuropathic pain and a small number of patients with peripheral neuropathy secondary to diabetes mellitus or AIDS. A phase II trial of THC:CBD (broad ratio) has also been completed in a small number of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as has a trial of High CBD in patients with neurogenic symptoms. A phase II trial has also been evaluated with High THC in small numbers of patients for the treatment of perioperative pain. The phase II trials provided positive results and confirmed an excellent safety profile for cannabis-based medicines. GW Pharmaceuticals received an IND approval to commence phase II clinical trials in Canada in patients with chronic pain, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury in 2002. Following meetings with the US FDA, Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), the Office for National Drug Control Policy, and National Institute for Drug Abuse, GW was granted an import license from the DEA and has imported its first cannabis extracts into the US. Preclinical research with these extracts in the US is ongoing.

Administration, Sublingual↗
PubMed2004

Pycnogenol and vitamin E inhibit ethanol-induced apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells.

Pycnogenol (PYC), a patented combination of bioflavonoids extracted from the bark of French maritime pine (Pinus maritima), scavenges free radicals and promotes cellular health. The protective capacity of PYC against ethanol toxicity of neurons has not previously been explored. The present study demonstrates that in postnatal day 9 (P9) rat cerebellar granule cells the antioxidants vitamin E (VE) and PYC (1) dose dependently block cell death following 400, 800, and 1600 mg/dL ethanol exposure (2) inhibit the ethanol-induced activation of caspase-3 in the same model system; and (3) reduce neuronal membrane disruption as assayed by phosphatidylserine translocation to the cell surface. These results suggest that both PYC and VE have the potential to act as therapeutic agents, antagonizing the induction of neuronal cell death by ethanol exposure.

Animals↗