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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Effects of TiF4 solutions on root surfaces in vitro after different application periods.

Topical application of aqueous solutions of TiF4 to root surfaces has been shown to result in a rapid uptake of fluoride. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the application period and/or the ionic strength of the TiF4 solution can be reduced without a corresponding reduction in the fluoride uptake. Root halves from human teeth were exposed to (a) 1% TiF4 for 10 sec and 1, 2, and 4 min, and (b) 3.4% TiF4 for the same application periods. Root surface areas protected by nail polish served as controls. Transverse ground sections through the treated root surface areas were then prepared and analyzed for F by electron microprobe analysis. Most treated specimens showed F concentrations in the 0.60-1.94% range, whereas control surfaces contained less than 0.30%. Similar F concentrations were found in the surfaces treated with the two solutions. Reducing the application period resulted in a shallower penetration of F into the hard tissue but only a slight reduction of the F concentration in the surface layer. High concentrations of Ti were found on the surface of all treated specimens. This shows that both the application period and the ionic strength of TiF4 solutions can be considerably reduced and still enable a high uptake of fluoride. The results indicate that TiF4 may be an efficacious agent for F application to root surfaces under clinical conditions.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1995

Non-malignant tumors that can mimic cancer during the neonatal period.

TOPIC: Neonatal tumors include a varied group of neoplasias. Histologically non-malignant tumors must be differentiated from cancer in these newborns, since their management and evolution is completely different. METHODS: We have reviewed all the non-malignant neonatal tumors (NMNT) seen during a 21 year period at The Pediatric Oncology Unit of "La Fe" Children's Hospital (Valencia, Spain). Congenital malformations and easily-recognizable tumors such as epidermic or dermoid cysts, lipomas, capillary and cutaneous hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and small nevi lesions were excluded. During the same period, we have diagnosed 40 cases of neonatal cancer. RESULTS: Forty patients were found to have NMNT: 15 teratomas, which in 10 cases were sacrococcygeal, 8 solid hemangiomas, 4 mesoblastic nephromas, 4 infantile myofibromatosis, 3 follicular ovarian cysts, and 6 miscellaneous tumors. Epidemiologic and etiopathogenic factors, clinical manifestations, treatment and evolution were evaluated. One cardiac teratoma was a post-mortem finding. In our series, with a median follow-up of 8 years and 4 months, 38 of 39 neonates are still alive with a very low incidence of sequelae, 36 of them with no evidence of tumor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The economics of topical immunomodulators for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a common, chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease frequently affecting infants and children. The worldwide prevalence of atopic dermatitis is estimated to be 5--20% of the paediatric population. First-line therapy has generally consisted of dry skin care, avoidance of triggers, application of topical corticosteroids, and administration of antihistamines and oral antibacterials. Topical corticosteroids improve the lesions of atopic dermatitis; however, concern on the part of physicians and patients regarding adverse effects has led to reluctance to utilise topical corticosteroids early and especially for prolonged periods. Topical immunomodulators (TIMs), including tacrolimus ointment and pimecrolimus cream, were recently introduced for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Clinical data show that TIMs are effective in atopic dermatitis, yet do not cause the significant adverse effects associated with topical corticosteroids. Questions remain regarding the place of TIMs as a treatment for atopic dermatitis and how to use them most effectively, from both therapeutic and pharmacoeconomic standpoints. Specifically, two major issues remain unresolved: (i) how TIMs measure up to other therapies, especially topical corticosteroids; and (ii) how members of the TIM drug class compare against each other. Previous research has established that atopic dermatitis has a significant impact on quality of life (QOL) and carries a substantial economic burden. Some studies have also measured the utility of various atopic dermatitis disease states. While there is a need for further research, early economic studies provide evidence that TIMs positively affect the QOL of patients and families. In certain patients, TIMs may be cost effective and have an acceptable incremental cost utility compared with topical corticosteroids.Making cost-effectiveness comparisons between tacrolimus and pimecrolimus is challenging because there are limited head-to-head comparative data. Given currently available efficacy data, the results of one study suggest that tacrolimus may be more cost effective than pimecrolimus in paediatric patients with moderate atopic dermatitis. The full economic and QOL benefits of both agents are yet to be completely understood. The studies reviewed herein are the first to delineate the pharmacoeconomic benefits of TIMs in atopic dermatitis, and lay the foundation for future analyses. TIMs represent an exciting advance in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Additional research will help determine the proper place of TIMs among the current array of therapeutic options for atopic dermatitis.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1997

Doxymycine-cyanoacrylate treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers.

OBJECTIVE: This study addressed the efficacy of singularly applied topical doxymycine in the pain relief treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-one patients with recurrent aphthous lesions were examined and divided randomly in two groups. Experimental group (n = 15) received a topical application of doxymycine and controls (n = 16) received calcii gluconase in the same manner. Medications were covered by isobutyl cyanoacrylate (Iso-Dent). Application was made only once during the recurrent aphthous ulcer episode. RESULTS: Patients recorded their pain level on a visual analog scale for 10 days during healing. Pain decreased more rapidly in the experimental group, and a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the pain intensity was found from the second to the seventh day after application of doxymycine. CONCLUSIONS: In recurrent aphthous ulcers, singular treatment of topical doxymycine-cyanoacrylate relieves the pain intensity remarkably for 6 days after a 1 day latency period. Topical doxymycine treatment further exerts potential to directly prevent tissue destruction and to indirectly suppress host inflammatory reaction.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1991

Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis with topical povidone-iodine.

The authors conducted an open-label nonrandomized parallel trial to examine whether the preoperative application of povidone-iodine to the ocular surface reduces the incidence of endophthalmitis after intraocular surgery. During an 11-month period, topical 5% povidone-iodine was used to prepare the conjunctiva in 1 set of 5 operating rooms, while silver protein solution was used in another set of 5 rooms. In all cases, surgeons continued to use their customary prophylactic antibiotics. A significantly lower incidence of culture-positive endophthalmitis (P less than 0.03) was observed in the operating rooms using povidone-iodine (2 of 3489 or 0.06%) compared with those using silver protein solution (11 of 4594 or 0.24%). Use of topical povidone-iodine in over 3000 cases was not associated with any adverse reactions. In a majority of the observed cases of endophthalmitis, some form of intraoperative communication with the vitreous cavity existed.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1997

Suppression of ongoing ocular inflammatory disease by topical administration of plasmid DNA encoding IL-10.

Ocular infection with herpes simplex virus leads to an inflammatory lesion in the cornea orchestrated by CD4+ Th1 lymphocytes. This immunopathologic disease, called herpetic stromal keratitis, is an important cause of impaired vision. In this study, we set out to determine whether established lesions of herpetic stromal keratitis could be controlled by topically administering naked plasmid DNA encoding cytokines to the corneal surface. A single topical administration of DNA encoding IL-10 was beneficial to the majority (75%) of treated animals, and 50% (vs 10% in controls) resolved their lesions completely over a 23-day observation period. Topical ocular application of DNA encoding foreign proteins was also shown to be an effective means of inducing systemic and mucosal immune responses. The direct application of DNA encoding cytokines may represent an additional therapeutic option for the management of immunoinflammatory disease.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of intraocular pressure lowering by topical and systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the rabbit.

We compared the effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) of maximal doses of a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) at acidic and alkaline pH where it is maximally effective with full systemic CA inhibition in ocular normotensive New Zealand Albino rabbits. Tonometric IOP levels were measured hourly during 3 hour control period. Topical MK-417 (pKa 5.8, 8.3), a close congener of MK-507 (Dorzolamide) was given as a 1.4% solution at pH 4.5 (n=6) and pH 9.2 (n=6). MK-417 was instilled to the left eye with the right eye used as an untreated control. One hour later methazolamide was given intravenously at 10 mg/kg, a dose known to give full inhibition of the enzyme. Control IOP (mm Hg) was 19.12+/-0.50. One hour following MK-417, the left eye IOP was 13.40 +/-0.70 (pH 4.5) and 13.25+/-0.70 (pH 9.2). The right eye pressure was unchanged. Methazolamide injection at this time gave no further drop in the left eye IOP at either pH. IOP in the right eye fell to 14.00+/-0.70 so that 2 hours after methazolamide injection, the 2 eyes had the same pressure. In conclusion, topical CAI in sufficient dose and correct pH yields IOP lowering equivalent to a maximally effective dose of systemic CAI in rabbits.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Calculation of knemometric growth rates in group studies of children treated with exogenous glucocorticoids.

Calculation of growth rates in short-term knemometry studies is often based on linear regression analysis. The method, however, has not been compared to the conventional method for calculation of growth rates (increase in length divided by the time interval) in glucocorticoid-treated populations. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the conventional method for calculation of growth rates is as sensitive as the linear regression method in the assessment of short-term lower leg growth in group studies of children treated with exogenous glucocorticoids. Three different studies were conducted during which knemometry was performed once or twice weekly. Six boys and six girls aged 5-12 years, with atopic dermatitis, participated in an open longitudinal study with three periods of 2 weeks duration. Ten boys and four girls aged 12-16 years, with asthma, were studied in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled two-period crossover trial, with treatment periods of 4 weeks. Thirteen boys and 11 girls aged 5-12 years, with asthma, were enrolled in a randomized double-blind two-period crossover trial with treatment periods of 4 weeks. During active treatment periods topical budesonide was given. Mean lower leg growth rates and the results of significance tests based on the two methods for calculation of growth rates were similar in all studies. Significant correlations between the growth rates based on the two methods were found in the non-glucocorticoid and glucocorticoid treatment periods in all studies (Pearson correlation r coefficient varied from 0.81 to 0.97, p from < 0.001 to < 0.0001). The conventional method for calculation of lower leg growth rates is as reliable as linear regression analysis. By using the conventional method the number of visits required for knemometric growth rate assessment in group studies of systemic activity of exogenous glucocorticoids can be reduced.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1976

The antimicrobial activity of embalming chemicals and topical disinfectants on the microbial flora of human remains.

The antimicrobial activity of embalming chemicals an topical disinfectants was evaluated to determine the degree of disinfection achieved during the embalming of human remains. The administration of arterial and cavity embalming chemicals resulted in a 99% reduction of the postmortem microbial population after 2 hours of contact. This level of disinfection was maintained for the 24 hours test period. Topical disinfection of the body orifices was also observed. Therefore, it is probable that present embalming practices reduce the hazard from transmission of potentially infectious microbial agents within the immediate environment of embalmed human remains.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1993

Painless dental extraction in children.

A controlled investigation was undertaken to compare topical lignocaine and rectal paracetamol in the prevention of pain after day case dental extraction in children under general anaesthesia. Sixty patients were allocated randomly to receive intraoperatively either topical lignocaine 4 mg/kg (group A), rectal paracetamol 10 mg/kg (group B) or no analgesia (group C) immediately after completion of surgery. Pain, appearance and side-effects were assessed 15, 30 and 60 minutes postoperatively. The patients who received topical lignocaine (group A) had significantly lower pain scores at 15 minutes (p < 0.001) and 30 minutes (p < 0.01) with no need for postoperative analgesia. The use of topical lignocaine was associated with a significantly (p < 0.01) more rapid return to a calm awake appearance at 15 and 30 minutes postoperatively. Patients in group C who received no analgesia at the end of the operation received 10 mg/kg acetyl salicylic acid intramuscularly after their return to the ward. No significant differences in the incidence of nausea, vomiting, or any other toxic reaction were found between the three groups. The improved analgesia and shorter recovery period topical lignocaine render it more satisfactory for the prevention of pain after day dental extraction in children than the more commonly used rectal paracetamol.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed2004

Dosage and adverse effects of topical tacrolimus and steroids in daily management of atopic dermatitis.

Since 1999, combination therapy with tacrolimus and topical steroids has been widely used for the treatment of adolescent/adult-type atopic dermatitis. In order to determine the clinical doses of topical tacrolimus and steroids for daily treatment of atopic dermatitis and to elucidate their beneficial and adverse effects, we analyzed the clinical data from 215 patients with atopic dermatitis who were more than 16 years old. Less than 70 g of tacrolimus and less than 15 g of steroids were applied to 90% of the patients on the face and neck, and less than 75.8 g of tacrolimus and less than 322 g of steroids were applied to 90% of the patients on the trunk and extremities during the six-month treatment period. Topical tacrolimus is much more frequently used on face and neck lesions (99.1%); in only 39.5% of cases was it used on the trunk and extremities. The majority of patients improved after six months of the combination topical therapy; however, atopic dermatitis was not controlled in 6% of the patients. The combination therapy did not seem to increase the risk of cutaneous infections; however, the incidence of herpes simplex infection on the face and neck was 2.8% at pre-treatment and slightly increased to 4.7% during the therapy. The incidence of all steroid-induced adverse effects was reduced both in frequency and intensity with a decrease in the dose of topical steroids through simultaneous tacrolimus application. Combination therapy with topical tacrolimus and steroids is useful for treating atopic dermatitis, but a small percentage of the patients still cannot be satisfactorily treated. For such patients, adjustments of the dose and rank of topical steroids and tacrolimus and other therapeutic adjuncts are necessary.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2006

Still a difficult business? Negotiating alcohol-related problems in general practice consultations.

This paper describes general practitioners' (GPs) experiences of detecting and managing alcohol and alcohol-related problems in consultations. We undertook qualitative research in two phases in the North-East of England. Initially, qualitative interviews with 29 GPs explored their everyday work with patients with alcohol-related issues. We then undertook group interviews--two with GPs and one with a primary care team--where they discussed and challenged findings of the interviews. The GPs reported routinely discussing alcohol with patients with a range of alcohol-related problems. GPs believed that this work is important, but felt that until patients were willing to accept that their alcohol consumption was problematic they could achieve very little. They tentatively introduced alcohol as a potential problem, re-introduced the topic periodically, and then waited until the patient decided to change their behaviour. They were aware that they could identify and manage more patients. A lack of time and having to work with the multiple problems that patients brought to consultations were the main factors that stopped GPs managing more risky drinkers. Centrally, we compared the results of our study with [Thom, B., & Tellez, C. (1986). A difficult business-Detecting and managing alcohol-problems in general-practice. British Journal of Addiction, 81, 405-418] seminal study that was undertaken 20 years ago. We show how the intellectual, moral, emotional and practical difficulties that GPs currently face are quite similar to those faced by GPs from 20 years ago. As the definition of what could constitute abnormal alcohol consumption has expanded, so the range of consultations that they may have to negotiate these difficulties in has also expanded.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1992

Inflammation patterns after laser trabeculoplasty measured with the laser flare meter.

Anterior chamber inflammation was measured in 71 eyes after argon laser trabeculoplasty with the laser flare-cell meter (Kowa FC-1000). Visual acuity, tonometry, and laser flare measurement were performed before and 3, 6, and 18 hours and 2, 4, 7, 14, 30, and 90 days after argon laser trabeculoplasty. Anterior chamber inflammation peaked 2 days after argon laser trabeculoplasty. Forty-nine percent of the eyes showed significant inflammation, with a flare increase of more than 10 photon counts per millisecond over prelaser values. Inflammation was significantly more frequent in pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (69%) and pigmentary glaucoma (100%) than in primary open angle glaucoma (23%). Post-argon laser trabeculoplasty relative pressure decrease was significantly more important in the group of patients with inflammation than in the group without inflammation in the early and late follow-up periods. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment (diclofenac sodium) was needed in 17 patients, who readily responded to treatment within 72 hours.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Interaction of benzo [A] pyrene and a hyperplastic agent in epidermal nuclear enlargement in the mouse. A dose response study.

Experiments were conducted on the effects of various dose levels of benzo [a]pyrene (BP) on nuclear size in mouse interfollicular epidermis over a 3-day period. Topical application of BP was made with or without croton oil (CO) (0.1 or 0.5%) in the vehicles acetone, toluene and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). Nuclear size was measured on histological sections either manually or by Quantimet Image Analyser. Vehicle controls treated with 0.1 or 0.5% CO in acetone or MEK gave rise to epidermal hyperplasia with some nuclear enlargement and toluene without CO produced a similar response. It was found that when BP was applied in a vehicle capable of inducing hyperplasia, the nuclear enlargement produced was greater than that produced by either the vehicle control or BP in a non-irritant vehicle. The enhancement of response to BP when tested in the presence of a hyperplastic agent resulted in lower concentrations of BP being detectable. As the levels of BP detectable by nuclear enlargement under these conditions compared reasonably well with those detectable in long-term tests, this system might be usable as a basis for a short-term test for carcinogens.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Prevention of the photodamage in the hairless mouse dorsal skin by kojic acid as an iron chelator.

Kojic acid, a fungal metabolic product, has been used as a skin-depigmenting agent in skin care products marketed in Japan. Iron in the skin is known to be involved in wrinkling as a result of chronic photodamage. Kojic acid was expected to have anti-wrinkling activity, since it possesses iron-chelating activity. We now evaluated the anti-wrinkling activity of kojic acid by using hairless mice exposed to chronic solar-simulating ultraviolet (UV) irradiation as model animal. At the end of a 20-week irradiation period, topical application of kojic acid before UV irradiation was observed to dramatically prevent: (1) the wrinkling, (2) hyperplasia of the epidermis, (3) fibrosis of the lower dermis, and (4) the increase of extracellular matrix components in the upper dermis. These findings indicate that kojic acid is a typical agent preventing wrinkling of the skin due to chronic photodamage.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Short term oral cefixime therapy for treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis.

BACKGROUND: There have been few controlled studies evaluating treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis beyond the newborn period. Topical therapy of bacterial conjunctivitis achieves a clinical cure but does not prevent acute otitis media (AOM). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare systemic antibiotic therapy (cefixime) with topical therapy with polymyxin-bacitracin for treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis with regard to clinical and bacteriologic cure and prevention of AOM. METHODS: This study was a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of polymyxin-bacitracin ointment and oral placebo vs. topical placebo and oral cefixime in children with presumed acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Topical therapy was administered for 7 days; oral therapy was administered for 3 days. Bacterial cultures were obtained at entry and on Day 3 of treatment. Children were examined on Days 3 and 10 or if they worsened within 15 days of entry. RESULTS: Eighty children were enrolled in the study. Bacterial cultures of the conjunctiva were positive in 70% of children: Haemophilus influenzae (53.7%); Streptococcus pneumoniae (13.8%); H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae (1.2%); and Moraxella catarrhalis (1.3%). There were 7 (17.5%) bacteriologic failures among children receiving topical antibiotic and oral placebo and 15 (37.5%) bacteriologic failures among children receiving topical placebo and oral cefixime (P = 0.07 with Yates correction). There was no difference between study groups with regard to either clinical cure or the development of AOM. Nine children (11%), 5 who received active topical therapy and 4 who received active oral drug, developed AOM either during or within 15 days of study entry. CONCLUSION: Cefixime was not more effective than topical polymyxin-bacitracin in either the eradication of conjunctival colonization with respiratory pathogens or the prevention of AOM in children with acute bacterial conjunctivitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

Surgical removal of subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation in highly myopic patients.

AIM: To analyse the visual results obtained in the treatment of subretinal choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) in patients with high myopia by vitrectomy and extraction of the neovascular membrane. METHODS: 22 eyes of 22 patients with high myopia (>-6 dioptres and/or axial length >26 mm) with subfoveal CNV treated by extraction of the CNV were analysed retrospectively. The patients' mean age was 60.27 (SD 16.41) years (range 32-83 years). The mean follow up was 29.3 (9.9) months (range 12-42 months). RESULTS: Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) preoperatively was 0.09 (0.07) (range 0.01-0.3). After treatment BCVA was 0.12 (0.10) (range 0.01-0.4), a difference without statistical significance (p=0.03, Student's t test paired data). In four cases the CNV recurred, in three cases cataract developed that required extraction, and in one case retinal detachment occurred in the early postoperative period. Topical treatment was necessary in two cases to lower the intraocular pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of subfoveal CNV in highly myopic patients by surgical removal by vitrectomy does not achieve any significant improvement of the BCVA.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Magnetic resonance installation: siting and economic considerations.

The authors discuss the economics involved in operating a magnetic resonance (MR) imager in a 600-bed community hospital over a six-month period. Topics considered include patient monitoring; controlling access to the magnet room; depreciation and maintenance; cost of electricity, cryogenic liquids, and personnel; and charges for patient care. Conclusions are made regarding the current use of MR in a community hospital.

California↗