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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Investigation on the acute toxic effect of pyrethrum on the blood glucose and of glucose administration on the acute pyrethrum toxicity in Meriones hurrianae Jerdon (Rodentia).

The effect of different doses of pyrethrum on the blood glucose level and glucose tolerance in pytethrum-administered gerbils, were investigated. Pyrethrum produces hyperglycemia and lowers the glucose tolerance indicating an impairment in the uptake and utilization of glucose. The possible reasons for these effects are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Action of pyrethrum-based formulations against grain weevils.

Pyrethrum extract, containing six insecticidal esters, has a long history of successful application in the control of stored products. Its low environmental hazard makes it an ideal pesticide for outdoor pre-harvest treatment. However the disadvantage of its low light stability then becomes apparent. This drawback can be overcome by the complexation of pyrethrum extract with gamma-cyclodextrin. Primary object of the conducted studies was to investigate the effect of complexation upon the insecticidal action against the grain weevil, an important storage pest in temperate climates. To slow down the quick metabolism of pyrethrum by the insects' microsomal system synergistic substances are added. Additional to the already well-known piperonyl butoxide two natural synergists, sesamol and tocopherol acetate, were combined with pyrethrum extract to investigate their synergistic activity. A complex of pyrethrum with gamma-cyclodextrin, with piperonyl butoxide as synergist, has a slightly enhanced action compared to a commercial product, which contained pyrethrum in its free form. Sesamol and tocopherol acetate also display a synergistic action, but to a much smaller degree, even if applied in larger amounts. The optimal concentration of pyrethrum was found to be 0.3% combined with 3% piperonyl butoxide.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Immunostimulating activity of the hot water-soluble polysaccharide extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum, Alpinia galanga and Citrullus colocynthis.

Hot water polysaccharide extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link. (family Compositae) Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (family Cucurbitaceae) and Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. (family Zingiberaceae) were tested for their immunostimulating activity in mice. The fractions from Anacyclus pyrethrum and Alpinia galanga showed a marked stimulating effect on the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) and increased the number of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), and spleen cells of mice. In this case, the optimum doses were 50 and 25 mg/kg for the two fractions, respectively. On the other hand, the polysaccharide extracts of both Anacyclus pyrethrum and Alpinia galanga markedly enhanced the proliferation of the murine spleen cells in vitro using two tests (in vitro and in vivo effect). The results of the in vivo effect at a doses of 50 and 25 mg/kg, showed a stimulation index better than obtained with the in vitro effect at 50 and 25 microg/ml for Anacyclus pyrethrum and Alpinia galanga, respectively. While the extract of Citrullus colocynthis showed much weaker and variable immunostimulating activity.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1982

Teratogenicity study on pyrethrum and rotenone (natural origin) and ronnel in pregnant rats.

Insecticidal formulations in the form of dusts or aerosols containing rotenone from the root of Derris elliptica and pyrethrum from the flower of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium are commonly used in homes and gardens. Ronnel (fenchlorphos), a systemic insecticide, is used to control house flies and, upon oral treatment, ectoparasites of cattle. These insecticides are extensively used and their teratologic potential has not been fully investigated. Technical grades of rotenone at 0, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg, pyrethrum at 0, 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg (rotenone and pyrethrum were of natural origin) and ronnel at 0, 400, 600 or 800 mg/kg were tested. Each of these was suspended in corn oil and administered orally in single daily doses on d 6-15 of pregnancy to Wistar rats. The dams were killed on the last day of pregnancy, and all fetuses were evaluated following routine teratologic methods. Rotenone was associated with an increased number of nonpregnant rats and resorptions, at a dose of 10 mg/kg; reductions in maternal body weight gain, fetal weight, and skeletal ossification, together with an increased incidence of extra rib, were found at 5 and 10 mg/kg; but no significant effects were found at 2.5 mg/kg. Increases in the incidence of resorptions in pyrethrum-treated groups and of extra rib in ronnel-treated groups were also observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

In vivo effects of 3-methylcholanthrene, phenobarbital, pyrethrum and 2,4,5-T isooctylester on liver, lung and kidney microsomal mixed-function oxidase system of guinea-pig: a comparative study.

The optimum conditions (pH, microsomal protein amount and substrate concentration) of guinea-pig liver, lung and kidney microsomal aniline 4-hydroxylase, ethylmorphine N-demethylase and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activities were determined. Male guinea-pigs weighing 500-700 g were administered 3-methylcholanthrene (25 mg/kg, i.p. 3 days), phenobarbital (75 mg/kg, i.p. 3 days), pyrethrum (120 mg/kg, i.p. 2 days) and 2,4,5-T isooctylester (200 mg/kg, i.p. 3 days). 3-Methylcholanthrene treatment caused significant increases in liver microsomal benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase and kidney microsomal aniline 4-hydroxylase activities. However, with phenobarbital treatment the only significant increase was observed in liver microsomal ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity. Pyrethrum treatment decreased kidney microsomal ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity significantly. 2,4,5-T isooctylester treatment increased liver microsomal aniline 4-hydroxylase and lung microsomal ethylmorphine N-demethylase activities significantly. Liver microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity was increased significantly by phenobarbital and pyrethrum treatment. The other treatments did not cause any significant changes in microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities of liver, lung and kidney. Cytochrome P-450 content of guinea-pig liver microsomes were increased significantly about 2.5-fold and 2-fold by treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital, respectively. 3-Methylcholanthrene also caused 1 nm spectral shift in the absorption maxima of CO difference spectrum of the dithionite-reduced liver microsomal cytochrome P-450, forming P-449.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Supercritical carbon dioxide processing of pyrethrum oleoresin and pale.

Possible refining of crude hexane extract (CHE) from pyrethrum flowers and further refining of Pyrethrum Board of Kenya (PBK) pale product is investigated with both liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide. The experiments were carried out in a small pilot plant with a 200 mL extractor and three cyclonic separators in series. To understand the dynamics of pyrethrin extraction, CHE was extracted in a single step; pyrethrin concentration was found to be improved from 0.16 to 0.50 g/g. The effects of temperature and pressure on the quality of the extract were studied at 29 degrees C and 80 bar and at 40 degrees C and 100 bar. Liquid CO(2) processing (29 degrees C, 80 bar) yielded slightly better product quality. A comparison study of CHE and PBK pale processing with supercritical CO(2) (40 degrees C, 100 bar) showed that the final products were similar in terms of pyrethrin content. Extraction of both PBK pale and CHE in two steps with different operating conditions improved their purity.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1998

Comparative efficacy of pyrethrum marc with albendazole against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes.

The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared. Sheep was infected orally with 10,000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%). Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4, 6, 8 and 10 in pyrethrum mare-treated sheep. These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p < 0.05). The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1999

Quantitation of pyrethrum residues in brown tree snakes.

A reversed-phase solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography (SPE-GC)-electron capture detection method is developed to quantitate individual rethrin residues in pyrethrum-exposed brown tree snakes. Aliquots (6 g) of homogenized snake tissue are extracted with 10 mL acetonitrile. The rethrins are recovered from the acetonitrile extract and concentrated using C8 SPE. The rethrins are eluted from the SPE column with pentane, evaporated to near dryness, and reconstituted to 1 mL with 1-propanol. Individual rethrins are quantitated using GC analysis of the 1-propanol solution. Method limits of detection for rethrins range from 0.63 to 6.51 ng/g. The mean recovery for all rethrins is 70.8% with a standard deviation of 5.7%. This method is used to successfully quantitate incurred rethrin residues in pyrethrum-exposed brown tree snakes.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1999

Separation of natural pyrethrum extracts using micellar electrokinetic chromatography.

The separation of the six pyrethrin esters in a technical pyrethrum extract (Riedel-de-Haën, Cresent Chemical Co. Inc. Hauppauge, NY, USA) by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) using both sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a polymerized surfactant as pseudo-stationary phases has been investigated and optimized. Parameters such as pH, SDS and polymerized sodium N-undecyl sulfate (poly-SUS) concentration, type and concentration of background electrolyte and organic modifier, as well as the acetonitrile/water ratio in the sample were studied to optimize the resolution, efficiency, and analysis time. An optimized separation of the six pyrethrin esters was achieved in 25 min with 25 mM Tris, buffered at pH 9, containing 30 mM SDS, 25% (v/v) acetonitrile, and an equal volume ratio of acetonitrile/water sample matrix at a voltage of 25 kV. The use of 0.5% (w/v) poly-SUS enhanced resolution of the pyrethrin esters and shortened the total analysis time from 25 to 20 min, compared to the SDS mediated separation. The optimized MEKC results are compared to the HPLC separation of these esters and show an improvement in efficiency and total analysis time.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2003

Human biomonitoring of pyrethrum and pyrethroid insecticides used indoors: determination of the metabolites E-cis/trans-chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization.

This work describes a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method employing negative chemical ionization (NCI) for the determination of E-cis/trans-chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid (CDCA) in human urine used as a biomarker for the exposure to pyrethrum and/or certain pyrethroids in insecticide formulations applied indoors. Mixed-mode solid phase extraction was utilized for sample cleanup. Extraction recoveries ranged from 92 to 104% (2-9% R.S.D.). The acids were esterified with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) allowing both their gas chromatographic separation and their sensitive mass spectrometric detection under NCI conditions. Detection limits of ca. 0.05 microg/l urine were achieved.

Calibration↗
PubMed2001

Method development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for pyrethrum extract.

A robust analytical methodology is developed for the quantitative determination of all six insecticidal components of pyrethrum extract: jasmolin I, cinerin I, pyrethrin I, jasmolin II, cinerin II, and pyrethrin II. This method, based on the separation technique normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, offers selectivity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, ruggedness, and robustness as well as efficiency and ease.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1984

Increased sensitivity to a natural pyrethrum extract of Trypanosoma-infected Glossina morsitans.

Topical application of a natural pyrethrum extract on male and pregnant female Glossina morsitans morsitans resulted in higher mortality for flies infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei than for uninfected control flies. Infected males showed a significantly higher mortality while infected pregnant females showed a marginally significant increase in mortality. Results support the hypothesis that infected flies are less healthy than uninfected flies. Results also parallel previous findings using endosulfan as the topical applicant and exclude the likelihood that the results were because of a peculiar effect of endosulfan.

Animals↗