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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

A pilot study to evaluate Japanese standard radiographs of pneumoconioses (1982) according to the ILO 1980 International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses.

The Japanese Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses (JC) is characterized by its own standard films, including limit films which are defined to represent the upper limit of category 0 or the lower limit of category 1. This pilot study was aimed at evaluating the JC standard radiographs according to the ILO 1980 International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses (IC) in which some of the JC standards were read according to the IC by two groups of experienced British workers, four non-medically qualified (NM panel) and six medically qualified (MQ panel). The Japanese standard limit films, with rounded opacities of category 0/1 or 1/0, were classified by both groups as having lower categories in the IC than in the JC. With the standard mid-category films showing rounded or irregular opacities, the NM panel tended to produce higher categories than the MQ panel. From reading results by both panels, however, it may be said that the JC mid-category standards agree with the IC in terms of category.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Pneumoconioses: the situation in developing countries.

In developing countries, the incidence and prevalence of pneumoconioses are high and appear to be increasing. The rapid expansion of mining, mineral extraction, construction, and other industries places many new workers at risk each year. The hygienically poor working conditions often expose workers to high concentrations of respirable dust, so that pneumoconioses can develop with rapid progression after a short latency period. The health risk is increased by the high prevalence of tuberculosis in most of those countries. Accurate statistical data on occupational diseases in developing countries are rare. Although some prevalence data are available from cross-sectional studies, incidence figures and risk estimates are usually lacking because of the absence of reliable information about the size of the population at risk and exposure measurements. Some figures on pneumoconioses from countries in Africa, Asia, and South America are presented. To prevent pneumoconioses, hygienic conditions at the workplaces should be controlled and improved and appropriate dust standards developed. Medical surveillance of exposed workers should be organized. Finally, research in the field of pneumoconioses in developing countries should be promoted.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Imaging the pneumoconioses: a multidisciplinary approach.

The initial early reaction of pulmonary tissue to inorganic dust inhalation is a fibrosing macrophagic alveolitis. This initial pulmonary lesion can be detected by an enhanced gallium 67 pulmonary uptake and analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage. These two techniques can document not only the increased proliferation of macrophages, but also the activation of macrophages to produce excessive amounts of fibronectin and other factors of fibroblastic growth implicated in the pathogenesis of the pneumoconioses. Of equal clinical interest is the development of computed tomography, which has permitted better characterization of the early stages of fibrosis in the pneumoconioses. These refinements in disease recognition will contribute to the earlier detection of pneumoconioses before they become incapacitating. Newer therapeutic methods are also under investigation that could permit inactivation of either the dust itself or the pulmonary macrophage. The coupling of these new diagnostic and therapeutic developments will bring in a new era in occupational pulmonary medicine.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid↗
PubMed1989

Recent advances in the pathogenesis and clinical assessment of mineral dust pneumoconioses: asbestosis, silicosis and coal pneumoconiosis.

Recent investigations of the fundamental mechanisms of the mineral dust diseases have substantially increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of the pneumoconioses. In all the mineral dust pneumoconioses, the initial early lung lesion is a fibrosing macrophagic alveolitis. The additional contribution of other lung cell populations is currently under investigation and may identify specific processes for each of the pneumoconioses. Clinical investigations have also progressed with new tools such as Gallium-67 lung scanning, bronchoalveolar lavage analyses, and CT scanning of the thorax; their established values are reviewed in this paper, and areas where progress is needed are considered. The clinical progress in the mineral dust diseases is clearly linked to the basic understanding of the mechanisms of these diseases.

Asbestosis↗
PubMed1994

Pneumoconioses in Bulgaria--prevalence, development, prognosis and prevention.

Prevalence of the basis types of pneumoconioses (silicosis, silicotuberculosis, asbestosis) in Bulgaria was studied during a 7-year period (1985-1991). Information was taken from reports of the Department for silicosis and other pneumoconioses control in the country. As a basis of the investigation serves the total number of workers endangered by dust exposure in different risk branches. The more rarely encountered pneumoconioses are referred to in absolute numbers. Trends in the development and prognosis of the most frequently encountered pneumoconiosis in Bulgaria could be followed. Recommendations are given for future preventive activity.

Asbestosis↗
PubMed1994

Pneumoconioses in Poland.

This article deals with the analysis of the epidemiological situation in Poland in the purview of the incidence of pneumoconioses in the past 32 years. During that period pneumoconioses (mainly in coal workers and arc welders) made 17% of all occupational diseases and proved to be the most common pathology among occupational diseases of the respiratory system. The average age of the majority of persons who developed pneumoconioses was over 40 years and duration of exposure--20 years. Almost a half of them was granted disability pensions and average health impairment was assessed at 41%.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Potential years of life lost and work tenure lost when silicosis is compared with other pneumoconioses.

Potential years of life lost (PYLL) and potential years of work lost (PYWL) because of pneumoconiosis were studied using the data from the Nationwide Epidemiological Study on Pneumoconioses in China. The cases were patients diagnosed with pneumoconiosis between 1949 and 1986. The subjects studied for PYLL included 74 741 cases ranging in age from 15 to 75 years, while for PYWL there were 74 224 cases with 1 to 35 years of remaining employment experience. Overall there were 1 489 692 potential years of life lost, and there was an average of 19.9 years for all pneumoconioses. Silicosis had the greatest mean PYLL with an average of 22.1 years. Coal workers' pneumoconiosis was the second leading cause of PYLL with an average of 17.0 years. The mean PYWL for all pneumoconioses was 19.7 years, and the mean PYWL from silicosis was 21.5 years. The conclusion was reached that silicosis is the most serious pneumoconiosis in China with regard to years of life lost, and chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic pulmonary disease and tuberculosis are the main causes of death for patients with pneumoconiosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The past and present of pneumoconioses.

Pneumoconioses are still a common cause of chronic lung disease. In industrialized countries, improvements in working conditions and dust control measures have led to a decrease in the incidence of severe forms of silicosis, coal worker pneumoconiosis, and parenchymal asbestosis. However, the diversity of settings in which silica and asbestos are used fuels a continued input of cases, and the burden of cases related to remote exposures is still considerable. Overall, the clinical picture of the classic pneumoconioses and their complications has not changed substantially. However, their limits and links have expanded toward systemic and connective tissue disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-positive vasculitides. Immunologically mediated occupational lung diseases have emerged, such as berylliosis and hard-metal disease. Advances in imaging, mineralogic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and immunologic techniques have been instrumental in describing new patterns of disease and are helpful in litigious or difficult cases.

Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic↗
PubMed1992

On the alteration of pulmonary arteries in different experimental pneumoconioses.

CFY rats were treated intratracheally on one occasion with 60 mg of DQ12 quartz, illite (aluminosilicate) and enargite (dead rocks of a metal mine) suspended in 1 ml physiological saline. After a year, the structure of the pulmonary arterial system of pneumoconiotic rats was investigated by means of injection-corrosion cast and gelatin-India ink samples in thick preparations. In the identically treated animals, blood-gas analysis was made of samples of femoral arteries before and after intravenous treatment with noradrenaline and acetylcholine (40-40 micrograms/b.w.) under sodium pentobarbital narcosis. It has been stated that in focal alterations characteristic of different types of pneumoconioses, arborisation of the pulmonary arteries is and a newly developed and/or transformed vascular structure can be observed around the foci. In pneumonoconiotic lungs, arteriovenous shunts are more frequent. The authors assumed some connection between the vascularization of foci and the progression of the fibrotic process: richer vascularization around and inside the foci was accompanied by significant fibrosis. The blood-gas values suggested compensated respiratory acidosis. In the examined pneumoconioses, the effect of vasoactive substances - in terms of blood-gas values - had not changed significantly.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1995

[The classification of pneumoconioses].

The article deals with analysis of scientific data concerning etiology, pathogenesis, clinical and roentgenologic manifestations, morphologic appearances and other aspects to precise and refine the former idea of pneumoconioses. The authors present the main principles for improved classification of pneumoconioses.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

[The pathomorphological aspects for the classification of pneumoconioses].

The present national classification of pneumoconioses was adopted 15 years ago. During this time span clinical morphology, a new branch of medical science, was formed and developed. So, the new approaches inspired classic pathologic anatomy and experimental pulmonology to assemble more precise and somehow refined knowledge of pneumoconioses, including the classification. Pneumoconiosis as diffuse pneumonitis can develop 2 main types: interstitial and granulomatous. Both types are characterized by progressive stages of morphogenesis, which are different in various loci of lungs. Those stages are: alveolar lipoproteinosis, serous and desquamative alveolitis, coniotic lymphangitis, coniotic pneumosclerosis. First three of them compose alteration and dystrophic period of the disease, the last one demonstrates pulmonary fibrosis. During the coniotic lymphangitis granulomas could be formed of either macrophages, or epithelioid cells.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1988

Between- and within-reader variability in the assessment of pleural abnormality using the ILO 1980 international classification of pneumoconioses.

Although there are published data concerning reader variability in the assessment of parenchymal pneumoconiotic changes using the ILO Classification of Radiographs, nothing has been published on reader variability with regard to pleural abnormalities. Therefore, in the context of an epidemiologic study, we assessed between- and within-reader variability in the reading of chest radiographs for pleural abnormality using the ILO 1980 International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses. Chest radiographs of 182 insulation workers interspersed with 24 subjects without documented exposure to asbestos were assembled and read blindly by two readers, reading separately on two occasions, 1 week apart. The results of this study suggest that confident separation of pleural plaques and diffuse pleural thickening may be difficult to achieve using the present guidelines of the ILO 1980 classification. In the evaluation of the width of chest wall pleural abnormality, within-reader agreement improves as the width increases, while between-reader agreement was much less satisfactory. Excellent agreement is obtained in the evaluation of other sites, especially costophrenic angle obliteration and the presence of pleural calcification.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of radiographic interpretation of silica exposed workers using the 1963 and the 1986 Chinese roentgenodiagnostic criteria of pneumoconioses.

As part of a larger study relating to silica exposure, silicosis, and lung cancer mortality in Chinese mine and factory workers, 1936 old posterior-anterior chest X-rays were re-interpreted according to the 1986 Chinese Roentgenodiagnostic Criteria of pneumoconioses. Each film was independently read by three individuals from a panel of eleven radiologists, and this reading was compared to the original one. Subsequent to the independent readings, a groups of three readers interpreted the films together, called the consensus readings. Comparisons were made by Chinese stage of pneumoconiosis. For the entire cohort, there was a crude agreement of 57.4% between the old and the new interpretations. Agreement within one step of full agreement was 92.5%. The interpretations done by median reading and by consensus were very similar. In general, there was a tendency for the old readings to be slightly higher compared to the new interpretations. This tendency was most marked in the tin mines, followed in decreasing order by the iron/copper mines, the potteries, and the tungsten mines. The agreement between the old and new interpretations is felt to be satisfactory.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

The inorganic dust pneumoconioses.

Collectively, the pneumoconioses represent a spectrum of pulmonary diseases initiated by inorganic dust exposure. Although multiple humoral and cellular immune alterations have been demonstrated in these interstitial and commonly fibrotic lung diseases, the exact role of immune changes in disease pathogenesis presently is undefined. Insight into disease mechanisms may have to await the careful characterization of suitable animal models, along with analysis of local, human bronchopulmonary immune responses through the vehicle of bronchoalveolar lavage.

Asbestosis↗