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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Tower of Hanoi and working memory in adult persons with intellectual disability.

Persons with intellectual disability (ID) have been found to perform more poorly than their mental age would suggest in the visuo-spatial problem solving task Tower of Hanoi (TOH). Inefficient performance has been assumed to be related to inability to use sophisticated problem solving strategies because of restricted working memory capacity. In the present study, the TOH performance of adult persons with ID was found to be equal to that of fluid-intelligence-matched general children. However, persons with ID violated the rules of the TOH more often, and needed more trials to solve the TOH problems than the children did. Visuo-spatial and executive working memory tasks were significantly connected to the TOH performance of persons with ID, whereas phonological working memory tasks were not. Poor inhibition ability was related to the poor performance of subjects with ID in the TOH. We suggest that for persons with ID, TOH performance is determined by individual differences in fluid intelligence, controlled attention, and inhibition ability.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Burnout among people working with intellectually disabled persons: a theory update and an example.

The paper offers an overview of the burnout literature connected to work stress and is specially aimed at professionals with responsibilities for persons with intellectual disabilities. In the paper different important key concepts in the burnout literature are both discussed in general terms, and also connected to the different instruments used to assess burnout. The effect of stress and burnout intervention procedures is also discussed thoroughly. At the end of the paper there is an example of an intervention study among staff working with persons with intellectual disabilities. The paper concludes that future progress is to be dependent onempirical tests of theory-based models using research designs that permit causal inferences. In addition there is a growing need for longitudinal designs reporting effects of different intervention approaches, especially among the staff working with persons with intellectual disabilities.

Burnout, Professional↗
PubMed2001

Helicobacter pylori infection in persons with intellectual disability in residential care in Israel.

Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori ) was identified in 1982 by researchers from Australia as a pathogenic factor in peptic ulcer disease. Due to the few studies on H. pylori infection conducted in the population of persons with intellectual disability it was decided to conduct a clinical study in Israel. The purpose of the study was to determine the occurrence of H. pylori infection in persons who presented with severe dyspeptic symptoms and to monitor clinically the effect of treatment. The Division for Mental Retardation in Israel provides service to 6,022 persons in 53 residential care centers and 1 in central Israel was selected for this pilot study. The study has been performed since 1999 and each patient who came to the medical clinic of the institution with severe dyspeptic symptoms was examined clinically and a blood specimen drawn for IgG antibodies to H. pylori (ELISA, Pharmatop Millenia). In case of positive serology, triple drug treatment (amoxycillin, metronidazole, and pantoprazole or omeprazole) was initiated for 1 week. Since 1999 a total of 43 persons (total population in care was 224) had severe dyspeptic symptoms and 42 persons (98%, 26 males, 16 females, mean age 45 years, mean institutionalization 20 years) had Helicobacter infection. All patients were treated for 1 week, but six patients received an extra month of omeprazole due to persistent symptoms. At follow-up, clinically all patients had improvement and only seven still had minor complaints (83% treatment success). Persons with developmental disability, intellectual disability, or mental retardation in residential care presenting with severe dyspeptic symptoms had a high incidence of H. pylori infection. Therefore, we recommend serology or urea breath investigations in this population presenting with dyspeptic symptoms and triple drug treatment for 1 week in case of positive findings.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Conceptualization, measurement, and application of quality of life for persons with intellectual disabilities: report of an international panel of experts.

In this article a number of issues involving the concept of quality of life as applied to persons with intellectual disabilities are summarized, and a number of agreed-upon principles regarding its conceptualization, measurement, and application are presented. We realize that the concepts and models presented in this article will vary potentially from country to country, and even from area to area within countries. The cross-cultural understanding of the concept of quality of life is in its infancy, and we hope that the discourses resulting from the material presented in this article will facilitate both cross-cultural understanding and collaborative work. The article reflects current thought about the conceptualization, measurement, and application of this increasingly important and widely used concept in the field of intellectual disabilities and sets the stage for its continuing development.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1999

Pain measurement in persons with intellectual disabilities.

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to study the utility of nonverbal facial expressions as a research tool for assessing pain in persons with intellectual disabilities. Biases and stereotypes related to age, gender, physical attractiveness, and intellectual disability that may influence the ability of observers to evaluate pain reactions were also examined. DESIGN: Facial reactions to an intramuscular injection of 40 adults (mean age = 49.6 years) with an intellectual disability were videotaped and objectively examined using the Facial Action Coding System. Self-reported pain ratings were obtained using a Colored Visual Analogue Scale for pain. Pain reactions were also rated by untrained observers. RESULTS: A significant proportion of participants (35%) was unable to provide valid self-report. The intensity of objectively coded facial activity as well as observer-rated pain intensity showed significant increases from baseline to injection segments. Observers' pain ratings were primarily determined by the intensity of facial activity and were not significantly affected by stereotypes based on perceived level of intellectual disability, gender, age, or physical attractiveness. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the validity of both objectively coded and observer-rated facial expressions of pain as research tools in treatment outcome studies involving persons with intellectual disabilities. Self-report has substantial limitations for the assessment of pain in this population.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

A survey of aggressive behaviour among a population of persons with intellectual disability in Queensland.

A survey was conducted on aggressive behaviour within a population of 2412 persons with intellectual disability in Queensland, Australia. Two hundred and sixty-one individuals were identified who engaged in at least one form of aggressive behaviour, yielding an overall prevalence of 11%. The relative prevalence of aggressive behaviour was higher among institutionalized persons (35%) when compared to those living in group homes (17%) or other community-based facilities (3%). The aggressive behaviour sample included a higher percentage of males (64%). Most were described as functioning in the severe/profound (54%) or moderate (31%) range of intellectual disability with one-third having no intelligible speech. Two-thirds of the sample received medication for their challenging behaviour, while only one-third had behavioural programmes. Eighty per cent engaged in three or more forms of aggression. Many also displayed self-injury (34%) or property destruction (30%). Surveys of aggressive behaviour may prove useful for coordinating services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Caregiving burden of families looking after persons with intellectual disability and behavioural or psychiatric problems.

BACKGROUND: During the last decade, there has been a growing interest in outpatient support services for persons with intellectual disability (ID) and psychiatric and/or behavioural problems and their families. In this study, we explore the family burden that is associated with children or adults with ID and behavioural or psychiatric problems living at home. METHOD: The research group consisted of 66 clients of In Casa, a project of outpatient treatment. Their average age is 18.97 years and their average IQ 55.37. The Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behaviour (adults) or Reiss Scales for Children's Dual Diagnosis (children) and the Nijmegen Family Situation Questionnaire have been administered. RESULTS: About 62% of the children and 86% of the adults living at home and referred to In Casa have severe psychiatric or behavioural problems as measured by the Reiss scales. The dual diagnosis has a more negative impact on the family situation than the condition of ID only. CONCLUSION: Parents consider the psychiatric or behavioural problems of their child to be an extra burden and feel it more difficult to raise and manage such a child. This impels them to change the situation and to call on the help of external services. Some methodological questions and the implications of the findings in terms of support needs are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Short-term memory in persons with intellectual disabilities and Down's syndrome.

The present study was designed to investigate verbal and spatial short-term memory abilities in persons with Down's syndrome (DS) and intellectual disability (ID) of different aetiology. For this purpose, we compared performances of DS (n = 15; mean mental age = 5.2 years; SD = 1.2 years; mean chronological age = 16.6 years; SD = 2.9 years) and ID subjects (n = 14; mean mental age = 5.8 years; SD = 2.1 years; mean chronological age = 16.4 years; SD = 2.5 years) with those of normally developed subjects matched for mental age (n = 24) on tasks of forward and backward immediate recall of verbal and spatial sequences. Our results are discussed in the light of the Working Memory model developed by Baddeley (1986, 1990). Altogether, our data documents a deficit of verbal and spatial backward spans in persons with DS. The deficit seems to be specific for this particular aetiology group, confirming the hypothesis that ID is not a uniform condition, characterized by an undifferentiated delay of the cognitive development, but rather that it is characterized by a deficit in a complex cognitive system in which some cognitive abilities can be disrupted more than others (Detterman 1987; Vicari et al. 1992).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Elderly persons with intellectual disability: a study of clinical characteristics, functional status, and sensory capacity.

Longer life expectancy is resulting in increasing numbers of elderly adults with intellectual disability (ID). There has been the question whether persons with ID demonstrate early signs of aging before the general population. The aim of this study was to determine if persons with ID (with and without Down syndrome) showed premature aging changes compared with a control group. Elderly persons (n = 24, average age of 61) from one residential care center in Israel and younger adults from another center (n = 37, average age of 45) were compared with elderly residents without ID in an independent living facility. The study considered demographic data, medical data, anthropometric measurements, body fat and body mass index, flexibility, and sensorimotor function tests. The results showed that the persons with ID had basically similar body composition to that of persons without ID, however, the functional performance of elderly adults with ID was more impaired. We postulate that the slower functioning responses may be explained by a less physically active lifestyle, that may accelerate the onset of disease and result in symptoms associated with aging that are detrimental to health. It is therefore important that persons with ID participate in physical activity and exercises in order to promote health and prevent disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effect of differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI) on pica for cigarettes in persons with intellectual disability.

The effect of Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors (DRI) on pica for cigarettes in two intellectually disabled adults was studied using an A-B-A-B treatment design; in addition, the efficacy of using placebo pica stimuli (bread "cigarette butts") was evaluated. Both subjects received 10 15-minute sessions of baseline followed by 10 sessions of DRI, with a reversal to baseline and a repeat of the DRI treatment. Results support the efficacy of DRI with pica, as well as the use of placebo pica stimuli. Generalization was conducted with one of the subjects; results indicate that treatment effects were present when implemented by several ward personnel. The implications of the results for future research were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Five clinical tests to assess balance following ball exercises and treadmill training in adult persons with intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: Incidence rates of falling increase progressively with aging. Preventing or delaying the onset of functional decline is a crucial important goal, because more individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are living well into their sixth and seventh decades. The question of whether walking and ball exercises can effect balance performance has never been reported. This pilot study was conducted to determine the effects of therapeutic training on improving balance capabilities in adults with mild ID. METHODS: The study included 13 women and 4 men, aged 50-67 years (mean age 56.5 years) residing in a residential care center. Five clinical tests were used to determine the "real" picture of the locomotor function and balance before and after the training protocol. Baseline values were determined using 2 control groups of age-matched adults with and without ID. The tests included modified get-up-and-go, full turn, forward reach, sit-to-stand, and one-legged standing. Therapeutic training for 6 months included dynamic ball exercises and treadmill walking with a 2-3% positive inclination. RESULTS: Participants in the program showed little to no improvement in terms of their static and dynamic balance compared to their initial values. Thus, only 2 of the tests showed statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of improvement was noted in both postural and balance control in adults with mild ID as a result of 6 months of intervention by means of ball exercise and treadmill training.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Working memory, intelligence and knowledge base in adult persons with intellectual disability.

Previous studies have suggested that performance in working memory (WM) tasks is deficient in all etiologies and at all levels of intellectual disability (ID). Knowledge about WM structure, cognitive processes reflected in WM tasks, or the long-term memory contribution to WM capacity in ID is. however, not satisfactory. In the present study, WM capacity, WM task requirements, as well as effects between WM, skills, knowledge base, and intelligence were explored in two groups with matched fluid intelligence: adult persons with ID and normally developing children aged 3-6 years. The ID Group performed equally well as the children in WM tasks based on familiar semantic information and were significantly better on all measures reflecting skills and knowledge base. The Child Group performed better in phonological and visuo-spatial WM tasks including nonsemantic information, respectively. In particular, it appeared that the groups differed in their WM performance although they were matched for fluid intelligence. We hypothesize that the ID Group depended more on knowledge support from long-terrm memory whereas the Child Group could benefit more from efficient online WM processes.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1997

[Prevalence of serum anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody in persons with severe motor and intellectual disabilities--comparison between institutionalized persons and persons living at home].

The seroprevalence of an anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody (ELISA) was investigated in institutionalized persons with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID). The rate of seropositivity was significantly higher in persons with SMID under 29 years of age than in age-matched controls and in institutionalized patients with muscular dystrophy. No difference in seropositivity among SMID patients was found between those in our and other institutions. Therefore, it is speculated that Helicobacter pylori infection occurs soon after the institutionalization of SMID patients. Persons with SMID living at home, in their teens and twenties, had lower seropositivity than that of institutionalized patients but higher than controls. These data implicate the life style of persons with SMID and long-term institutionalization as one of important risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A comparison of symbol transparency in nonspeaking persons with intellectual disabilities.

This investigation compared the transparency of 11 different types of symbols representing objects with 40 nonspeaking subjects who experienced various degrees of intellectual disability. The subjects included a number of individuals with physical impairments or autism in addition to mild, moderate, or severe mental retardation. The symbol sets included: nonidentical objects, miniature objects, identical colored photographs, nonidentical colored photographs, black-and-white photographs, Picture Communication Symbols (PCS), Picsyms, Rebus, Self-Talk, Blissymbols, and written words. Statistical analyses indicated that real objects were more readily recognized than were any of the symbol sets and that Blissymbols and written words were more difficult than were any of the other sets. In addition, the results suggest the existence of a hierarchy of difficulty at the object (noun) level for the symbol sets assessed. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for selecting an initial symbol set for nonspeaking individuals. In addition, some suggestions for using the assessment protocols in clinical practice are presented, along with future research implications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Persons with intellectual disability receiving psychiatric treatment.

Determinants of (1) referral to psychiatric services and (2) the amount of mental health care consumed were analysed in a population of individuals with intellectual disability, using data from a cumulative mental health case register in a defined geographical area. Associations between level of disability, gender, age and social environment on the one hand, and psychiatric referral and service consumption on the other were expressed as odds ratios (ORs). Being older (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.5-2.5), having milder intellectual disability (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 0.9-2.3) and living alone (OR = 5.8; 95% CI = 2.8-11.9) predicted a higher probability of receiving psychiatric treatment. Living alone (OR = 15.3; 95% CI = 1.7-136.1) was also associated with higher level of mental health service consumption.

Adolescent↗