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The consumption of benzodiazepines and potent analgesics by old age pensioners and early retirees in Odense who had the right to receive medicine free-of-charge was accounted for where the month of March 1990 was concerned. Approximately 26% received financial support for benzodiazepines, 13% for analgesics while further 6% received support for both benzodiazepines and analgesics. The majority of the users were over 60 years and there twice as many women as men. No significant differences were observed in the sex and age distributions between the groups of pensioners who received benzodiazepines and/or analgesics and the group which received only other medicine. Both the direct and the indirect expenses are discussed. Furthermore, it is concluded that, in some of the pensioners, over-consumption is involved and that it is again necessary to emphasize the indications for prescription of these preparations.
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The situation concerning pensions in Denmark has been changing in recent years. There is a trend for the population itself has to pay into private pension to ensure a satisfactory financial situation after retirement. There are three categories of pensions and supplementary grants influencing the financial situation of the elderly: social-political grants, labour market political grants, and private arrangements. The national retirement pension is paid to everyone in accordance with certain rules. One condition is residence in Denmark for 40 years after reaching the age of 15. The pension age is 67 years. It is possible to receive early retirement pay or to obtain partial pension from the age of 60. This means that the age for retirement from the labour market on average is 62 years. Supplements to the national pension can be given as a net sum. Such a payment, however, makes it more difficult for the elderly person to overview his or her financial circumstances in retirement. The partial pension is a new form of pension which was introduced in 1986. About 2% of the 60-66 year-olds have taken advantage of this possibility, most of them independent trade men. In contrast, 105,000 wage earners are receiving early retirement pay, which is based on unemployment insurance. Certain considerations apply when the social pension is paid in a gross amount. This amount will not be free of tax. A number of special grants for the elderly will be included in the gross amount of the social pension. A system of that sort will make the financial circumstances of the retired person more clear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The total number of early retirement pensiones has risen sharply since the end of the 1960s. The increase was greatest during the early 1970s following a reform in 1970 which extended the right to early retirement pension to older workers because of labour market considerations. This article discusses various conceivable explanations for the growth in the number of early retirement pensioners and regional variations of this phenomenon. The following explanatory factors are considered: (a) The prospects of getting (keeping) a job. (b) Work capacity. (c) The nature of the pension scheme. (d) Alternative possibilities of support. (e) Preferences concerning early retirement pensions. The discussion focuses on two explanations highlighted in the public debate in Sweden: changes in pension legislation and the role of the solidarity wages policy. An empirical analysis of variations at the provincial level reveals a definite correlation between the proportion of early retirement pensioners and various indices of unemployment and underemployment.
This article, based on data from the Retirement History Study, examines coverage by an employee pension plan on the longest job and the extent to which covered workers received an employee pension upon retirement and the size of their benefits. It also examines the joint receipt of employee pension and OASDI benefits and the size of the combined benefits. Each of these pension variables is analyzed for differences by class of worker (private wage and salary or government), sex, and characteristics of the longest job (industry, occupation, tenure, recency of job, extent of employment, and annual earnings rate). The majority of completely retired individuals in their early to middle sixties in 1972 did not receive employee pension benefits in that year. Women employed in private industry on their longest job were the most disadvantaged in this regard. Even when they were fortunate enough to receive retirement benefits from employee pension plans, their benefits were substantially lower than those of men or of women employed in government.
The relative risk of disability pension due to musculo-skeletal disorders has been studied with regard to occupation and work load. The study population comprised men born 1915 to 1934, living in Stockholm county. 1307 men who received a disability pension during 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1984 due to disorders from the low back, neck/shoulder, hip, and knee were compared with 298 randomly selected men concerning occupation and occupational work load. Disability pensions were more common both in men with medium and high physical work load compared to men with low physical work load. Construction workers and metal workers had a high relative risks of receiving disability pensions because of disorders in all four body regions, and men in many other occupations had disorders in two or three regions. In office workers the risk of disability pension because of musculo-skeletal disorders was low.
Ten district physicians in the county of Finnmark were interviewed in order to focus on physicians' attitudes in cases ending up with a disability pension. The interviews were based on a study of the physicians' five most recent disability pension cases. The study and the interviews disclosed that physicians in Finnmark play an active part in the process leading to a disability pension. They actively encourage their patients to apply for such a pension. The physicians have a marked influence on the assessment of alternatives to a disability pension. Non-medical considerations led to many physicians feeling frustrated when preparing the expert declaration.
The disability pensions of the Swedish National Social Insurance Board to persons with epilepsy from January 1, 1971 to December 31, 1985 were studied. On the latter date 6,658 individuals in the register were receiving disability pensions. This corresponds to an age-specific prevalence (16-64 years) of 1.2 per 1,000. Female and male patients were about equally represented. Four diagnostic categories were specified: I: 34% with epilepsy as the main diagnosis; II: 43% with epilepsy as a complementary diagnosis; III: 4% with epilepsy as a main and mental retardation (MR) as a complementary diagnosis; and IV: 19% with MR as a main and epilepsy as a complementary diagnosis. Overall 43% had both epilepsy and MR. The crude prevalence per county ranged from 0.25 to 1.23 per 1,000. Age on entry was 1.8-63.8 (mean, 36.7) years, and pension duration was 0.1-15 (mean, 7.4) years. Mean age on prevalence day was 43.9 years. During the 15-year period annual pension costs were 20-380 million Swedish kronor (SEK) ($3-60 million), and the total costs were 2,370 million SEK ($365 million). Adjusted to 1989, the costs would be 84-463 million SEK ($13-71 million) and 4,258 million SEK ($655 million), respectively.
During the past quarter century, private pension plans have enjoyed a healthy growth. Although the rate of growth has slackened somewhat during recent years, the private pension movement is now a major contributor to the income maintenance needs of the American worker during retirement. The passage of pension reform legislation in 1974 offers an appropriate milestone year for measuring the current status of pension plans and the progress that has been made to date.
In Oslo there are significant differences in the incidence and prevalence of medically determined disability pensions. In regions with a population characterized by low level of education and low annual income the prevalence of disability pensions is high in relation to regions with a highly educated and high income population. The main reasons for a disability pension are mental complaints, mainly anxiety and depressive states, and musculo-skeletal disorders (chronic states of muscular pain). In recent years subjective symptoms have become an increasingly more important reason for disability pensions. Social and economic factors, possibility of employment, and other non-medical factors seem to play a more determining role than ill health in the process leading to disability.
The prevalence of vocational disability pensions is now much higher among immigrants from Pakistan, Turkey and Morocco who settled in Norway in the late 1960' and early 1970' in order to find work than among the Norwegian population in general. The present study covers two cohorts of males and females aged 40-44 and 50-54 years of age in receipt of disability pensions. Musculoskeletal pain syndromes are far more prevalent among the immigrants as basis for a pension than among the Norwegian disabled population. In contrast, psychiatric diagnoses are less frequent among the immigrants. The above differences are discussed. The living conditions and particularly the working conditions of the immigrants, whose jobs are characterized by physical hardships and long working hours, may be an important reason for the high prevalence of vocational disability. Psychiatric diagnoses may be concealed because of their stigmatizing nature. Early retirement from work is more common in the countries from where the immigrants came and they thus tend to apply for a disability pension. This means that the Norwegian insurance system, with its rather liberal policy of consent, takes over many of the social and economic obligations which were traditionally part of family and kinship obligations in the former culture of the immigrants.