International Year of the Disabled Person: disabled and disenfranchised.
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Attitude to Health↗
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Non-disabled opinions on sexual activities and family roles for disabled persons, and disabled persons' views of these opinions.
The aim of the present study was to investigate non-disabled persons' opinions about sexual activities and family roles for the disabled, and then to compare them with disabled persons' views of these same opinions. The sample consisted of 103 persons with visible orthopaedic disabilities in the lower limbs, and 124 non-disabled persons who were chosen to match the characteristics of the disabled group. The subjects responded to statements on sexual activities and family roles with which they indicated agreement or disagreement. Overall, the results indicated the existence of a consistent discrepancy between disabled assumptions about the opinions of the non-disabled persons and the actual opinions expressed by non-disabled subjects.
Adolescent↗
A global perspective on disability: a review of efforts to increase access and advance social integration for disabled persons.
Disability has emerged as a major public health problem worldwide, common to nations presenting disparate levels of socioeconomic development. Failure to integrate social welfare programmes within national development planning exacerbates difficulties arising from limited resources, with a disproportionate impact on disabled persons and other vulnerable groups. Such policy failure allows flagrant inequalities and social injustice to persist. Strategies are emerging, however, that are useful for solving common international problems. Community-based disability prevention and rehabilitation is one emerging solution that has attracted considerable attention worldwide, including in the United States. Following a review of global estimates of disability, which reveal the magnitude of the problem and provide background information for this report, I will summarize major international initiatives designed to prevent disability and ensure comprehensive rehabilitation for disabled persons. I will also analyse the relationships between health, socioeconomic development, and disability. Finally, I will describe community-based rehabilitation, an innovative approach evolving from the World Health Organization's Global Strategy for Health for All by the Year 2000, an approach with potential to eliminate barriers to equal opportunities and social integration for disabled persons.
Community Health Services↗
Awareness about the persons with disability act among leprosy patients and other disabled persons.
To assess the level of awareness about the different provisions of the Persons with Disability Act (PWD Act) among leprosy patients and other disabled, 233 disabled persons from the self-help groups formed by Vadathorasalur Leprosy Control Unit have been interviewed using a structured interview checklist. The results show that 74.7% of the respondents were aware that identity cards are available for the disabled, 56.2% were aware of the free education benefit to the disabled, as low as 35.6% were aware of the scholarships, 33% knew about the employment reservations, 24.9% heard about the housing scheme of the government for the disabled, but 24.5% only knew about law against discrimination, 31.8% came in contact with institutions for the severely disabled and only 16% were aware of the unemployment allowance to the disabled. The level of awareness is low among women with regard to all components of the Act. It was found that students studying up to secondary level were not aware of the availability of scholarships and free education, which needs to be seriously looked into, especially by educational institutions. The level of formal education played a significant role in increasing awareness about the Act among literates. The knowledge is low among persons of all occupations. The study showed that there is a great need for an educational intervention programme to publicize the provisions of the Act among the disabled and their families.
Adolescent↗
[Care required by disabled persons: are official severe disability statistics good enough for requirement analyses?].
The appropriateness of the German Official Severe Disability Statistics for determining the amount of care needed by disabled persons is a controversial issue and therefore in the focus of this article. The criteria for determining the care required by disabled persons are pointed out. Data on prevalence and incidence exemplify that Official Severe Disability Statistics is only partially appropriate for assessing future care requirements. The problems become particularly obvious in topics of data collection, data processing and data storage. The deletion of the statistical data at regular intervals of five years makes long term prognosis almost impossible. While the problems concerning data processing and data storage could be solved by few modifications, the improvement of data collection could only be achieved by including and applying the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) of the WHO.
Activities of Daily Living↗
A Scottish study of persons registered as disabled under the Disabled Persons (Employment) Act, 1944.
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Persons with Disabilities↗
[SOCIOPATHY AND THE LAW ON INSURANCE FOR DISABLED PERSONS A PSYCHIATRIC VIEW CONCERNING THE DRAFT OF THE LAW ON INSURANCE FOR DISABLED PERSONS].
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Adaptation, Psychological↗
[Evaluation of the attitude towards disabled persons of 3rd and 4th year medical students using the "Attitude towards disabled persons" questionnaire. Effect of courses and rotations in physical medicine and rehabilitation departments].
UNLABELLED: Modifications of the medical curriculum have included a compulsory course on disability. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether attendance in a course on disability and/or rotations in physical medicine and rehabilitation departments modify the attitude of medical students towards disabled people. METHODS: All third- and fourth-year students completed a translated version of the ATDPb. This questionnaire rates items evaluating attitude towards disabled people on a 6-point scale (minimum 0; maximum 180). Retro-translation was performed to control the translation. During the second year, all students had attended a general course in ethics. Fourth-year students had attended a 17 hours course on disability, and 21 of 78 had spent 9 weeks in the physical medicine and rehabilitation department. The study compares fourth-year students to third-year students, considered as controls, and students having spent a rotation in the physical medicine and rehabilitation department to others. RESULTS: The mean score of all students was 108.86+/-15.84 (73-160) on the ATDP scale. Males and females did not differ significantly, and the score did not change from that before the course on disability (109.95+/-14.98 vs 107.6+/-16.65, P=0.23) nor after a rotation in the physical medicine and rehabilitation department (113.52+/-11.42 vs 108.54+/-16.03, P=0.14). CONCLUSION: Development and validation of scores that would fit better to the European cultural context would be useful. The present method of theoretical courses and rotations do not improve the attitude of students towards disabled people and should be modified if this objective is to be achieved.
Attitude to Health↗
Does delivery matter? Users' perceptions of the significance of trust in the delivery of the Personal Advisor Service in the New Deal for Disabled Persons.
PURPOSE: In the context of welfare pluralism where government in the UK has been contracting a number of public services out to a range of private and voluntary sector organisations, the aim of this study is to explore the extent to which decisions to become involved in employment support programmes are affected by the users' perceptions of those delivering the service. METHOD: A qualitative design involving two focus groups of fourteen participants was employed to examine the attitudes and perceptions of participants in the government's New Deal for Disabled Persons. The study sample was purposefully selected from client records of Shaw Trust a national charity for disabled persons, one of the organisations who have been contracted by the government to provide this service. RESULTS: Two distinct but related themes of disillusionment with the government and the importance of trust emerged from the focus groups. Overall, the data suggests that the identity of those delivering the service significantly influences the decision to participate. As Shaw Trust is a voluntary organisation promoting the rights of disabled persons they were deemed to be trustworthy. The users were sceptical about the government's commitment to improving the lives of disabled people and were reluctant to engage with the state. CONCLUSIONS: Making the transition from dependency on disability benefits to paid employment is a quantum leap. For many the decision to put themselves forward for voluntary support schemes is affected by the extent to which they believe they can trust the agency delivering the service. It is imperative that the government listen to the service users who have been involved in these projects and learn from their experiences.
Adult↗
[Personality features and social activity of disabled persons with lesions of the central nervous system].
A study of 252 disabled persons with locomotor dysfunction because of infectious, degenerative and traumatic lesions of the central nervous system allowed the authors to specify three variants of the personality characteristics of the disabled. They were shown to play a determinant role in the social activity of the disabled and thus in their adaptation to the conditions of nursing homes.
Adolescent↗
[Can disabled persons have "full social value"?].
Starting out from some value theory-based considerations, the author subsequently questions the concept of being "fully adequate" ("vollwertig", literally: "full value") in light of the human condition, and in particular in its relation to persons with disabilities. In the context of biotic, human life as a fundamental value, a critical discussion ensues of the position held by P. Singer concerning person status of beings, with the degree of biotic perfection of man the focal point of discussion here. Extensive thought is given to the rank of human achievement within the social value system, and its meaning to persons with disabilities. Achievement is accepted as a value, given full awareness of its relativity. For persons with profound disablement, for very old and frail persons, an entitlement, without any counter consideration required, to recognition and valuation of their existence is posited, which includes the need to create overall conditions enabling humane dying in light of the concrete circumstances.
Achievement↗
[Victimization and alcohol problems in the families of disabled persons].
Few research data are available on the addiction problems that occur in the families of persons living with disability. There is even less information on the extent of violence disabled people experience in their families as violence directed at them, and little is known how this is connected to alcohol and drug use that may occur in the families of the different groups of disabled persons as compared to healthy control samples. We sought an answer to this question through a case-control study involving 245 young people with disability and 60 healthy controls, using structured interview methods (EuropASI, EuroADAD) and self-assessment questionnaires (Temperament and Character Inventory, Juvenile Victimisation Questionnaire, Child Abuse and Trauma Scale). The presence of a drinking problem in the family was clearly identified as a predictor of an increased risk of victimization, of the occurrence of various types of victimization events, and of their greater frequency. The strong effect of a drinking problem in the family on substance use, psychiatric state and difficulties in aggression management was also confirmed. The predictive effect of a drinking problem was manifested in various ways in different disability groups. Our data draw attention to the link between victimization and drinking problems that can be observed in the families of disabled people, and to the importance of prevention which could help in improving the quality of life of the persons living with disability.
Adolescent↗
New trends in vocational rehabilitation and employment of disabled persons.
This papers outlines new approaches and concepts aimed at creating employment opportunities for disabled persons in a difficult labour market situation. It relates the new trends to interest engendered by the United Nations International Year of Disabled Persons and the recently proclaimed U.N. Decade of Disabled Persons (1983-1992) with greater participation and involvement of community groups, employers' and workers' organisations inrehabilitation activities. Much of the paper is devoted to changing patterns of sheltered employment including a centralised administration for groups of workshops, introduction of modern management techniques and development of profitable production or sub-contract work. The development of the enclave system of sheltered employment is highlighted whereby groups of severely disabled people work together under special supervision in an otherwise ordinary and undifferentiated working environment. Disable persons' co-operatives, a modular method of vocational training and the ergonomic approach to adaptation of jobs as means of creating jobs for the disabled are discussed in detail. The need to make good the acute lack of trained rehabilitation staff and to give higher priority to the employment needs of disabled people in rural areas, is stressed. Suggestions for research into ways and means of expanding employment opportunities for the disabled and for improving existing vocational rehabilitation services are outlined. Finally the paper refers to the newly adopted International Labour Office Convention and Recommendation Concerning Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) which will, it is envisaged, inspire world-wide action in creating wider employment opportunities for disabled persons.
Blindness↗
Validation of Urdu Interaction with Disabled Persons scale.
This study developed a valid and reliable Urdu language measure that can be used for assessing attitudes toward persons with physical disability in Pakistan. The Interaction with Disabled Persons scale (IDP), which measures attitudes of discomfort with interaction with disabled people, is a scale with established validity and reliability in English and other languages. An Urdu translation was back-translated to English and then reviewed by a committee to develop cultural validity. Data were collected from 591 Urdu-speaking Pakistani people. Factor analysis extracted four factors that accounted for 55% of the variance and reflected factors found in 12 previous studies. Cronbach's alpha described moderate internal consistency for the IDP.
Adolescent↗
The impact of function on work status for community dwelling disabled persons with arthritis: an analysis of the National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplement.
Arthritis is one of the most common diseases and a leading cause of disability in adults. Returning injured workers to work and preventing work disability is the primary mission of occupational health professionals. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors associated with work disability and intervention strategies. This study is a retrospective cohort analysis of secondary individual level data. The data for the study were collected by the National Health Interview Survey, Disability Supplement (NHIS-D) 1995. Community dwelling disabled persons with functional limitations due to arthritic conditions were included in this analysis. A total of 286 records were available for logistic regression analysis. The outcome variable was work status, either working or not working. The significant predictors of working status were ability to lift 10 pounds (OR = 1.64), college education (OR = 0.21), age (OR = 1.03), and less than high school education (OR = 2.48). Thirty-four percent of the variance in working status was explained by the model that also included health status, difficulty standing, difficulty walking up steps, difficulty walking 1/4 mile, ethnicity, and gender. Younger disabled persons with arthritis, who have little difficulty lifting 10 pounds, and have some college education have better odds of working. Occupational health professionals need to look for ways to improve the educational status and functional lifting ability of disabled individuals with arthritis.
Adolescent↗
[Can discrimination ban guarantee equality of opportunities for disabled persons?].
Embodied in Germany's Basic Law since 1994, the discrimination ban on behalf of disabled persons--in line with similar provisions introduced in other countries--highlights the fact that disabled persons, as individuals and with their lawful rights, have become the point of departure of disability policies, as opposed to the hitherto prevailing social welfare perspective. Banning discrimination alone, though, will enable equal opportunities to be achieved only for some areas of social life; positive discriminations in favour of disabled persons are possible and necessary in addition. When it comes to integration into worklife, banning discrimination against disabled persons will achieve but little. Rather, in a market economy, employers and the general public share a common responsibility, for one, by respecting employers' rights of disposal over their jobs and, for the other, by changing present labour market conditions in favour of disabled persons, i.e., taking measures of positive discrimination.
Persons with Disabilities↗
Selection and training of disabled persons for scuba-diving. Medical and psychological aspects.
Sixteen persons with a wide range of disabilities were subjected to a formal scuba-diver training course, after passing a medical and psychological assessment specific for divers. Subjects with brain damage and with impaired bladder and bowel control were included. The current general guidelines for the medical assessment of non-disabled divers appear to be suitable for disabled persons, but additionally each particular disability demands careful individual assessment. Such assessment requires knowledge of diving and rehabilitative medicine and diving practice. The study supports the argument that scuba-diving may improve the physical self-concept of selected disabled persons. It is stressed that specialized diving supervision is essential for such people.
Adolescent↗
Disabled persons in Poland.
It is generally considered that disability is an important social problem. This was expressed for example by the decision of the United Nations Organisation to nominate 1981 as the International Year of the Disabled. The number of disabled is one of the main problems. For social planning, the proper allocation of goods and resources for changes in the attitudes of society towards disability it is necessary to identify the prevalence, distribution and composition of the disabled. Prior to the 1978 Census, in Poland there was no information available on disability except the number of disabled persons legally classified by the Medical Board for Disability and Employment receiving disability pension, as well as the average amount of such pension, the number of disability certificates issued annually, the number of employed and the number employed in co-operatives for the disabled. The social criterion--major social role associated with psycho-physical state--was the main concept of the investigation on the frequency of disability in 1978 Census. Methodology used in this study of disability was based on the U.S. experience gained from the 1970 NC, as well as on the NCHS Survey of psychophysical causes of permanent limitation of social role performance and locomotion, performed since 1957. It should be explained, however, that the scope of disability investigated in NCHS Survey and in Polish Census is exactly the same and much wider than in U.S. Censuses. The Polish National Census revealed that there are 2,485,001 disabled persons in Poland, i.e. 7.1% of the total population. The urban population constituted 57.7% and the inhabitants of rural areas 42.5% of the total population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗