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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

The postural basis of malocclusion: a philosophical overview.

Over the last 100 years, many theories have attempted to explain the cause of malocclusion. Most have stated that it is inherited, but, more recently, greater emphasis has been placed on the influence of the environment, especially the activity and the posture of the oral soft tissues. Unfortunately, it is not possible to measure long-term posture with any precision, and this has reduced its perceived importance. When some evidence is missing and much of the rest conflicting, there is merit in moving from the traditional "prove-it" attitude to philosophical reasoning to separate the probable from the improbable. We do not know to what extent posture and parafunction might be inherited, but there can be no doubt that facial and dental structures are, at times, strongly influenced by the soft tissues and that some malocclusions appear to have a postural basis. This article undertakes a philosophical examination of the conflicting strands of evidence that link oral posture with malocclusion, hoping to create a theory based solely on the restricted evidence that is broadly accepted by all sides in this age-old debate.

Environment↗
PubMed1997

The aetiology of temporomandibular disorders: a philosophical overview.

Over the last 50 years many theories have been put forward to explain the syndrome currently called 'temporomandibular disorders'. However, it is doubtful whether any single theory fits all the complex features of this condition. The 'multifactorial' explanation also appears flawed. On the assumption that a valid theory should fit the whole evidence, this paper starts by separating the 'predisposing' from the 'initiating' factors, and notes that most existing theories appear to identify the former rather than the latter. The research material is examined in an effort to formulate a theory that is both logical and fits all the known clinical findings.

Disease Susceptibility↗
PubMed1981

The A.D.A. role delineation for the field of clinical dietetics: 1. Philosophical overview and historical background.

"Role delineation" involves identifying responsibilities and supporting skill and knowledge components which must be demonstrated by practitioners as they deliver quality services. As part of its efforts to meet demands for competent clinical dietetic practitioners, the American Dietetic Association conducted a role delineation study for entry-level clinical dietetic personnel. A.D.A.'s efforts in role delineation are situated in the history and future needs of the profession. This investigation was federally funded to identify the "actual" and "appropriate" role responsibilities and supporting skills and knowledge for clinical dietetic personnel. A series of assumptions delimit the conditions underlying role performance. To address the needs of A.D.A. members and organizational entities, immediate use of the A.D.A.-endorsed study products is planned.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1994

Reproductive rights and reproductive behavior. Clash or convergence of private values and public policies?

Using a rational scientific approach upholding public health values, this article notes experience gained from 25 years of cooperative transnational research on reproductive behavior. An overview of world population trends is followed by discussions of reproductive rights as a human right, the utility of acceptability studies of modern methods of fertility regulation, and findings from research on psychological responses to abortion, long-term developmental effects of compulsory pregnancy, and the use of incentives and disincentives to influence family size. There is also consideration of the clash between private values and public policy on reproductive behavior in the United States and the convergence achieved in Denmark and the Netherlands, where rates of unintended pregnancy are among the world's lowest.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1989

A 1 and 6 month follow-up of prenatal diagnosis patients who lost pregnancies.

This paper reports results of an exploratory study of prenatal diagnosis patients who experienced voluntary terminations of pregnancy following the detection of an abnormality or spontaneous miscarriages. The 121 participants were part of the national collaborative Chorionic Villus Sampling and Amniocentesis Study. They completed semi-structured telephone interviews and mailed questionnaires at 1 month and 6 months after the pregnancy losses. Scores on the Profile of Mood States showed that mood levels improved significantly over time. However, there were some declines in loss-related support from partners and others. The persisting distress and difficulties of a minority highlight the variability in women's responses to pregnancy losses. Women who lost pregnancies later in gestation, showed the greatest mood disturbances at initial assessments, used professional mental health assistance after the loss, or reported less satisfactory loss-related support from significant others showed the greatest levels of mood disturbance at the six-month assessment. Follow-up contacts with patients who lose pregnancies should be used to inform women about the variation in possible grief reactions, to assess the extent of support the women are receiving from their partners and significant others, and to provide additional follow-up or referral of those experiencing the greatest distress.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1987

[A dialectic of migration: acculturation and demographic transition].

"It is argued that two types of migration have tended to follow each other. One is a 'colonizing' migration corresponding to a technical, military and economic advantage of one group over another, associated at first with a demographic surge in the first group; the other is a 'social-capillarity' migration occurring when the first, 'colonizing' group has completed its demographic transition and the second has barely started. Two hypotheses concerning the outcome of this process are presented." The need for international cooperation concerning migration is stressed. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Behavior↗