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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Production of recombinant plant gum with tobacco cell culture in bioreactor and gum characterization.

Many plant gums, such as gum arabic, contain hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), which are also abundant components of the plant cell extracellular matrix. Here we expressed in transgenic BY2 Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) cells, a synthetic gene encoding a novel HRGP-based gum, designated gum arabic-8 or (GA)(8). (GA)(8) encoded eight repeats of the consensus polypeptide sequence of gum arabic glycoprotein (GAGP): Gly-Pro-His-Ser-Pro-Pro-Pro-Pro-Leu-Ser-Pro-Ser-Pro-Thr-Pro-Thr-Pro-Pro-Leu, in which most of the Pro residues were posttranslationally modified to hydroxyproline (Hyp). (GA)(8) was expressed as a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein targeted to the culture medium, (GA)(8)GFP. The culture of the transgenic cells in a 5-L bioreactor showed that the production of (GA)(8)GFP was cell growth-associated. The extracellular yield of (GA)(8)GFP was 116.8 mg/L after 14 days of culture and accounted for 87% of the total fusion protein expressed. (GA)(8)GFP was purified from the culture medium by a combination of hydrophobic interaction, gel permeation, and reversed phase chromatography. Biochemical characterization indicated that the amino acid composition of the (GA)(8) module, after removal of GFP by proteolysis, was virtually identical to that of predicted by the GAGP consensus sequence and that carbohydrate, which occurred as arabinogalactan polysaccharides and small oligoarabinosides O-linked through the Hyp residues, accounted for 84% of the molecules' dry weight. Functional assays showed that (GA)(8) exhibited low viscosity in aqueous solution similar to native GAGP. However, neither GFP alone nor the (GA)(8) module could emulsify orange oil. However, the fusion protein (GA)(8)GFP possessed 1.28-fold better emulsification properties than native GAGP. This work demonstrates the feasibility and potential of a synthetic gene approach to the de novo design of novel glycoprotein-based gums and emulsifiers.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2005

Characterisation of natural polysaccharides (plant gums) used as binding media for artistic and historic works by capillary zone electrophoresis.

The monosaccharide constituents of plant gums were separated by capillary electrophoresis at pH 12.1 and detected with indirect UV absorbance. The plant gums investigated were gum arabic, gum acacia, gum tragacanth, cherry gum and locust bean gum (carob gum). The monosaccharides obtained after hydrolysis with 2M trifluoroacetic acid and lyophilisation of the hydrolysate were arabinose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, xylose, fucose, and glucose, and the two sugar acids galacturonic and glucuronic acid, in accordance with the literature. They were separated in a background electrolyte consisting of NaOH to adjust the pH, 20 mM 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid as chromophore for detection and 0.5 mM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as additive to reverse the electroosmotic flow. Based on their electropherograms, the plant gums could be identified by their typical composition (depicted in a decision scheme) as follows: a peak of glucuronic acid, together with that of rhamnose, is indicative for gum arabic. Peaks of galacturonic acid and fucose point to gum tragacanth. Locust bean gum shows a major peak for mannose (with the concomitant galactose peak in ratio 4-1), whereas a glucuronic acid and a mannose peak together with a prominent arabinose peak indicates cherry gum. The method was applied to identify the plant gums in samples like watercolours and in several paint layers like gum tempera or those with egg white or drying oils as additives. Artificial aging experiments of thin layers of gum arabic on paper or glass carried out with UV-A radiation (366 nm) did not result in changes of the saccharide patterns, in contrast to the simultaneously conducted aging of a drying oil layer.

Art↗
PubMed1977

[Effect of plant gums (swelling materials) on intestinal absorption in experimental animals].

The influence of various gums on the intestinal absorption of glucose and maltose was investigated in the experimental animal. The alterations in the concentrations of sodium and potassium were determined additionally. The following gums were used: alginate (sodium, potassium, calcium salts), Carrageenan, guaran, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose. The absorption of glucose (concentration: 5% = 278 mmol/l) and maltose (concentration: 5% = 139 mmol/l) was not influenced by the addition of gums (concentration: 1%-2%). The hydrolysis of maltose was not inhibited also. Sodium was absorbed from the intestinal lumen if the concentration was higher than 120-150 mmol/l, otherwise sodium was excreted into the lumen. Potassium was absorbed if the potassium concentration was raised above 6-10 mmol/l, otherwise potassium was excreted into the lumen. The neutral gums did not influence the alterations in ion concentration. The gums tested do not influence the digestion and absorption of maltose or glucose. The acid gums are present in the small intestine in the form of their sodium salts. In the large intestine, sodium is exchanged for potassium.

Alginates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of the physicochemical and immunological properties of the plant gum exudates of Acacia senegal (gum arabic) and Acacia seyal (gum tahla).

The physiochemical and immunological properties of three Sudanese gum arabic samples and four gum tahla samples (two Sudanese, one West African and one Tanzanian--Acacia seyal var. seyal) were compared. The optical rotation (ca -30 degrees) and rhamnose (12-14%), arabinose (24-29%), galactose (36-42%), glucuronic acid (16-17%), nitrogen (0.327-0.365%) and protein (2.16-2.41%) contents of the gum arabic samples were consistent with the FAO (1990) specification for Acacia gum. In contrast the gum tahla samples had positive [alpha]D values (+45 degrees to +54 degrees), lower rhamnose (3-4%) and higher arabinose (41-45%) contents and lower nitrogen (0.147-0.175%), and hence protein (0.97-1.15%), contents. All of the gum arabic samples precipitated with beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent and hence were shown to contain arabinogalactan-protein(s) (AGPs), whereas in all but one of the gum tahla samples AGPs were not detected. The strong interaction of gum tahla with a monoclonal antibody known to recognize arabinose residues present in AGPs and arabinogalactans (AGs) was consistent with the observed higher levels of arabinose present in the gum tahla samples relative to the gum arabic samples. The data presented confirm that there are a number of physicochemical and structural differences between gum arabic (A. senegal gum) and gum tahla (A. seyal gum), and that a quick and simple immunological technique (immunodot blots) using an antiAGP/AG monoclonal antibody (MAC 207) could be used to screen for the presence of gum tahla in gum arabic consignments.

Acacia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Poly(acrylonitrile) grafted Ipomoea seed-gums: a renewable reservoir to industrial gums.

Plants of Ipomoea genus are widely distributed in India as wild vegetation and are reported source for the seed gums. Seed gums from Ipomoea dasysperma, Ipomoea hederacea, and Ipomoea palmata plants were grafted with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) using potassium persulfate/ascorbic acid redox initiator for modifying their properties for potential industrial applications. Under identical grafting conditions, the extent of the grafting was observed to be dependent on the galactose-to-mannose ratio and the degree of the branching in the galactomannans. Viscosity, gel formation, film formation, and the shelf life of the grafted gum solutions and water and saline retention capacity of the grafted seed gums were determined and compared with the parent gums. Water retention of the alkalie hydrolyzed grafted seed gums were also studied. Grafted gums were characterized using FTIR, NMR, and XRD analysis.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2006

Microwave-promoted hydrolysis of plant seed gums on alumina support.

Using a catalytic amount of potassium persulfate (1.48 x 10(-4)M), eight different seed gums were fully hydrolyzed on alumina support under microwave irradiation. The hydrolysis time varied between 1.33 and 2.33 min depending upon the seed gum structure. The used solid support could be easily separated from the hydrolyzates and recycled. However, under microwave field in an aqueous medium, the same amount of persulfate was unable to hydrolyze the seed gums. Solid-supported microwave hydrolysis has been compared with the microwave-enhanced aqueous hydrolysis (using K2S2O8 or 0.1N H2SO4) and also with the conventional hydrolysis procedures.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed2004

Characterisation of embalming materials of a mummy of the Ptolemaic era. Comparison with balms from mummies of different eras.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been used to determine the nature of organic materials used in mummification balms. A comparative analysis of samples taken from Egyptian mummies is developed. The results are given in two parts. First, it is shown that the chemical composition of the balm is practically independent of the part of the mummy from which it is taken. This study was done on a Ptolemaic mummy (circa 100 BC from the Guimet Museum in Lyon). Fats, beeswax, and diterpenic resins were the main components: they were found everywhere. Castor oil was also very often detected (in half of the samples). This particular fat is present in the balm inside the thorax but not in the skull. Moreover it is shown that a vegetable tannin was employed. Components indicative of vegetable tannin input (gallic acid and inositols) were found in seven samples out of eighteen, particularly close to the body and on the canopic pack of the heart. Secondly, some conclusions from a comparative study of the composition of balms from mummies of various social levels as well as of different Egyptian periods are reported. It is shown that beeswax was used as from very early times (XVIIIth dynasty). The mixture of beeswax, fats, and diterpenoid resins would appear to be more recent. The balms of three mummies dating from more recent Egyptian periods (XIXth to XXVth dynasty) were analysed. No evidence of a resin, gum-resin, or plant gum could be found. Some mummies would appear to have been embalmed with fats or beeswax. Finally, the entrails canopic pack said to belong to Ramses II undoubtedly shows an embalming process with a triterpenic resin of the mastic type. The adopted analytical methodology enabled us to achieve simultaneous detection of four components of the balm of the Ptolemaic mummy. Analysis of the other five mummies revealed far less complex chemical compositions for the balms. This may be an indication of different embalming processes, although we should bear in mind the question of organic matter preservation through the ages.

Castor Oil↗
PubMed2005

Animal glues in mixtures of natural binding media used in artistic and historic objects: identification by capillary zone electrophoresis.

Animal glues were often used in historic and artistic objects, e.g. as paint ground, as binders for pigments, or as adhesives. The sources were egg, casein, or different collagens. For restoration and conservation purposes it is important to know which kind of animal glue a museum object contains. Capillary electrophoresis can deliver such information, because it enables differentiation among the three proteinaceous glue classes according to their different amino acid patterns after hydrolysis. This work deals with the most relevant problem in practice, whether this identification is obstructed by the presence of other binders, with which they are mixed in many real samples; in particular, interference from plant gums and drying oils was investigated. Capillary electrophoresis of the hydrolysates (after reaction with 6 mol L(-1) HCl) was performed with an acidic background electrolyte consisting of chloroacetic acid (51.9 mmol L(-1)) adjusted with LiOH to pH 2.26. The underivatised analytes were detected with a contactless conductivity detector. It was found that the constituents of the plant gums (monosaccharides) or drying oils (long-chain fatty acids and short-chain dicarboxylic acids) never interfered with identification of the animal glues, as shown for artificial mixtures of the different binders even at tenfold excess over the animal glue, and for egg tempera samples. The method was used to identify the filling material from a statue from the eighteenth century.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Ion chromatography characterization of polysaccharides in ancient wall paintings.

An analytical procedure for the characterisation of polysaccharides and the identification of plant gums in old polychrome samples is described. The procedure is based on hydrolysis with 2 M trifluoroacetic acid assisted by microwaves (20 min, 120 degrees C, 500 W), clean-up of the hydrolysate by an ion-exchange resin, and analysis by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Using this method the hydrolysis time was reduced to 20 min and the chromatographic separation of seven monosaccharides (fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose) and two uronic acids (galacturonic and glucuronic) was achieved in 40 min. The whole analytical procedure allows sugar determination in plant gums at picomole levels, with an average recovery of 72% with an RSD of 8% as tested on arabic gum. The analytical procedure was tested with several raw gums, watercolour samples and reference painting specimens prepared according to old recipes at the Opificio delle Pietre Dure of Florence (Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Italy). All the data collected expressed in relative sugar percentage contents were submitted to principal components analysis for gum identification: five groups were spatially separated and this enabled the identification of arabic, tragacanth, karaya, cherry+ghatty, and guar+locust bean gum. Wall painting samples from Macedonian tombs (Greece) of the 4th-3rd Centuries B.C., processed by the suggested method, showed the presence of a complex paint media mainly consisting of tragacanth and fruit tree gums. Moreover, starch had probably been added to plaster as highlighted by the presence of a huge amount of glucose.

Art↗
PubMed1990

Prevalence of occupational asthma and immunologic sensitization to guar gum among employees at a carpet-manufacturing plant.

Guar gum is a high-molecular-weight agent that can cause occupational rhinitis and asthma. We surveyed the employees at a carpet-manufacturing plant in which guar gum is used to adhere the dye to the fiber; 162/177 of the employees (92%) participated in the first part of the survey that included a questionnaire and skin prick tests with common allergens and guar gum (1 mg/ml). IgE and IgG antibodies to guar gum were also measured in those subjects (133/162 or 82%) who agreed to blood tests. Thirty-seven subjects (23%) had a history suggestive of occupational asthma and 59 (36%), of occupational rhinitis. Eight subjects (5%) demonstrated immediate skin reactivity to guar gum. Eleven subjects (8.3%) had serum IgE antibodies to guar gum. All subjects, except one subject who had a history suggestive of occupational asthma (n = 37) or positive skin tests (n = 4), participated in the second part of the study. A methacholine-inhalation test was performed during a workshift or in the 3 to 4 hours after the workshift. Five subjects had a concentration of methacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV1 of less than 16 mg/ml (significant bronchial hyperresponsiveness) and positive skin reactions to guar gum. Four of these subjects underwent specific inhalation challenges. The remaining subject had a history of severe bronchospastic reaction on exposure to guar gum, and his FEV1 of 1.6 L made specific challenges impossible. Two subjects had typical isolated immediate reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Asthma↗
PubMed2006

Nutritional significance of the selective ingestion of Albizia zygia gum exudate by wild chimpanzees in Bossou, Guinea.

The selective ingestion of plant gum exudates by chimpanzees has been frequently observed at various study sites. At Bossou, Guinea, chimpanzees also frequently ingest Albizia zygia gum exudate. A functional explanation for this behavior is lacking, so we evaluated its possible contribution of energy in the form of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) as well as minerals. An in vitro fermentation study of A. zygia gum using the fecal bacteria of a Bossou chimpanzee showed that carboxylic acids were produced with a 6-hr lag phase up to 44 mmol/l by 18 hr of incubation. Acetate was the most abundant acid produced, followed by lactate and propionate. The energy supplied from the fermentation of a piece of gum exudate (20-30 g) was negligible in comparison with the estimated daily energy requirements of chimpanzees in the wild. However, A. zygia gum exudate (20-30 g) can supply sufficient amounts of calcium, manganese, magnesium, and potassium to fulfill the daily requirements for these minerals in chimpanzees.

Albizzia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the physico-chemical properties of a new polysaccharide gum from Prosopis africana.

The gum obtained from the ripe seeds of Prosopis africana was processed to compendial standard for plant gums and characterised. Toxicological studies of the polysaccharide on mice showed the material to be safe. The material hydrates slowly in aqueous media to form a colloidal dispersion. Swelling studies on the gum shows that the gum has a higher swelling capacity than methylcellulose. Rheological studies showed that the material is more viscous than tragacanth gum at equivalent concentrations. Acid hydrolysis and thin layer chromatography of the resulting hydrolysates showed that the gum contains glucose, fructose, galactose and xylose as the monosaccharide components. Microbial tests showed the gum to contain 8.26 x 10(4) viable cells per gram when freshly prepared. Other properties of the gum evaluated includes; melting or charring temperature, optical properties, true density, ash values, element content as well as its reactions with lead subacetate solution and 0.02 M iodine.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Enzymatic degumming of ramie bast fibers.

Bast fibers from ramie (Boehmeria nivea) were treated with cell-free culture supernatants from an Amycolata sp. and a recombinant Streptomyces lividans strain expressing the Amycolata pectate lyase to investigate the degumming effects of different extracellular polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Culture supernatants from the Amycolata sp. with high pectate lyase activities were most effective in fiber separation and reduced the gum content of ramie fibers by 30% within 15 h. Xylanase activity produced by the Amycolata sp. contributed little to the degumming. Electron micrographs showed that the crude pectate lyase from the Amycolata sp. removed plant gum more efficiently from decorticated ramie bast fibers than the purified enzyme. Similarly, degumming with the crude enzyme of the Amycolata sp. and the recombinant S. lividans strain for 24 h resulted in fibers with a residual gum content of 14.7 and 17.3%, respectively. Degumming with the crude enzyme of the recombinant Streptomyces strain was slightly improved by the addition of a commercial pectinesterase. No significant degumming was observed with the crude enzyme from an S. lividans strain that did not produce the Amycolata pectate lyase. These results indicate that the pectinolytic activity of the Amycolata sp. plays an active role in degumming of ramie bast fibers.

Actinomycetales↗