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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

[Evaluation of tolerance of prolonged physical work as a function of the degree of endurance. I. Useflness of various tests determining physical endurance and the physiological cost of long-term physical exertion].

The physical capacity was determined in 23 men (aged from 19 to 27) using the following set of tests: Astrand and Ryhming's test, PWC170, PWC130, LPI, Crampton's test. The 70 min effort on the bicycle ergometer was considered as the model of prolonged work and the following parameters were accepted as standards of physiological cost of work; oxygen consumption, mechanical efficiency, heart rate during the work, stroke volume and cardiac output as well as the sum of systoles during recovery. The results of the correlation analysis point out that, at a given work intensity. the heart rate depends on results of PWC170 test and the systoles sum during recovery on the results of Crampton's tests. The capacity determined with used tests had no effect on the remaining indices of the cost of physical work.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Development of a method for estimation of physical fitness age for the evaluation of physical performance levels].

The aims of this study are to develop a method for estimation of physical fitness age for the evaluation of physical performance levels and to examine the efficacy and adaptability of the method. Physical fitness data collected on 15,845 subjects from 23 health promotion centers in Japan, during a 2-year period, 1985-1986, were analysed by correlation analysis to find factors which affect physical performance. From this analysis, stature and exercise habit were selected as factors to be considered in the computation of physical fitness age. For determination of physical fitness and its relation to chronological age, four tests, side step, sit-ups, vertical jump and wing lift were selected from results of correlation and multiple regression analysis and an estimation equation for physical fitness age was developed by stepwise multiple regression analysis, in which the subjective variable is physical fitness data and objective variables are chronological age and height, on 9,528 people without habitual physical activities. Physical fitness age for each fitness test was calculated from the equation and mean individual physical fitness age computed. The suitability of the developed method was tested on other groups with results showing that the developed method was generally applicable to the other group and was exact enough to evaluate the characteristics of the physical level of the group. Analysis of the relation between health indices and physical fitness age obtained by this new method, revealed that the group in which physical fitness age is inferior to chronological age contained relatively more hypertensive patients and obese people.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Risk assessment of physical activity and physical fitness in the Canada Health Survey mortality follow-up study.

The effect of physical fitness and physical activity on all-cause mortality and mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer and other causes was examined using a population-based representative sample of the Canadian population. A total of 691 deaths occurred among persons age 30-69 during the 7-year follow-up period. Of these, 37, 33 and 30% died of CVD, cancer and other causes, respectively. The effect of each risk factor on mortality was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Adjustment was made for age, sex, smoking and body mass index in the case of mortality due to CVD, all causes and causes other than CVD and cancer. Models for mortality due to cancer included adjustment for age, sex, smoking and alcohol consumption. For all cause mortality, those individuals who did not pass the physical fitness tests had significantly higher risks of death than those that passed. For CVD mortality, subjects whose physical activity was moderate were protected, and those who did not pass the physical fitness tests had substantially higher risks of death due to CVD. The risk of death due to cancer was not significantly related to physical activity or physical fitness. Persons who failed the physical fitness tests had significantly elevated risks of death due to causes other than CVD or cancer. Our findings support the conclusion that persons who are physically fit have an overall reduced risk of death independent of other major risk factors. Moderate levels of physical activity appear to be protective against cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Relationships between blood pressure and measures of dietary energy intake, physical fitness, and physical activity in Australian children aged 11-12 years.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine associations between blood pressure and dietary energy intake, physical activity, and physical fitness in Australian children. DESIGN: The study was a survey of year 7 children attending schools in metropolitan Perth. SETTING: Survey schools were located in suburbs representative of the range of socioeconomic strata in metropolitan Perth. PARTICIPANTS: Data were obtained on 1311 out of 2045 eligible children (64%). The sample included 681 boys and 630 girls. Mean age was 12.0 (SD 0.4) years. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Triplicate blood pressure measurements were obtained using a Dinamap oscillometric recorder. Dietary energy intakes were computed from two week day 24 h records. Physical activity was assessed using questionnaires. Physical fitness was measured using a shuttle run test. Additional measurements included weight, height, and skinfold thickness at four sites. A previous observation of an inverse relationship between diastolic blood pressure and dietary energy intake in boys was confirmed. There was evidence of an inverse relationship in girls but not in boys between blood pressure and physical activity. There was little evidence of relationships between blood pressure and physical fitness. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with weight and body mass index, dietary energy intake and the chosen measures of physical activity and physical fitness are poor predictors of blood pressure in the population studied.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1992

History of body weight and physical activity of elderly women differing in current physical activity.

Development of overweight and physical activity during life was studied retrospectively in a group of physically active and a group of sedentary elderly women. The two groups of elderly women were selected based on a validated physical activity questionnaire. A previous study on their current dietary intake and nutritional status showed a 12 kg higher body weight in the sedentary group compared to the physically active group, whereas body height did not differ. In order to study the relationship between development of overweight and physical activity in these elderly women, a retrospective study was carried out in 45 subjects. Information about former physical activity was collected by means of a detailed structured interview. Information about body shape and fatness, expressed as 'weight index', was obtained using silhouettes and subjective rating of obesity of subjects compared with peers. Classification of obesity was checked by old photographs rated by interviewers, sizes of clothing and recalled body weight and height. Information was collected about the situation at age 12, 25, 40 and 55 years whereas the mean current age is 71. Weight index was statistically significantly different between the active and sedentary group from age 25 onwards (P less than 0.05). Photographs proved to be useful for a valid and objective categorization. No differences were found in physical activity scores between the groups at age 12, 25, 40 and 55 years. It is concluded that the current difference in body shape and fatness between physically active and inactive elderly women was already present at age 25 and persisted throughout their adult life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Leisure-time physical activity as an estimate of physical fitness: a validation study.

This paper describes a new interview questionnaire for the assessment of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), and its validation as an alternative estimate of physical fitness. British subjects (77 males, 41 females) provided details of their LTPA over a period of a "typical" 2 weeks, enabling the estimation of the energy expended. Physical fitness was assessed with a battery of measures, the optimal single measure being sub-maximal physical work capacity (PWC). The questionnaire showed LTPA to be stable following test-retest administration (r = 0.86; p less than 0.0001) for total LTPA energy expenditure. Total LTPA was found to be significantly related to PWC (r = 0.48, p less than 0.0001), as were very hard (r = 0.55; p less than 0.0001) and hard LTPA (r = 0.38; p less than 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis with PWC as the dependent variable yielded a multiple correlation of r = 0.87, with significant contributions from very hard and hard LTPA. It is concluded that whilst this questionnaire is both reliable and a valid estimate of physical fitness amongst a population consistent in their leisure-time physical activities, there is scope for its further use within larger populations, allowing for an analysis of the effects of age and gender on the associations so far observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Physical fitness or physical activity as a predictor of ischaemic heart disease? A 17-year follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study.

Physical fitness and leisure time physical activity are strongly correlated, and both are inversely correlated with risk of ischaemic heart disease. Does this mean, however, that a very fit man has a lower risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), even if he is inactive? And does it also mean that an unfit, but active man, does not have a lower risk of IHD than an unfit, inactive man? In the Copenhagen Male Study, we analysed the joint effect of fitness and leisure time activity. In 1970/71, 4999 men aged 40-59 years, were classified according to level of physical fitness, i.e. indirectly measured maximal oxygen uptake, and physical activity, and their mortality was recorded over the following 17 years. In sedentary men, fitness was no predictor of future risk of IHD whatsoever. Age-adjusted baseline values were similar in later IHD cases and survivors (32.3 and 32.1 ml O2 kg-1 min-1, respectively: P = 0.91). In medium or highly active men, however, fitness was a strong predictor. The corresponding fitness values were 33.1 and 34.8 ml O2 kg-1 min-1 (P < 0.001). The least fit (two least fit quintiles) physically active men had a lower IHD mortality rate (6%) than the least fit sedentary men (10%). Adjusted for age, social class and smoking in a multiple logistic regression equation, this was estimated to an RR (95% C.I.) of 1.67 (1.06-2.64) (P = 0.027). The two major new findings of this study were (a) that being very fit, provides no protection against IHD--nor all-cause mortality--in sedentary men, and (b) that unfit but sedentary men have a higher risk of IHD than unfit but active men, i.e. those performing light physical activity for at least 4 h per week.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relation of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness to coronary heart disease, Part I: A meta-analysis of the independent relation of physical activity and coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: This paper is the first of two reports that together review the scientific evidence regarding the inverse relation between physical activity and cardiovascular fitness and coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: In Part I, the evidence suggesting a causal link between physical activity and CHD protection independent of other CHD risk factors is reviewed, accounting for bias, confounding, and different study designs. RESULTS: A strong, consistent inverse relation is found. Using meta-analytic techniques, the relative risk of the independent relation of physical inactivity to CHD is 1.37, with a 95 percent confidence interval (1.27-1.48). CONCLUSIONS: A graded biologic response of CHD protection to physical activity is shown, but the intensity, duration, and frequency of activity necessary for CHD benefit remain unclear. Plausible biologic mechanisms for the inverse relation of physical activity to CHD are the risk factor modifications that accrue with physical activity.

Causality↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relation of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness to coronary heart disease, Part II: Cardiovascular fitness and the safety and efficacy of physical activity prescription.

BACKGROUND: This paper is the second of two reports that together review the scientific evidence regarding the inverse relation between physical activity and cardiovascular fitness and coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: Using a MEDLINE search with the key words exercise, physical fitness, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular disease, more than 75 articles were reviewed, evaluating study design, measurement error, bias and confounding, the strength of associations, consistency of results, temporal and dose-response relation, and biologic plausibility. RESULTS: The relative risk in epidemiologic studies comparing the least to the most fit categories ranges from 1.2 to 4.8, which is greater than that for physical inactivity. The differences between cardiovascular fitness (an attribute) and physical activity (a behavior) are highlighted. The range of correlation (r = 0.02 to 0.44) between cardiovascular fitness and physical activity is discussed relative to measurement error and genetic and environmental factors. Studies reporting the safety of regular physical activity suggest an injury rate as high as 35 injuries per 100 persons per year. Efficacy studies limited to secondary prevention trials report a 66 percent compliance rate and 15 percent reduction in total mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The scientific evidence implying a causal relation between cardiovascular fitness and CHD is strongly positive, but the clinical and public health implications are unclear. Further research and clinical guidelines are suggested.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1992

[Physical activity and blood pressure. An epidemiological brief review of primary preventive effects of physical exercise activities].

The relation between physical exercise and blood pressure as well as the risk of hypertension has been investigated extensively during recent years. Cross-sectional studies on exercising and physically fit subjects have shown that endurance capacity (i. e. maximum aerobic capacity) is inversely related to resting blood pressure. However, not all physical activities are associated with lower blood pressure levels; e.g. swimming, weight lifting and competitive cross-country skiing were found to be related to elevated blood pressure values in some studies. Population-based investigations reveal a trend towards lower blood pressure values in physically habitually active persons, with the difference between active and inactive subjects not exceeding 5 mmHg. Three epidemiological cohort studies have consistently demonstrated that sedentary, unfit persons have a 20 to 50% higher prospective risk of hypertension, as compared to exercising, physically fit persons. Some intervention studies with normotensive subjects show a reduction in resting blood pressure of 5 to 10 mmHg at best after several months of aerobic training, while other studies show no effect. At least two factors could be responsible for these somewhat inconsistent observations: 1. exercise intensity may act as an 'effect modifier', since vigorous to maximally hard exercise rather increases than lowers resting blood pressure, 2. in statistical analysis on the effect of physical training on blood pressure, it is crucial whether concomitant changes in body weight and body composition are taken into account: any adjustment for changes in body composition will substantially reduce the magnitude of 'exercise-induced' reductions in blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Pressure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Molecular computer. Biological physics and physics of the real world].

Any mind (man or computer) using Physical laws is a part of physical world, and thus it is necessary to correct physical laws for taking into account influence of the work of real limited computer on the predicted result. If we suppose that univerce was constructed to be supreme regular for mind, then this correction is negligible and on principle there is possibility to calculate relation between fundamental physical and biophysical constants. Two main principle are proposed: 1. The principle of minimum action and uncontrole influence of mind. 2. The maximum asymmetry of elementary particles, which are allowed by first principle. The first principle requires the upper and the lower limits for all physical values, and first of all the upper limit for velocity (c) and the lower limit for action (h). The second principle allows to construct the minimal physical elements for mind.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed1978

A comparison of physical efficiency between Indian physical education and medical students.

The recovery pulse and respiration were analysed to determine the level of physical fitness among the physical education and medical students of Banaras Hindu University. The analysis of the data suggested that physical fitness as measured by recovery rate was better in physical education students than in medical students. Following questionnaire method, it has been noted that the daily activity of physical education students was more than the medical students and probably the reason for higher efficiency in them.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The Tromsø study: physical fitness, self reported physical activity, and their relationship to other coronary risk factors.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the associations between physical fitness, leisure physical activity, and coronary risk factors. DESIGN: This was a cross sectional study of a random sample of men and women, following a population survey. SETTING: The municipality of Tromsø, Norway in 1986-1987. PARTICIPANTS: All men born 1925-1966 and all women born 1930-1966 were invited to the survey; 21,826 subjects attended (81% of the eligible population): of these, 297 men and 312 women, randomly selected, attended the present study (attendance rates 94% in men and 89% in women). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fitness was tested by bicycle ergometry. Physical activity was reported on a questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was performed with fitness and leisure activity as dependent variables, and coronary risk factors as independent variables. Fitness and leisure activity were positively related (p less than 0.05). Prominent findings for fitness were negative associations with age and smoking (p less than 0.05), and positive associations with body mass index in both sexes (p less than 0.01). HDL cholesterol and systolic blood pressure were significant predictors of fitness in men (p less than 0.01). Smoking emerged as a strong negative predictor for leisure activity in women (p less than 0.01), and a negative relation between leisure activity and total cholesterol was found in men (p less than 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that coronary risk factors are more closely linked to physical fitness than to leisure physical activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Physical education for spina bifida children in special schools for the physically handicapped (primary school)].

With a rate of 0.5-1/1,000 of the total number of births in West Germany, spina bifida is next to cerebral paresis one of the most frequent congenital defects. Altogether, fifty places in special schools are needed per one million of inhabitants for spina bifida children. The loss of physical unctions is comparable to that in the case of paraplegia. The variety of medical and psychological problems makes the cooperation of highly different branches of study indispensible in a rehabilitation team (neurosurgeon, neuropediatrician, urologist, orthopaedist, pediatrician, educator, social worker, physical therapist). Each team member must be informed about the complete rehabilitation plan. These children's shortage of environmental experience is mainly due to their backwardness as regards motoric development, which cannot be recovered by means of individual physical therapy alone. On the other hand, additional, specifically selected and organised physical education makes possible the necessary mobility and social experiences. By giving the children exercises suitable for their ages it is hoped to achieve a late maturation and stabilization of the personality. In choosing the exercises it is first of all necessary to go back to the so-called fundamental activities like climbing, hanging by one's hands, sliding, pushing oneself up off the ground, swinging or throwing and catching, before going on to wheel-chair sports. Wheel-chair sport promises a varied selection for group exercises (games) and for everyday use. Using the wheel-chair as sports equipment, it is possible for persons with other types of locomotive handicaps to be integrated into the group. For physical education in special schools the pupils whould be arranged into groups according to their ability in order to keep the groups as homogenous and the children's chances as equal as possible. The most important teaching criteria are in this case: the creation of a happy atmosphere, a high degree of clarity, the fulfilment of individual inclinations, the encouragement of independence, the development of community life and the fulfilment of everyday tasks. In swimming, the spina bifida child differs from the normal child in his greater initial fear and in the existence of contractions, a scoliosis, hyperlordosis or -kyphosis due to the resultant instability of the water. Because of this, specifically oriented swim- and work-aids must be used. The didactic procedure is then the same as in the case of normal children. After the child's familiarity with and safety in the water is assured, one can proceed to individual swimming techniques and in a few cases to sport swimming. Bacteriological examination of the water did not yield any results which could cause objection on the grounds of hygiene.

Child↗
PubMed1977

The use of pedometer and actometer in studying daily physical activity in man. Part II: validity of pedometer and actometer measuring the daily physical activity.

The validity of the pedometer and actometer for estimating the daily physical activity was evaluated by means of an observation study. The physical activity in a classroom of 11 pupils of a kindergarten was assessed by means of a pedometer, actometer and by observation. Besides this an activity questionnaire was completed by the infant-quide. On basis of the individual observation it is clear that the infant-guide can give valuable information about the activity of the children at school. The results of the pedometer attached to the waist and the actometers attached to the ankle were significantly correlated with the results of the observation method. The wrist actometer showed a smaller but still significant correlation with the other variables. Implications of this findings are discussed in regard toward the physical activity. The pedometer results point out that when the percentage of intense activity is high the pedometer tends to underestimate the level of activity. The actometer results indicate that such a motion recorder gives a reliable estimation of activity in children. The findings are discussed in terms of the practical applications of the actometer in the research of daily physical activity and the physical rehabilitation treatment of certain diseases.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

Nutritional status and daily physical activity of handicapped students in Tokyo metropolitan schools for deaf, blind, mentally retarded, and physically handicapped individuals.

Heights, weights, and skinfold thicknesses of 2222 handicapped students aged 3-22 y were measured in the 1984 nutritional survey for handicapped students in Tokyo metropolitan schools for deaf, blind, mentally retarded, and physically handicapped individuals. Although delayed growth was most obvious in physically handicapped students, obesity was already prevalent in many different types of handicapped students, especially those who were mentally handicapped. To estimate daily physical activity, 473 males and 329 females wore a pedometer for 24 h. There were considerable differences in the mean pedometer scores among the four groups of students: deaf greater than blind = mentally retarded greater than physically handicapped. In the female students who could walk normally, pedometer scores were negatively related with both body mass index and percent body fat. The nutritional status in the handicapped students is discussed in relation to daily physical activity.

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed1992

[Physical activity and physical work capacity of patients with initial manifestations of cerebrovascular disorders in arterial hypertension].

The routine protocol of general and neurological examinations and some special questionnaires were used to examine physical activity (FA) and physical working capacity (FWC) in a random population from one of the Moscow districts which included 1200 persons (males and females aged 30-64 years). The majority of the examinees were those who had slight and moderate exercises, mainly sitting work, did few or no physical exercises. The proportion of persons with low physical activity increased with age both among males and females. The ratios generally remained despite the presence of early signs of abnormal blood supply. Bicycle ergometer testings showed a significant reduction in the physical working capacity of the patients with abnormal brain blood supply, in a greater extent, in arterial hypertension. Decreased functional activity and functional working capacity may regarded as one of the risk factors for cerebrovascular disorders, in arterial hypertension in particular, and should be borne in mind in implementing preventive measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Physical performance capacity of children in Norway. Part IV. The rate of growth in maximal aerobic power and the influence of improved physical education of children in a rural community - population parameters in a rural community.

During a period of 4 years the annual increase of the physical performance of 31 boys and 34 girls was examined in a longitudinal study. In spite of the expected mean increase of the physical performance unsystematic annual variations of the increase of the maximal oxygen uptake related to body weight were observed. These variations can only be explained by the variations of the daily physical activity. The fact that in the longitudinal study a clear better performance over the years was observed than in a cross sectional study which was performed in the first year of the longitudinal study confirms this tendency. This can partly be explained by the improvement of the possibilities for physical activities in the community since the begin of the longitudinal study.

Adipose Tissue↗