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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Changing perceptions of oral health and its importance to general health: provider perceptions, public perceptions, policymaker perceptions.

The first ever Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health emphasizes that oral health is essential to the general health and well-being of all Americans, and that oral health can be achieved. But it will require that we think about and approach oral health activities in a different manner. If we desire to influence the mind-set of health care providers, the public, policymakers, and institutions, how do we get from what we know about the relationship of oral health and general health to integrating the notion into everyday actions? The Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health has elevated this issue to the forefront of health care and provided us with an extraordinary opportunity. The challenge: Lead with action and catalyze integration into multiple forums-public, private, and professional-and engage in activities that will change how oral health is perceived broadly. Ultimately, geriatric oral health and the health of all access-limited populations should benefit. To continue preserving the oral health of the millions of older individuals who now enjoy it and to ensure it for those who lack it will require change on multiple societal levels: the health care providers, the neighborhood, the community; Federal, state, and local governments; and the nation as a whole. It means addressing and overcoming multiple barriers to oral health care, which may include problems or disparities in: education, economics, the environment, cultural and social issues, and the health care system itself. To change perceptions, we must remove the barriers to care, educate the stakeholders who can influence or benefit from training programs, conduct broader, population-based research, build public and private partnerships, develop a stronger health care infrastructure, and expand initiatives that target specific risks for declining oral health. In addition to seeking new answers to these problems, it is imperative that we apply what we already know.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

The extent to which students' perceptions of faculties' teaching strategies, students' context, and perceptions of learner empowerment predict perceptions of autonomy in BSN students.

This descriptive correlational study examined the extent to which students' perceptions of faculties' teaching strategies, students' context, and perceptions of learner empowerment predicted perceptions of autonomy in senior female generic baccalaureate degree (BSN) students in Northeastern Pennsylvania, USA. Dunkin and Biddle's Model for Classroom Teaching (1974) provided the theoretical framework for this study. The sample of 198 female senior nursing students was drawn from 32 nursing programs accredited by the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission [National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC) 2002. Directory of accredited programs. Retrieved July 16, 2002 from, http://www.nlnac.org/]. Three separate instruments were used in this study: (1) Learner Empowerment Measure [Frymier, A.B., Shulman, G.M., Houser, M., 1996. The development of a learner empowerment measure. Communication Education, 45, 181-199.]; (2) Autonomy, Caring Perspective [Boughn, S., 1995. An instrument for measuring autonomy related attitudes and behaviors in women nursing students. Journal of Nursing Education, 34, 106-113.] and (3) an investigator designed student demographic data questionnaire. Data were analyzed using stepwise multiple linear regression to estimate path coefficients. Inspection of the findings revealed that there was a significant direct effect (t = 4.299, p < .001) between perceptions of learner empowerment and perceptions of autonomy. Age was also found to have a statistically significant direct effect on perceptions of autonomy (t = 2.652, p = .009). The findings from this study support a link between learner empowerment, stated as a priority in nursing education, and autonomy identified as a priority in practice.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The necessity of a perception-action approach to definite distance perception: monocular distance perception to guide reaching.

In this investigation of monocular perception of egocentric distance, the authors advocate the necessity of a perception-action approach because calibration is intrinsic to definite distance perception. A helmet-mounted camera and display were used to isolate optic flow generated by participants' head movements toward a target, and participants' reaches to place a stylus either in a target hole (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) or aligned under a target surface (Experiment 3) were analyzed. Conclusions are that binocular distance perception is accurate, monocular distance perception yields compression that is not eliminated by feedback, but feedback is used to eliminate underestimation generated by restriction of the size of the visual field.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Risk perception in the U.K. oil and gas production industry: are expert loss-prevention managers' perceptions different from those of members of the public?

This article investigates potential differences in risk perception between experts (loss-prevention managers in the U.K. oil and gas production industry) and nonexperts (managers and students). Extant research on expert versus nonexpert perceptions of risk is reviewed, followed by the present study concerning risk perceptions of seven pen-picture scenarios involving the occurrence of hazardous events in the U.K. oil and gas production industry. In contrast to many of the earlier studies of expert versus nonexpert perceptions of risk, the present analysis concludes that experts did not judge the overall riskiness of the portrayed hazardous events as less risky than the nonexperts. Nevertheless, the experts believe more strongly than our nonexperts that the risks portrayed in the scenarios pose little threat to future generations, are more precisely known, and are relatively controllable. Use of multiple regression analysis to help uncover the basis of overall riskiness assessments for expert and lay respondents was inconclusive, however. Finally, little evidence was found that nonexperts were any more heterogeneous in their risk perceptions than experts. It may be that the nature of the risks assessed in the present study may account for the general lack of clear expert versus nonexpert differences in overall perceptions of the riskiness of hazardous events in the North Sea. Earlier findings of strong expert versus nonexpert differences in risk perception assessed hazards of major public concern. It is inferred that using such extreme hazards may have resulted in an exaggerated view of differences in expert versus public (nonexpert) perception of risk.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychometric validation of a patient-reported sensory perception and preference instrument: the Sensory Perceptions Questionnaire.

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of content validity, construct validity, and test-retest reliability of a 23-item Sensory Perceptions Questionnaire (SPQ) used to survey sensory perceptions of intranasal corticosteroid sprays. Two patient cohorts (men and women aged > or =18 years who had at least a 1-year history of allergic rhinitis and had been using a corticosteroid nasal spray) were enrolled. The content validity and construct validity of the SPQ questions were evaluated using a cognitive debriefing method after cohort 1 (n=15) completed the SPQ. Test-retest reliability (assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] of the SPQ questions) was evaluated in cohort 2 (n=50), after they answered a Web-based version of the SPQ on two occasions, each separated by 7 days. In cohort 1, 7 of 15 patients believed all relevant sensory perceptions were addressed in the questionnaire. Although 8 patients mentioned at least 1 sensory perception that was not addressed, only 4 sensory perceptions were mentioned by more than 1 patient, and none was mentioned reliably by more than 2 patients. Those 4 sensory perceptions not addressed in the SPQ were all intentionally excluded, because they were potential symptoms of rhinitis or adverse events associated with intranasal corticosteroid spray use. Patients regarded the questions as straightforward, nonburdensome, and nonthreatening, signs suggesting the questions were not likely to challenge the construct validity of the SPQ. The responses to 2 questions (one in which patients were asked to indicate whether they were pleased or displeased overall with a particular spray; the other to indicate their overall product preference) were somewhat influenced by the effectiveness of the sprays. Results of test-retest reliability (cohort 2) showed both high (>0.8) and low (<0.7) ICCs. A high degree of correspondence between the 2 administrations produced a low between-patient variance, which likely resulted in lower ICCs. The SPQ adequately represents the sensory attributes reported by patients regarding intranasal corticosteroid spray use and, overall, is a valid measure of patient preference based on sensory perception.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2000

Differences between motion-direction perception and unspecific motion perception in the human knee joint.

Perception has commonly been seen as a conscious performance. Thus, regarding proprioception in some publications, it has been proposed that the term is properly used only when subjects are able to report on the direction as well as presence of imposed movements. Consequently, detections of movements without movement-direction perception have not been accepted as perceived, since these detections were regarded as unspecific. Unspecific sensation has been suggested to precede perception. From this "two-state model", it follows that threshold values should be lower for unconscious unspecific perception than for conscious specific perception. The aim of the present study was to test this suggested dichotomy. Proprioception was compared in unspecific detection trials (only the occurrence of a movement had to be detected, not its direction) and direction-specific detection trials (the occurrence of a movement of a specific direction had to be detected). Two types of specific detection trials and two types of unspecific detection trials were studied. Pairs of threshold values were determined, regarding amplitude detection using different angular velocities and regarding velocity detection using different angular displacements, for flexion and extension. Our results showed that, independent of each other, both threshold paradigms (amplitude detection and velocity detection) revealed the same perception characteristics. In specific detection paradigms, the proprioceptive thresholds were two times lower than in unspecific detection paradigms. Thus, movements of a particular type could be detected more easily than movement per se. The suggested "two-state model" might, therefore, not be appropriate in describing proprioceptive perception.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Relationship between perception of facial emotions and anxiety in clinical depression: does anxiety-related perception predict persistence of depression?

Within the framework of interpersonal theories on depression, it was postulated 1) that an anxiety-related mood-congruent bias with respect to the perception of facial expressions could be demonstrated in clinically depressed patients: 2) that the perception of negative facial emotions would be associated with co-occurring anxiety levels rather than with depression, and 3) that the putative anxiety-related bias would predict the subsequent course of depression. Such relationships would support the possible causal role of negative biases for the persistence of depression. Thirty-nine depressed patients (thirty-six patients met the criteria for major depression, two had a dysthymic disorder and one patient suffered from a cyclothymic disorder) were studied. The patients judged schematic faces with respect to the emotions they express (fear, happiness, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise, rejection and invitation) at admission (T0), and after 6 (T1) and 30 (T2) weeks. Severity of depression (BDI) and anxiety (SCL-90) were assessed at these three points. We found considerable support for the first 2 hypotheses: a) The perception of negative emotions was related to anxiety but not to depression (at T0 this association was significant and at T1 and T2 tendencies were found); b) When the level of depression was controlled for, significant relationships remained (emerged) between anxiety and the perception of negative emotions at each of the three different time points; c) Anxiety and perception of negative emotions covaried within subjects when large changes in depression/anxiety were involved, i.e. after 30 weeks. This relationship disappeared when depression change was partialled out. The third hypothesis was not confirmed: The perception of negative emotions did not predict the course of depression. Although a direct relationship with depression persistence and a negative bias in the perception of interaction-relevant stimuli (i.e. facial emotions) in anxious depressed patients could not be found, the existence of such anxiety-related negative bias forms indirect evidence for the notion that this negative bias may mediate rejective attitudes of others towards depressives and consequently may contribute to an unfavorable course of depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Perceptions of Israeli student nurses regarding clinical specialties and factors that influence these perceptions.

AIM: This paper reports a study to determine the perceptions of baccalaureate nursing students towards clinical specialties and what factors influenced these perceptions. BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that nursing students enter their professional education with preconceived perceptions about the different clinical specialties in nursing. Some investigators have found that factors such as clinical experience influence these perceptions, but others have not. Cultural and social influences, especially among non-western cultures, have rarely been investigated. METHODS: Israeli baccalaureate nursing students were surveyed in their first, third and fourth years of study during the years 1998-2004. They were asked to rank their preferences for clinical areas related to social need, social prestige, level of interest in the clinical area, job choice and what factors influenced their decisions related to job choice. Mean ranks and associations between class and calendar year cohorts were calculated. RESULTS: Critical care was consistently ranked as the highest preference in all perception checklists, followed by emergency, maternity and paediatric nursing. Psychiatric, community and gerontological nursing were consistently found at the bottom of the list. High levels of association were found among students from different class cohorts and calendar years. Life experiences were ranked as the factor that most influenced career choice. CONCLUSION: Nursing students in Israel tend to perceive clinical areas in ways similar to other students around the world. These perceptions are strongly influenced by personal experiences and other personal contacts, most often not nursing instructors. Major changes in the local society seem for the most part to have little impact on these perceptions. Therefore there is a need for international nurse educators and recruiters to develop new, creative strategies to encourage nursing students to pursue careers in areas presently considered less popular.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Studying speech perception in adolescent school-age children by utilizing primary color perception.

Since both speech and color have perceptual ramifications in language, the present study was developed to study speech perception through color perception. With the recent advances in perception generally and color perception specifically, this nontraditional approach to studying speech perception appeared reasonable. The 12 consonants utilized in this study generated 144 pairs of nonsense CV-syllables. The consonant ensemble was selected because it accommodated a maximum number of phonological features with a minimum number of phonemes. The 46 subjects, who were in junior high school with an age range of 11 through 14 years, responded to each of the stimulus pairs by assigning (associating) to it one of the six primary colors. Because of the perceptual orderliness associated with subjects' judgments, the results indicated that color can be used to study speech perception. Specific findings included the retrieval of sameness, fronting (or place), and voicing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Noise improves three-dimensional perception: stochastic resonance and other impacts of noise to the perception of autostereograms.

Autostereograms can be perceived in different well-defined spatial levels. Therefore they are an excellent tool with which to examine spatiotemporal processes of multistable three-dimensional perception. We study properties of spatial ambiguity such as phase transitions between different spatial levels and hysteresis in perception with and without noise. We show that the perception of physical noise-which is added to the autostereograms in the form of a random dot pattern-is dependent on the perceived spatial level. We demonstrate that noise can be helpful for the perception of depth in some cases. We show that the signal-to-noise ratio of depth perception is enhanced at an intermediate level of noise strength that is the signature of stochastic resonance in depth perception.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1983

Monograph 13. The interrelationships between the asthmatic child's dependency behavior, his perception of his illness, and his mother's perception of his illness.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the interrelationships between the asthmatic child's dependency behavior, his perception of his illness, and his mother's perception of his illness. The dependency behavior of the asthmatic children was also compared with that of healthy children. The subjects of the study were 57 asthmatic children aged 8 to 12 years and their mothers, and 54 healthy children of the same age and their mothers. The asthmatic children were recruited from (1) patients attending the allergy clinic at a children's hospital in a large metropolitan area of Western Pennsylvania (n = 44) and (2) the private practice of a physician located in the same geographic area (n = 13). The healthy children were recruited from two sources. The majority of them (n = 47) were recruited from the children who visited the medical clinic at the hospital from which the asthmatic children were recruited. These children came to the clinic for physical examination, eye examination, or minor health problems. A few healthy children (n = 7) were recruited from families who were acquainted with the investigator or her friends. Children in both groups were free of physical handicapping conditions, had no history of psychiatric treatment, and were enrolled in at least grade three of an elementary school. The children in the healthy group were free of all chronic illnesses and the asthmatic children did not have any other chronic illness besides asthma. Self-report questionnaires were used to collect data concerning the variables under study. The Self-Administered Dependency Questionnaire (SADQ) and the Children's Autonomy Questionnaire (AUT-MC-3) were used to assess the child's dependency behavior. The children's perceptions of asthma were assessed by the Children's Perception Questionnaire (CPQ). The Mother's Perception Questionnaire (MPQ) was used to measure mothers' perceptions of their children's asthma. Demographic data were obtained from a questionnaire designed for each group of subjects. The data were solicited through two approaches: direct contact with each mother-child pair and by mail. The scores from the SADQ, AUT-MC-3, CPQ and the MPQ were analyzed. The SADQ scores and the AUT-MC-3 scores which measured dependency behavior were used separately in the analysis. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) was used to estimate the relationships between the variables under study. The Independent Student t-test was used to determine the differences in dependency behavior of the asthmatic children and healthy children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Divergent perceptions of lesbians: a comparison of lesbian self-perceptions and heterosexual perceptions.

Social-psychological research on stereotyping was applied to lesbianism among American college students. The hypothesis that stereotypes of lesbians are often inaccurate predictors of individual lesbians was supported. Using stereotypes of lesbians identified by previous research, lesbians rated themselves on a series of bipolar stereotypical adjectives, and a comparison group of nonlesbians rated lesbians as a group on these same adjectives. Significant differences were found on 16 of the 21 adjectives. Knowing a lesbian personally did not influence heterosexuals' ratings, suggesting the resistance of stereotypes to change.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of genetic consultation on perception of a family risk of breast/ovarian cancer and determinants of inaccurate perception after the consultation.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cancer genetic consultations on women's perception of their family risk of breast/ovarian cancer, and to determine which factors were associated with an inaccurate perception after the consultation. A multicenter prospective survey was carried out on women (n = 397) attending cancer genetic clinics in France for the first time, in which the perceived family risk was measured both before and after the consultation, using self-administered questionnaires. The effects of the consultation on risk perception were significant among low (P <.001) and moderate risk women (P <.05). However, after the consultation, 76.3% of the "low"-risk women did not perceive their family as "low"-risk families, and 21.9% of the moderate-risk women were still definitely sure there was a genetic risk running in their family. The consultation did not affect the family risk perception of the high risk women (n = 171): the risk was thought to be very high both before (87.7%) and after (89.5%) the consultation (NS); however 10.5% of this group still perceived their family as being unlikely to be at risk after the consultation. In the low- and moderate-risk groups after multivariate adjustment, the inaccurate perceptions varied, depending on the clinics and on the psychosocial context of the consultation: they increased when the consultee was personally affected by cancer, and decreased when the consultee had a health occupation. Cancer genetic consultations had only marginal effects on the perception of family risk on the whole, although they were significant in the case of low- and moderate-risk women. The question arises as to whether a more comprehensive approach should be implemented and how to go about providing efficient cancer risk information in the context of health care systems.

Adult↗