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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Strains in experimental social psychology: a textual anaylsis of the development of experimentation in social psychology.

A textual analysis of post-World War II social psychology methodology manuals and handbook chapters on "methods" indicates that the introduction of the experimental method was enforced and gradually strengthened through the use of scientific rhetoric and the minimization of alternative research strategies. As a consequence, by the 1960s experimentation had become such an established identifying feature of psychological social psychology that the acceptability of ideas in the field came to depend largely on the ability of authors to couch them in the language of the experiment. Text writers continually shored up the defenses of scientific legitimacy and denigrated all other types of argument. We explore three sources of tension or strains evident as contradictions in these texts: (1) between a rational experimenter's carefully following prescribed, logic-generated scientific practices and the investigator's artfully or intuitively designing research; (2) between social psychologists' missionary activities of proselytizing the experiment as the primary research method and social psychologists' apologies and insecurities expressed about using experiments; and (3) between the treatment of participants as docile and submissive versus portraying them as underhanded and damaging to the outcome of the research. In addition, we briefly reexamine the strain (4) between sober scientific experimentation and a playful "fun and games" approach to experimentation (Lubek & Stam, 1995).

Historiography↗
PubMed1987

Psychological, social, and somatic prognostic indicators in old patients undergoing long-term dialysis.

We prospectively studied the influence of 29 demographic, social, psychological, and somatic factors on survival of 78 patients over age 70 years receiving long-term dialysis. Three years after the prospective evaluation, 54% of the patients had died. Only four factors, all psychosocial, were prognostically important. The patients who survived rated higher on the Karnofsky scale (85 vs 78 points), gained less weight between dialyses (1.5 vs 1.9 kg), more often underwent home dialysis (44% vs 21%), and less often wished for transplantation (28% vs 57%). In stepwise and multiple regression analysis, home dialysis and Karnofsky scale resulted in best fit. No somatic variable predicted outcome. Thirty-one patients were reinterviewed three years later. At that time, more patients were depressed and had a lower income, fewer wanted a transplant, and five had lost their living companion. There was a decrease in the number of patients who cooked their own meals, spent time outdoors, went to church, or had hobbies. Activity on the Karnofsky scale decreased from 87 to 84 points. The home dialysis patients' perceived health decreased from 3.9 to 3.4 points. Our study shows that psychosocial, but not somatic variables, are prognostically important in survival of older patients undergoing dialysis, and there is a measurable decline in these variables during a three-year follow-up period.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Asch's social psychology: not as social as you may think.

This article discusses 2 commonly held ideas about Solomon Asch's work in social psychology: (a) Asch was primarily interested in social phenomena in general and in group processes in particular, and (b) Asch was a forerunner of social cognition. Asch's studies on social influence were translations of strictly perceptual experiments. For him, social stimuli had no specificity relative to physical ones provided that the perceptual context presented similar structural properties. Moreover, and contrary to Kurt Lewin (e.g., 1948) Asch focused his attention at the individual level and may have slowed down interest in social interactions or group processes. Asch's studies on impression formation presaged the social cognition approach. In his work, he foresaw the importance of online processing of information, the existence of implicit theories of personality, as well as perception based on exemplars and prototypes. However, Asch's reliance on immediate perceptual experience, on isomorphism between the properties of the external object and the phenomenal experience of this object, and his holistic and dynamic perspective clash with the main stream of social cognition research.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

What do connectionism and social psychology offer each other?

Social psychologists can benefit from exploring connectionist or parallel distributed processing models of mental representation and process also can contribute much to connectionist theory in return. Connectionist models involve many simple processing units that send activation signals over connections. At an abstract level, the models can be described as representing concepts (as distributed patterns of activation), operating like schemas to fill in typical values for input information, reconstructing memories based on accessible knowledge rather than retrieving static representations, using flexible and context-sensitive concepts, and computing by satisfying numerous constraints in parallel. This article reviews open questions regarding connectionist models and concludes that social psychological contributions to such topics as cognition-motivation interactions may be important for the development of integrative connectionist model.

Cognition↗
PubMed2001

The decade 1989-1998 in Spanish psychology: an analysis of research in social psychology.

In this study, a detailed exploration is carried out of the production of research and theory in social psychology in the Spanish context. The main research areas are: Work and organizational psychology, social health psychology, community and social services psychology, environmental research, judicial and political psychology, psychosocial theory and meta-theory, social psychology of language, research on emotion, group processes and social identity. The growing importance of social psychology within the framework of Spanish psychology is emphasized, and the relation with specific social problems from the national context, and the paradoxically scarce originality of the theoretical perspectives and the leading research, strongly influenced by Anglo Saxon social psychology, is commented upon.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1997

Relationship-specific social psychological adaptations.

Mainstream social psychology has sought parsimonious explanations of broad general applicability, and has in practice focused on stranger interactions. An evolutionary perspective; however, justifies predicting a rich diversity of relationship-specific social psychological adaptations. The demands of motherhood, fatherhood, mateship, sibship and other relationships are qualitatively distinct, and so, it appears, are the psychophysiological mechanisms that have evolved to deal with them. One window on what distinguishes social relationships is provided by the substance and epidemiology of interpersonal conflicts. Homicides exhibit victim-killer relationship-specific patterns in context, motive and demography, which we discovered only because we adopted an evolutionary psychological perspective. We offer a number of specific hypotheses about possible human psychological adaptations that have yet to be assessed, but are readily derived from consideration of the particular qualities of specific relationship types.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

[Why are stereotypes about mentally ill so resistant? Lessons from social psychology].

Prejudices and social stigma in mental illness have a long tradition and have hardly been modified by educational programmes on the long term. The question, why these negative social attitudes appear to be considerably resistant to change is analysed with reference to social psychological research on stereotypes. First, a short review of studies on public attitudes towards the mentally ill and media analyses will give evidence to the widespread stereotypical misconceptions and their reproduction by selected media information. Then the dynamics of social stereotyping will be explained in relation to cultural, cognitive and emotional factors focussing on the development and activation of stereotypes within the paradigm of information processing. It is supposed that stereotype activation facilitates the processing of consistent information as well as it inhibits the processing of inconsistent information. Implications for changing negative attitudes about the mentally ill are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

What neuroimaging and brain localization can do, cannot do and should not do for social psychology.

Interest in bridging social psychology and neuroscience has seen a significant upsurge. Much of this interest has centered on brain localization--the attempt to relate psychological events to locations of brain events. Although many articles have sought to localize brain activity that supports social behavior, scant attention has been paid to the specific methods to be used in integrating brain localization data into psychological theory. The authors describe 4 strategies psychologists can use to integrate brain localization data and psychological theory, and they consider whether social psychology presents special considerations in the use of these strategies. They conclude that brain localization offers a useful tool for some but not all problems in social psychology, and they discuss the types of problems for which it may and may not prove useful.

Brain↗
PubMed2000

Whig and anti-whig histories- and other curiosities of social psychology.

In successive editions of the Handbook of Social Psychology (Lindzey, 1954), the focus of the history of the field shifted from the substantive ideas of nineteenth-century thinkers to the successful emergence of a psychological experimental social psychology in the twentieth. Countering this whiggish account, the dominant themes in the present issue involve attempts to portray two parallel paradigm shifts: from a "social" to an "asocial" social psychology, and from a broad-ranging theoretical-philosophical subject to a narrow experimental (psychological) science-changes initiated by Floyd Allport. But such a formulation may be called into question as another version of retrospective history-with inverted, anti-Whig valuations.

Historiography↗
PubMed2002

Enhancing the effectiveness of tobacco package warning labels: a social psychological perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To outline social psychological principles that could influence the psychosocial and behavioural effects of tobacco warning labels, and to inform the development of more effective tobacco warning labels. DATA SOURCES: PsycInfo and Medline literature searches and expert guided selection of principles and theories in social psychology and of tobacco warning labels, including articles, books, and reports. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco warning labels represent a potentially effective method of influencing attitudes and behaviours. This review describes social psychological principles that could be used to guide the creation of more effective warning labels. The potential value of incorporating warning labels into a broader public health education campaign is discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.

Consumer Product Safety↗