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PubMed2003

The control of vascular resistance in the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii (Decapoda: Palinuridae).

In Jasus edwardsii (Hutton) the vascular resistance of each of the seven major arterial systems leaving the heart was increased in response to several of the following neurotransmitters and neurohormones: acetylcholine, adrenalin, serotonin, dopamine, octopamine and peptides proctolin and FLRFamide-related peptide F(1). The resistance to flow through the infrabranchial sinus (IBS), part of the venous system, was also sensitive to these drugs. Unexpectedly, the responses of the IBS continued after removal of the gills. Differences in the profiles of responses of the arteries to individual hormones and in the magnitudes and the time courses of back pressure changes, eliminate a common downstream location such as the venous sinuses or gills, as the source of the arterial responses. Vasoactive drugs were effective when applied either via the lumen or, with longer delay, to the basal side of an artery via the IBS. It is concluded that the resistance of each of these sections of the vascular system is independently controllable by hormones.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Factors affecting growth of the spiny lobsters Panulirus gracilis and Panulirus inflatus (Decapoda: Palinuridae) in Guerrero, México.

The effects of sex, injuries, season and site on the growth of the spiny lobsters Panulirus gracilis, and P. inflatus, were studied through mark-recapture techniques in two sites with different ecological characteristics on the coast of Guerrero, México. Panulirus gracilis occurred in both sites, whereas P. inflatus occurred only in one site. All recaptured individuals were adults. Both species had similar intermolt periods, but P. gracilis had significantly higher growth rates (mm carapace length week-1) than P. inflatus as a result of a larger molt increment. Growth rates of males were higher than those of females in both species owing to larger molt increments and shorter intermolt periods in males. Injuries had no effect on growth rates in either species. Individuals of P. gracilis grew faster in site 1 than in site 2. Therefore, the effect of season on growth of P. gracilis was analyzed separately in each site. In site 2, growth rates of P. gracilis were similar in summer and in winter, whereas in site 1 both species had higher growth rates in winter than in summer. This could be due to spatial differences in processes related to changes in population density and food resources, which were documented in previous works. The overall results show that P. gracilis grows faster than P. inflatus, and that growth rates of both species are highly variable and are affected by environmental factors such as site and season, which should be taken into account when attempting to produce population growth curves for each species.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Recent settlement trends in Panulirus argius (Decapoda: Palinuridae) pueruli around St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands.

Puerulus settlement of the western Atlantic spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, was monitored using modified Witham collectors from December 1996 to March 1998 at seven sites around St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. A total of 605 pueruli were collected from 553 samples for a catch per unit effort (CPUE) for all sites of 1.09 pueruli. The greatest settlement occurred on sites within a recently declared marine reserve, which had an overall CPUE of 1.77 pueruli. Settlement in non-reserve sites was much lower with an overall CPUE of 0.31 pueruli. Pueruli recruitment declined 67% at inshore sites and 53% at offshore sites between July 1992 - April 1994 and February 1997 - March 1998. Also, only 10% of months sampled in 1997-98 had a CPUE > 0.5 compared to 55% in a previous study in 1992 - 1993. Despite the decline in pueruli CPUE in 1997-98 compared to 1992-94, the commercial lobster catch in the 2000-01 fishing season, and by inference the adult lobster population (legal lobster size in the US Virgin Islands is > or = 3.5 cm carapace length), remained stable.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Luminous vibriosis in rock lobster Jasus verreauxi (Decapoda: Palinuridae) phyllosoma larvae associated with infection by Vibrio harveyi.

Studies were conducted to determine the cause of outbreaks of luminous vibriosis in phyllosoma larvae of the packhorse rock lobster Jasus verreauxi reared in an experimental culture facility. On 2 separate occasions mortalities of up to 75% over a period of 4 wk were observed in 4th to 5th and 8th to 10th instar phyllosomas at water temperatures of 20 and 23 degrees C, respectively. Affected larvae became opaque, exhibited small red spots throughout the body and pereiopods, and were faintly luminous when viewed in the dark. Histopathology showed that the gut and hepatopancreas tubules of moribund phyllosomas contained massive bacterial plaques. The hepatopancreas tubules of moribund larvae were atrophic and some contained necrotic cells sloughed into the lumen. Dense, pure cultures of a bacterium identified as Vibrio harveyi were isolated from moribund larvae. The disease syndrome was reproduced by in vivo challenge and V. harveyi was successfully reisolated from diseased larvae after apparently healthy larvae were exposed by immersion to baths of more than 10(4) V. harveyi ml(-1) at 24 degrees C. Injured larvae were more susceptible to infection than were healthy larvae. Survival of larvae experimentally and naturally exposed to V. harveyi was improved when antibiotics were administered via bath exposures.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Comparative tests of evolutionary trade-offs in a palinurid lobster acoustic system.

Communication structures vary greatly in size and can be structurally and behaviorally integrated with other systems. In structurally integrated systems, dramatic changes in size may impose trade-offs with the size of neighboring structures. In spiny lobsters (Palinuridae), there is a fivefold difference in size of the antennular plate, on which sound producing apparatus is located, such that the antennular plate reaches 38% carapace length in some sound producers (Stridentes) compared to only 4% carapace length in non-sound producing spiny lobsters (Silentes). We examined whether this major variation in antennular plate size imposes trade-offs with the adjoining antennae, specifically in the context that the signal producing structures and antennae are both used in predator defense. We recorded and analyzed lobster sounds in order to test whether size increases in the acoustic morphology were correlated with production of particular signal features. Antennal and antennular plate structures were measured across the family, including both Stridentes and Silentes. Phylogenetic comparative methods were used to test for correlated evolutionary change among the structures and signal features. We analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of the Palinuridae based on morphological characters and ribosomal DNA evidence (16S, 18S and 28S nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal RNA gene regions). We found that the number of sound pulses was positively correlated with length of the sound producing apparatus. Opposite to the predicted trade-offs, we found that the size of the antennular plate was positively correlated with size of the surrounding antennae within Stridentes. Nevertheless, when Stridentes were compared to Silentes, the latter had relatively larger antennae for a given antennular plate size than did the sound producing taxa. These results suggest that body size does not limit size increases in acoustic structures within Stridentes, however the presence and associated constructional costs of a sound producing apparatus may impose a trade-off when taxa with and without the apparatus are compared. Alternatively, since both systems are used in predator defense, this pattern may indicate greater selection for antennal force production in Silentes, which lack the additional acoustic mode of predator defense.

Animal Communication↗

PubMed2002

Two sniffing strategies in palinurid lobsters.

Most studies of lobster chemoreception have focused on the model systems of Panulirus argus (Palinuridae) and Homarus americanus (Nephropidae). We compare antennule morphology across lobsters and conduct the first kinematic study of antennule flicking in a palinurid species other than P. argus. High-speed video analysis shows that Palinurus elephas flicks at a rate more than an order of magnitude higher than in P. argus. However, both species flick their antennular flagella at a Reynolds number (Re) of approximately one, such that an asymmetry in the speed of the flick phases causes both species to have a leaky closing flick phase and a non-leaky opening phase. The antennular flagella of P. argus are nearly seven times longer than those of P. elephas, and, when compared across palinurid genera, Panulirus species sample far greater areas of water over greater spatial and time scales than do any other palinurid genera. Palinurid lobsters appear to have two sniffing strategies: low flick rates over a large area of water (e.g. P. argus) or high flick rates over a small area of water (e.g. P. elephas). P. argus is a highly informative model system in which to study aquatic chemoreception; however, its antennule anatomy and kinematics suggest a separate strategy, unique to Panulirus species, for sensing chemical plumes in fluid environments.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Hooded sensilla homologues: structural variations of a widely distributed bimodal chemomechanosensillum.

A diversity of sensilla has been described in crustaceans, both across species and within a given species. However, few homologous setal types have been identified in crustaceans. In this study we examined setae with features of the hooded sensillum, which is a class of bimodal chemomechanosensilla first identified on antennules of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus. We examined the antennules of 13 species representing seven families of malacostracan crustaceans, and most body surfaces of P. argus, and compared the sensillar morphology from different species and from different body regions to identify interspecific and intraspecific homologues of hooded sensilla. Our results show that sensilla with morphological characteristics of antennular hooded sensilla are present and have a similar pattern of distribution on the antennules of reptantian species representing three families (Palinuridae and Scyllaridae of the Achelata and Nephropidae of the Homarida). Furthermore, hooded sensillar homologues are present on most body surfaces of P. argus. However, there are intraspecific and interspecific variations in the morphology of these sensilla. We present evidence that supports the idea that postembryonic changes in individual sensilla may be responsible for some of these morphological variations. Despite these variations, we conclude that the sensilla are homologues, because they have several common characteristics, similar positions on the body surface, similar substructures, a continuum to their morphological variations, and morphological variation that is correlated with phylogenetic similarity. Taken together these results support the idea that the hooded sensillum is a singular and biologically important sensillar type that has a broad distribution.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Characterization and sequence elucidation of a novel peptide with molt-inhibiting activity from the South African spiny lobster, Jasus lalandii.

We have isolated a peptide from extracts of sinus glands from a South African spiny lobster species, Jasus lalandii, by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified it as a putative molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) by (i) an in vitro assay with J. lalandii Y-organs to measure the inhibition of ecdysteroid synthesis and (ii) an immunoassay using antiserum raised against MIH of the edible crab. The MIH of J. lalandii has 74 amino acid residues, a molecular mass of 9006 Da, a free N-terminus and an amidated C-terminus. The full primary sequence has been obtained from sequencing various digest fragments (tryptic, endoproteinase Asp-N, cyanogen bromide) of the unreduced (native) peptide: RFTFDCPGMMGQRYLYEQVEQVCDDCYNLYREEKIAVNCRENCFLNSWFTVCLQATMREHETPRFDIWR SIILKA-NH(2). Structural comparisons with other peptides show that the J. lalandii MIH belongs to the peptide family which includes the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, molt-inhibiting hormone and vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone (cHH/MIH/VIH). This novel peptide has 36-43% sequence identity to putative MIHs from other decapod crustaceans and 32-34% identity to the two cHH peptides previously identified in this spiny lobster species. This is the first report of a peptide with MIH activity in the Palinuridae infraorder.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

Species identification of spiny lobster phyllosome larvae via ribosomal DNA analysis.

Within the tropical northwestern Atlantic, Panulirus argus, P. guttatus, and P. laevicauda (Palinuridae family), are sympatric. Numerous studies have examined the distribution and abundance of planktonic phyllosome larvae with respect to recruitment of spiny lobsters to the benthic population, but the data are of limited use because larvae of these species cannot yet be distinguished from one another by morphological characteristics. A simple molecular method that unambiguously differentiates adults or larvae of P. argus, P. guttatus, and P. laevicauda is described: a 5' region of 28s ribosomal DNA is amplified in vitro and then cut with a diagnostic restriction enzyme to identify each species. Data are also presented from the application of this method to representative plankton tows.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Localized ablation of olfactory receptor neurons induces both localized regeneration and widespread replacement of neurons in spiny lobsters.

The peripheral olfactory system of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus--located on paired antennules--undergoes continual postembryonic development. This process includes continuous addition of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) related to indeterminate growth, continuous replacement, and regeneration when necessitated by damage. We have shown previously that new olfactory tissue is continually added to the proximal margin of these populations, called the proximal proliferation zone (PPZ). Here, we show that focal damage to mature portions of the olfactory system causes localized degeneration of ORNs over 1-10 days after damage. Studies using the cell proliferation marker 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine show that localized degeneration was followed by rapid and localized regeneration of olfactory tissue. Rapidly dividing cells were recorded up to 40 days after damage, with regeneration of ORN clusters complete within 80 days. Focal damage appeared to stimulate widespread cell replacement (cell death and proliferation) within mature, undamaged ORN clusters. This response was observed in ORN clusters outside the damaged zone, including mature clusters in the contralateral antennule. The degree of widespread cell replacement was less than local repair after local damage, but it increased with more extensive damage. However, changes in on-going proliferation in the PPZ were not detected, at least not 20 days or longer after damage, suggesting damage-induced widespread proliferation may be specific to mature populations of ORNs. We speculate that localized regeneration involves activity of resident precursor cells not destroyed by the ablation and that unidentified regulatory signals released in response to localized damage induce widespread ORN replacement.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

A crustacean serotonin receptor: cloning and distribution in the thoracic ganglia of crayfish and freshwater prawn.

Serotonin (5-HT) is involved in regulating important aspects of behavior and a variety of systemic physiological functions in both vertebrates and invertebrates. These functions are mediated through binding to 5-HT receptors, of which approximately 13 have been characterized in mammals. In crustaceans, important model systems for the study of the neural basis of behaviors, 5-HT is also linked with higher-order behaviors, associated with different 5-HT receptors that have been identified at the physiological and pharmacological levels. However, no crustacean 5-HT receptors have been identified at the molecular level. We have cloned a putative 5-HT(1) receptor (5-HT(1crust)) from crayfish, prawn, and spiny lobster and have raised antibodies that recognize this protein in all three organisms. 5-HT(1crust) immunoreactivity (5-HT(1crust)ir) was observed surrounding the somata of specific groups of neurons and as punctate staining within the neuropil in all thoracic ganglia of crayfish and prawn. In the crayfish, 5-HT(1crust)ir was also found in boutons surrounding the first and second nerves of each ganglion and on the 5-HT cells of T1-4. In the prawn, 5-HT(1crust)ir was also found in axons that project across the ganglia and along the connectives. We found examples of colocalization of 5-HT(1crust) with 5-HT, consistent with the short-term modulatory role of 5-HT, as well as cases of serotonergic staining in the absence of a 5-HT(1crust) signal, which might imply that other 5-HT receptors are found at these locations. We also observed receptors that did not possess counterpart 5-HT staining, suggesting that these may also mediate long-term neurohormonal functions of serotonin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Mechanical functions of setae from the mouth apparatus of seven species of decapod crustaceans.

The mouthpart setae of seven species of decapods were examined with macro-video recordings and scanning electron microscopy. The general mechanical (nonsensory) functions of the different mouthparts are described and an account of their setation is given. This offers the possibility to determine the mechanical functions of the different types of setae. Pappose setae do not participate in food handling but in general make setal barriers. Plumose setae likewise do not contact food objects but assist in current generation. Papposerrate setae are rare but they were seen to assist in pushing food particles into the mouth. Serrulate setae are very common and mainly participate in gentle food handling and grooming. Serrate setae are used for more rough food manipulation and grooming. The roughest shredding, tearing, and manipulation of prey items are handled by the cuspidate setae. Simple setae seem to be divided into two populations with very different functions. On the maxillipeds of Panulirus argus they are used for shredding, tearing, and holding the food objects, but on the basis of maxilla 2 of three other species they appear to have very little mechanical influence and only when handling small prey items. The functional scheme seems to be consistent within the Decapoda.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Ultrastructure and functional organization of mouthpart sensory setae of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus: new features of putative mechanoreceptors.

In comparison with other decapods, the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus has little diversity in the external morphology of the setae on the mouth apparatus. In mouthpart areas that frequently touch food items only two types of setae can be distinguished: simple setae and cuspidate setae. Simple setae are by far more numerous. The ultrastructural data presented here show that both types of seta are bimodal, in that they both contain mechano- and chemosensory cells as indicated by morphological features. The morphological features divide the sensory cells into three types: type 1, which has a mechanosensory appearance; type 2, which has a chemosensory appearance; and type 3, which is believed to be a mechanoreceptor due to desmosomal connections to a scolopale. All three cell types were found in all examined setae. In an earlier study the simple setae were found to contain two types of mechanosensors: bend-sensitive cells and displacement-sensitive cells. The morphological arrangement of the outer dendritic segment described in the present study cannot explain this division. Instead, it is suggested that the difference in sensitivity is caused by a differential arrangement of their stretch-sensitive ion channels. This hypothesis also provides an explanation for the earlier observation that only bend cells respond to changes in osmolarity.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Amputation-induced activity of progenitor cells leads to rapid regeneration of olfactory tissue in lobsters.

Lobsters have a self-renewing olfactory system and, like many animals, continuously replace old or dying olfactory receptor neurons. In addition, lobsters are able to regenerate the peripheral olfactory system even after complete loss. The olfactory sensors in lobsters are located distally on a pair of antennules. These antennules are often damaged, but this has little impact on the lobster's sense of smell because damaged olfactory tissue is rapidly replaced. In this study, we investigated damage-induced regeneration of the olfactory system by measuring cell proliferation following controlled amputation. We show that amputation-induced regeneration occurs as a result of up-regulating the normal development of olfactory sensors. A unique feature of up-regulated development is the formation of patches of proliferating cells within the antennular epithelium. Epithelial patches were typically formed between 3 and 10 days postamputation on the amputated side. They were characterized by their: proximal position with respect to developing clusters of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs); tendency to form two discrete patches within the borders of each existing annulus; cell size, which was approximately twice that of mature ORNs; and location within the ventral epithelium. The development of epithelial patches was immediately followed by proliferation of clusters of ORNs and associated glial cells, and the level of this proliferation increased significantly during the premolt stage of the lobster's molt cycle. These epithelial patches may represent populations of precursor cells, because they develop in response to amputation and immediately precede development of cell clusters composed of ORNs and glia. Possible regulatory signals controlling epithelial patch development are discussed.

Amputation, Surgical↗

PubMed2004

Inducible transcript expressed by reactive epithelial cells at sites of olfactory sensory neuron proliferation.

The continuous replacement of cells in the spiny lobster olfactory organ depends on proliferation of new cells at a specific site, the proximal proliferation zone (PPZ). Using representational difference analysis of cDNA, we identified transcripts enriched in the PPZ compared to the mature zone (MZ) of the organ. The 12 clones identified included four novel sequences, three exoskeletal proteins, a serine protease, two protease inhibitors, a putative growth factor, and a sequence named PET-15 that has similarity to antimicrobial proteins of the crustin type. PET-15 mRNA was only detected in epithelial cells. It was abundant in all epithelial cells of the PPZ, but was only detected in the MZ at sites of damage to the olfactory organ. PET-15 mRNA was increased by types of damage that are known to induce proliferation of new olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory organ. It increased in the PPZ after partial ablation of the olfactory organ and in the MZ after shaving of aesthetasc sensilla. These ipsilateral effects were mirrored by smaller increases in the undamaged contralateral olfactory organ. These contralateral effects are most parsimoniously explained by the action of a diffusible signal. Because epithelial cells are the source of proliferating progenitors in the olfactory organ, the same diffusible signal may stimulate increases in both cellular proliferation and PET-15 mRNA. The uniformity of expression of PET-15 in the PPZ epithelium suggests that the epithelial cells that give rise to new olfactory sensory neurons are a subset of cells that express PET-15.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Serine proteases in the spiny lobster olfactory organ: their functional expression along a developmental axis, and the contribution of a CUB-serine protease.

Several serine proteases and protease inhibitors have been identified in the crustacean olfactory organ, which is comprised of the lateral flagellum of the antennule and its aesthetascs sensilla that house olfactory receptor neurons and their supporting cells. The function of these proteases in the olfactory organ is unknown, but may include a role in perireception (e.g., odor activation or inactivation) or in the development or survival of olfactory receptor neurons. To examine directly the function of proteases in the olfactory organ of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus, we used different tissue fractions from the lateral flagellum in an enzyme activity assay with a variety of protease substrates and inhibitors. Trypsin-like serine protease activity occurs throughout the lateral flagellum but is enriched in the cell membranes from aesthetascs. Cysteine- and metalloprotease activities also occur in olfactory tissue, but are more abundant in tissue fractions other than aesthetascs. To assess the contribution of one of the olfactory serine proteases--CUB-serine protease (Csp)--Csp was immunoprecipitated using an antibody; results with the remaining fraction suggest that Csp accounts for at least 40% of the total serine protease activity in the olfactory organ. The amount of total serine protease activity follows a developmental axis in the lateral flagellum. Total protease activity is lowest in the proximal zone, which lacks aesthetascs, and the proliferation zone, where olfactory receptor neurons and associated cells are born, and highest in aesthetascs of the distally-located senescence zone, which has the oldest olfactory tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Consistent dynamics suggests tight regulation of biophysical parameters in a small network of bursting neurons.

The neuronal firing patterns in the pyloric network of crustaceans are remarkably consistent among animals. Although this characteristic of the pyloric network is well-known, the biophysical mechanisms underlying the regulation of the systems output are receiving renewed attention. Computer simulations of the pyloric network recently demonstrated that consistent motor output can be achieved from neurons with disparate biophysical parameters among animals. Here we address this hypothesis by pharmacologically manipulating the pyloric network and analyzing the emerging voltage oscillations and firing patterns. Our results show that the pyloric network of the lobster stomatogastric ganglion maintains consistent and regular firing patterns even when entire populations of specific voltage-gated channels and synaptic receptors are blocked. The variations of temporal parameters used to characterize the burst patterns of the neurons as well as their intraburst spike dynamics do not display statistically significant increase after blocking the transient K-currents (with 4-aminopyridine), the glutamatergic inhibitory synapses (with picrotoxin), or the cholinergic synapses (with atropine) in pyloric networks from different animals. These data suggest that in this very compact circuit, the biophysical parameters are cell-specific and tightly regulated.

4-Aminopyridine↗

PubMed2003

In the spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) the prophenoloxidase is located in plasma not in haemocytes.

In the spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus), unlike other crustaceans most of the prophenoloxidase (proPO) was detected in cell-free plasma (86.3%). In spite of its location, lobster proPO activating system has a similar activation mechanism to other crustacean proPO systems. Haemocyte lysate was able to activate the plasma proPO indicating location of the prophenoloxidase activating enzyme (PPAE) in haemocytes. Lobster haemocyte PPAE was isolated by affinity chromatography and its participation as activating enzyme was demonstrated. This enzyme is a serine-proteinase that transforms the inactive form (proPO) to an active one (phenoloxidase). The PPAE was also present in the cell-free supernatant of haemocytes previously incubated with Vibrio alginolyticus.

Animals↗