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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

[A comparison between Chinese panax quinquefolius and imported Panax quinquefolius--analysis of composition of essential oil in Panax quinquefolius].

The content of essential oil of Panax quinquefolius from different producing area ranges from 0.04 to 0.097%. Twenty compounds were separated and identified from these essential oils by GC-MS. Chinese Panax quinquefolius is similar to imported Panax quinquefolius in the composition and content of essential oil.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2004

The antioxidant effects of aqueous and organic extracts of Panax quinquefolium, Panax notoginseng, Codonopsis pilosula, Pseudostellaria heterophylla and Glehnia littoralis.

The roots of Panax quinquefolium, Panax notoginseng, Glehnia littoralis, Codonopsis pilosula and Pseudostellaria heterophylla were extracted with an aqueous extraction method and also with an organic extraction method. The aqueous extracts of Glehnia littoralis and Codonopsis pilosula were the most potent in inhibiting erythrocyte hemolysis. The aqueous extracts of Panax quinquefolium and Panax notoginseng had lower potencies while the aqueous extract of Pseudostellaria heterophylla and the organic extract of Panax quinquefolium were only weakly active. The organic extracts of Glehnia littoralis, Panax heterophylla and Panax quinquefolium were potent in inhibiting lipid peroxidation while the organic extracts of Codonopsis pilosula and Panax notoginseng had weaker potencies. The aqueous extracts possessed much lower potencies the corresponding organic extracts. However, the Glehnia littoralis extract was the most potent aqueous extract. The results suggest that Glehnia littoralis, Codonopsis pilosula, Panax notoginseng and Panax heterophylla are cheaper substitutes of Panax quinquefolium with regard to antioxidant activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Genetic identification of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius by pyrosequencing methods.

This study was performed to determine whether two ginseng species (Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius) can be identified by genetic analysis and to verify pyrosequencing analysis, which was used to assess genetic variation. The pyrosequencing results constituted clear data. Panax quinquefolius showed a very different pattern than Panax ginseng. Pyrosequencing analysis might be able to identify the Panax species.

Hot Temperature↗
PubMed2000

Use of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to distinguish Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Asian ginseng) and Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng).

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method was developed to distinguish Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.). The method is based on the baseline chromatographic separation of ginsenoside Rf and 24(R)-pseudoginsenoside F11, two potential chemical markers present in ginseng root methanolic extracts, and their unambiguous on-line identification using tandem mass spectrometry. Consistent with the literature, 24(R)-pseudoginsenoside F11 was detected in abundance in North American ginseng roots in excess of 0.1% (w/w) of the dried root. In contrast to some reports, 24(R)-pseudoginsenoside F11 was also identified in Asian ginseng roots at trace levels using LC-MS-MS but at less than 0.0001% (w/w). Besides showing identical tandem mass spectra to authentic 24(R)-pseudoginsenoside F11, the corresponding compound in Asian ginseng root coeluted with standard under different HPLC conditions, thus confirming this compound as 24(R)-pseudoginsenoside F11. Another ginsenoside often used to distinguish Asian and North American ginseng, ginsenoside Rf, was found in abundance in Asian ginseng roots at more than 0.021% (w/w). In Asian ginseng roots, the ratio of ginsenoside Rf to 24(R)-pseudoginsenoside F11 exceeded 700:1. The limit of detection of ginsenoside Rf or 24(R)-pseudoginsenoside F11 was 120 pg injected on-column, and the limit of quantification was 240 pg on-column. In summary, LC-MS-MS analysis of ginseng products for the presence and ratio of ginsenoside Rf and 24(R)-pseudoginsenoside F11 may be used for the unambiguous identification of Asian and North American ginsengs.

Asia↗
PubMed1999

Determination of ginsenosides in plant extracts from Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius L. by LC/MS/MS.

An HPLC/MS/MS method has been developed for the characterization and quantification of ginsenosides contained in extracts of the root of Panax ginseng (Korean ginsengs) and Panax quinquefolius L. (American ginsengs). The [M + H]+ and [M + Na]+ ions were observed for ginsenoside standards (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1) and four different ginseng extracts. The glycosidic linkages, the core, and the attached sugar(s) of the ginsenosides can be determined from the collision-induced dissociation spectra from the protonated molecules. The relative distribution of these ginsenosides in each extract of American or Korean ginseng was established.

Central Nervous System Agents↗
PubMed2000

Differentiation and authentication of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and ginseng products by using HPLC/MS.

An LC/MS-based method is established for the differentiation and authentication of specimens and commercial samples of Panax ginseng (Oriental ginseng) and Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng). This method is based on the separation of ginsenosides present in the ginseng methanolic extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), followed by detection with electrospray mass spectrometry. Differentiation of ginsenosides is achieved through simultaneous detection of intact ginsenoside molecular ions and the ions of their characteristic thermal degradation products. An important parameter used for differentiating P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius is the presence of ginsenoside Rf and 24-(R)-pseudoginsenoside F11 in the RICs of Oriental and American ginsengs, respectively. It is important to stress that ginsenoside Rf and 24(R)-pseudoginsenoside F11, which possess the same molecular weight and were found to have similar retention times under most LC conditions, can be unambiguously distinguished in the present HPLC/MS method. The method developed is robust, reliable, reproducible, and highly sensitive down to the nanogram level.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2002

Authentication of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and directed amplification of minisatellite region DNA (DAMD).

AFLP profiles characteristic to Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius were generated using primers E-AGG/M-CAA. P. ginseng samples from different farms in China and Korea are homogeneous genetically [similarity index (SI) = 0.88-0.99], whereas samples of P. quinquefolius from different sources are much more heterogeneous (SI = 0.64-0.96). Detailed analysis of one of the polymorphic bands in P. ginseng led to the identification of a minisatellite Pg2, which contains eight repeats of 5'-AGGACTCATCACATTGTTACTC. The minisatellite DNA was consequently used in directed amplification minisatellite region DNA analysis to authenticate the two ginsengs.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Lack of evidence for induction of CYP2B1, CYP3A23, and CYP1A2 gene expression by Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius extracts in adult rats and primary cultures of rat hepatocytes.

Treatment of rats with a single oral dose (10-30 mg/kg) of a crude Panax ginseng extract of unknown ginsenoside content has been reported to modestly increase hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450-mediated aminopyrine N-demethylation activity. In the present study, we compared the effect of P. ginseng and Panax quinquefolius extracts on rat hepatic CYP2B1, CYP3A23, and CYP1A2 gene expression. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-275 g) received, by oral gavage or i.p., P. ginseng extract [4% (w/w) total ginsenosides; 30 or 100 mg/kg/day for 1 or 4 days], P. quinquefolius extract [10% (w/w) total ginsenosides; 100 or 400 mg/kg/day for 21 consecutive days), or an equivalent volume (2 ml/kg) of the vehicle (0.9% NaCl or 0.3% carboxymethylcellulose) and were terminated 1 day after the last dose. P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius extracts did not affect body weight gain, absolute or relative liver weight, hepatic CYP2B1, CYP3A23, or CYP1A2 mRNA expression, or microsomal CYP2B-mediated 7-benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylation (BROD) or CYP1A-mediated 7-ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylation (EROD) activity. In contrast, results from positive control experiments indicated that phenobarbital increased CYP2B1 mRNA and BROD activity, dexamethasone increased CYP3A23 mRNA, and beta-naphthoflavone increased CYP1A2 mRNA and EROD activity levels. Treatment of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes with either of the ginseng extracts (0.1-1000 microg/ml for 2 days) also did not affect CYP2B1 or CYP3A23 mRNA expression. Overall, our data indicate that P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius extracts do not increase rat hepatic CYP2B1, CYP3A23, or CYP1A2 gene expression.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of ginsenosides (ginseng saponins) in dry root powder from Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and selected commercial products by liquid chromatography: interlaboratory study.

Twelve collaborating laboratories assayed 4 products, namely, Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and 2 ginseng products, for 6 ginsenosides: Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1. Collaborators also received a negative control for the recovery study. Pure ginsenosides were provided as reference standards for the liquid chromatography (LC) analysis and the system suitability tests. The LC analyses were performed on the methanol extract using UV detection at 203 nm. For P. ginseng, individual ginsenosides were consistent in their means; repeatability standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 4.17 to 5.09% and reproducibility standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 7.27 to 11.3%. For P. quinquefolius, the Rb1 and Rb2 ginsenosides were higher and lower in concentration than P. ginseng, with RSDr values of 3.44 and 6.60% and RSDR values of 5.91 and 12.6% respectively, and other analytes at intermediate precisions. For ginseng commercial products, RSDr values ranged from 3.39 to 8.12%, and RSDR values ranged from 7.65 to 16.5%. A recovery study was also conducted for 3 ginsenosides: Rg1, Re, and Rb1. The average recoveries were 99.9, 96.2, and 92.3%, respectively. The method is not applicable for the determination of Rg1 and Re in ginseng product at levels <300 mg/kg.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed2026

The Anti-Osteoporosis Effects of Panax japonicus via Downregulation of Inflammatory Factors: A Network Pharmacology and Ovariectomized Rat Model Study.

OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis is a major and growing public health problem characterized by decreased bone mineral density and destroyed bone microarchitecture. Panax japonicus has been clinically used in the treatment of bone diseases, especially osteoporosis. However, there is a lack of study on the mechanism of osteoporosis treatment with Panax japonicus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A network pharmacology approach was employed to identify the targets of osteoporosis and Panax japonicus. Cytoscape 3.7.2 and DAVID were used to visualize the pharmacological mechanism of Panax japonicus in treating osteoporosis by building up compound-target and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and conducting Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. An ovariectomized SD rat osteoporosis model was used to assess the potential therapeutic effect of Panax japonicus in vivo. The biomechanical properties, pathological changes, inflammatory cytokines, bone density, and bone microstructural parameters in rat bone tissue were carefully measured. The biochemical markers of bone metabolism in serum were detected by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Fifty-two active components and sixty-five target genes of Panax japonicus involved in the treatment of osteoporosis were identified. The PPI network revealed IL-6, TNF, NR3C1, IL-1&#x3b2;, CASP3, ESR1, PGR, and AR to be involved in the treatment of osteoporosis with Panax japonicus. Chikusetsusaponin IVa and Radix ginsenoside-Ro were the main saponins found in Panax japonicus. Panax japonicus was found to exert potent preventive effects on osteoporosis by maintaining biomechanical properties, increasing bone mineral density, and protecting the trabecular microstructure in an ovariectomized rat osteoporosis model. Panax japonicus hindered the initiation of osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy by regulating bone metabolism and downregulating the expression of IL-6 and TNF-&#x3b1;. CONCLUSION: Panax japonicus was found to contain 52 compounds and 65 targets in the treatment of osteoporosis. The administration of Panax japonicus could mitigate osteoporosis in rats induced by ovariectomy, and one of the mechanisms was associated with downregulating the expression of inflammatory factors.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Identification of Panax species in the herbal medicine preparations using gradient PCR method.

In order to identify the existence of Panax species in herbal medicine preparations, the Ginseng specific marker primer was selected and created based on the sequence of Korean ginseng DNA fragment, 359 bp. The gradient PCR was performed on 40 types of the herbal medicines including the 7 types of Araliaceae that are in the same family with the Panax ginseng using the created Ginseng maker primer. As result, Panax notoginseng (Chinese), Panax japonicus (Japanese) and Panax quinquefolius (American), along with Panax ginseng (Korean) were the only ones amplified. However, in the case of Atractylodes lancea, one of the herbal medicines not categorized as Panax species, the DNA was prominently amplified by the Ginseng marker primer. The sequence of the amplified DNA of Atractylodes lancea was identified, resulting in enabling the differentiation from the Panax species by the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) method. In addition, the results of the gradient PCR performed on the herbal medicine preparations that consists of Panax ginseng showed that 290 bp size of the original DNA fragments of Panax ginseng was amplified on the herbal medicine preparations containing Panax ginseng. Therefore, these results suggest a possibility of creating a new testing method for identifying specific herb medicines using the gradient PCR, a molecular biological method not only on Panax ginseng, but also on other herbal medicines and herbal medicine preparations.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Protective role of Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenoside Rg3 against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats.

Acrylamide (ACR) is an industrial neurotoxic chemical that has been recently found in carbohydrate-rich foods cooked at high temperatures. ACR was designated as a probable human carcinogen by IARC (1994) and USEPA (1988). Panax ginseng extract has efficacies such as anticancer, antihypertension, antidiabetes and antinociception. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the protective effects of Panax ginseng extract against ACR-induced toxicity in rats. Sixty adult Sprague Dawley female rats were divided into six groups included a control group, a group treated orally with ACR (50 mg kg(-1) body weight; b.w.) for 11 days, a group treated orally with Panax ginseng extract (20 mg kg(-1) b.w.) for 11 days and groups treated orally with Panax ginseng for 11 days before, during or after 11 days of ACR treatment. The results indicated that treatment with ACR alone resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation level and LDH activity in brain homogenate as well as in serum CK activity, whereas it caused a significant decrease in SOD activity and a small but statistically insignificant decrease in Na(+)K(+)-ATPase activity in brain homogenate. Serum serotonin, corticosterone, T3, T4, TSH, estradiol, progesterone and plasma adrenaline were significantly decreased in ACR-treated rats. Treatment with Panax ginseng before, during or after ACR treatment reduced or partially antagonized the effects induced by ACR towards the normal values of controls. It could be concluded that Panax ginseng extract exhibited a protective action against ACR toxicity and it is worth noting that treatment with Panax ginseng extract before or at the same time as ACR treatment was more effective than when administered after ACR treatment.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2005

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of underivatized dencichine (beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid) in Panax medicinal plant species.

Dencichine (beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid) is a haemostatic agent present in important Chinese medicinal herbs such as Panax notoginseng, as well as other Panax species. It is also a reported neurotoxic agent found in Lathyrus sativus (grass pea seed). A selective analytical method incorporating hydrophilic interaction chromatography with positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC/ESI-MS/MS), for the analysis of dencichine in Panax plant species, was developed. Using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, underivatized dencichine, a small and highly polar compound, was selectively detected and quantified. The contents of dencichine in raw and steamed Panax notoginseng roots, 11 pairs of raw and steamed P. notoginseng herbal products, Panax ginseng roots, and Panax quinquefolium roots, were analyzed and compared. Optimal sensitivity of 0.3 ppm (detection limit) and 1.5 ppm (quantification limit) was achieved. The method was rapid (< or =5 min), with the HILIC peak eluting at about 1 min. Steamed P. notoginseng samples were found to contain less dencichine than the corresponding raw samples, and there were also differences among the three Panax species; raw P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium contained less dencichine than the raw P. notoginseng species. This rapid and specific method may be applied to the quantification of dencichine in complex medicinal plants and their products.

Amino Acids, Diamino↗