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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Plant proteins in milk replacers for rearing buffalo calves. I. Effect of replacing half of the milk proteins by plant proteins on the preweaning performance of buffalo calves.

In an experiment, 12 female and 8 male buffalo calves aged 3 to 4 weeks with an average of 65.2 kg live body weight were divided into 4 equal groups. Group 1 received dried skim milk plus non-milk fat. In groups 2, 3, and 4, 50% of the milk protein were replaced by American soybean flour, Egyptian soya meal, or corn glutine. Scouring occurred in all groups during the first three weeks. Death losses occurred in group 2 (2 calves) and 4 (1 calf). During the first three experimental weeks the calves consumed on average 828, 868, 847, 696 g dry matter (DM) as liquids. The average daily gain (ADG) was 229, 215, 252, 48 g/d, respectively. The energy consumption reached 4.1, 4.6, 3.8, 16.6 TDN/kg ADG. During the second period, the calves consumed 1.57, 1.45, 1.55, 1.65 kg DM as liquid and solid feedstuff. Up to a live body weight of 90 kg they had a daily increase of 695, 611, 593, 600 g. The energy used amounted to 1.98, 2.08, 2.28, 2.40 TDN/kg ADG. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein was 95, 92, 91, 92% during the first period and 81, 77, 76, 73% during the second period.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1988

Plant protein in milk replacers for rearing buffalo calves. II. Effect of replacing 75% of the milk proteins by plant proteins on the preweaning performance of buffalo calves.

In an experiment, 9 female and 6 male buffalo calves at the age of 3 to 4 weeks were divided into 3 groups. The animals were given milk replacers in which 75% of the dried skim milk protein had been replaced by American soybean flour (ASP), Egyptian soya meal (ESP), or corn glutine (GP). Scouring occurred in all groups during the first 3 weeks of the experiment, continuing up to the fourth week in groups ESP and GP. In groups ESP and GP one calf each died. During the first 3 weeks of the experiment, the calves consumed on average 747, 631, 787 g dry matter (DM) as liquids. They achieved live weight gains of 314, 83, -286 g/d, with significant differences between the groups. The digestibility of the crude protein was 73, 74, 70%. During the second period--up to 70 or 62.5 kg live body weight--only groups ASP and ESP were investigated. The calves consumed 1.64 or 1.66 kg DM/d as liquid and dry feedstuff. The average daily weight gain was 3.87 or 3.50 TDN/kg ADG. During this period, the crude protein was digested by 76 or 73%.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Health benefits and risks of plant proteins.

Plant proteins have a reduced content of essential amino acids in comparison to animal proteins. A significant reduction of limiting amino acids (methionine, lysine, tryptophan) means lower protein synthesis. In subjects with predominant or exclusive consumption of plant food a higher incidence of hypoproteinemia due to significant reduction of methionine and lysine intakes was observed. On the other hand, lower intake of these amino acids provides a preventive effect against cardiovascular disease via cholesterol regulation by an inhibited hepatic phospholipid metabolism. Vegetarians have a significantly higher intake of non-essential amino acids arginine and pyruvigenic amino acids glycine, alanine, serine. When plant protein is high in non-essential amino acids, down-regulation of insulin and up-regulation of glucagon is a logical consequence. The action of glucagon in the liver is mediated by stimulation of adenyl cyclase that raises cyclic-AMP (adenosine-3,5-monophosphate) concentrations. Cyclic-AMP down-regulates the synthesis of a number of enzymes required for de novo lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis, up-regulates key gluconeogenic enzymes and the LDL receptors and decreases the IGF-1 activity (insulin-like growth factor). Cyclic-AMP thus provides a reduction of atherosclerosis risk factors as well as a retardation of cancer development. A sufficient consumption of plant proteins has the protective effects against chronic degenerative diseases (Tab. 2, Ref. 26).

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of the effect of diets containing beef protein and plant proteins on blood lipids of healthy young men.

The effect of plant and animal protein on blood lipid levels was investigated in eight healthy normolipidemic men aged 18 to 27 yr. All subjects were fed both plant and animal protein diets in a cross-over design. Each diet was consumed for a 21-day period. Proteins from commonly used plant sources made up the plant protein diet. Beef protein was substituted for 55% of the plant proteins in the animal protein diet. Fasting venous blood samples were collected at the beginning of the study and at 7-day intervals throughout the 42-day study. Serum was analyzed for total cholesterol and triglycerides. Plasma low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were determined. There were not any statistically significant differences in mean serum total cholesterol or mean plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol when subjects consumed the diets. Mean plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly (p less than 0.05) elevated at the end of the 21-day period when the animal protein diet was consumed (48 +/- 3 mg/dl) compared to the period when the plant protein diet was fed (42 +/- 2 mg/dl). Mean serum triglyceride values were significantly (p less than 0.05) increased at day 7 of the plant protein diet period (136 +/- 19 mg/dl) compared to the same time period when the animal protein diet was consumed (84 +/- 12 mg/dl). The results of the study indicated that the ingestion of a diet in which 55% of the protein was supplied by beef protein was not associated with a hypercholesterolemic effect in healthy normolipidemic young men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Plant proteins that interact with VirB2, the Agrobacterium tumefaciens pilin protein, mediate plant transformation.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens uses a type IV secretion system (T4SS) to transfer T-DNA and virulence proteins to plants. The T4SS is composed of two major structural components: the T-pilus and a membrane-associated complex that is responsible for translocating substrates across both bacterial membranes. VirB2 protein is the major component of the T-pilus. We used the C-terminal-processed portion of VirB2 protein as a bait to screen an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library for proteins that interact with VirB2 in yeast. We identified three related plant proteins, VirB2-interacting protein (BTI) 1 (BTI1), BTI2, and BTI3 with unknown functions, and a membrane-associated GTPase, AtRAB8. The three BTI proteins also interacted with VirB2 in vitro. Preincubation of Agrobacterium with GST-BTI1 protein decreased the transformation efficiency of Arabidopsis suspension cells by Agrobacterium. Transgenic BTI and AtRAB8 antisense and RNA interference Arabidopsis plants are less susceptible to transformation by Agrobacterium than are wild-type plants. The level of BTI1 protein is transiently increased immediately after Agrobacterium infection. In addition, overexpression of BTI1 protein in transgenic Arabidopsis results in plants that are hypersusceptible to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Confocal microscopic data indicate that GFP-BTI proteins preferentially localize to the periphery of root cells in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, suggesting that BTI proteins may contact the Agrobacterium T-pilus. We propose that the three BTI proteins and AtRAB8 are involved in the initial interaction of Agrobacterium with plant cells.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2003

The ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway, the complex last chapter in the life of many plant proteins.

Plants use a repertoire of methods to control the level and activity of their constituent proteins. One method, whose prominence is only now being appreciated, is selective protein breakdown by the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway. Remarkably, recent analyses of the near-complete Arabidopsis thaliana genome identified >1300 genes, or approximately 5% of the proteome, involved in the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway, making it one of the most elaborate regulatory mechanisms in plants. Molecular genetic analyses have also connected individual components to almost all aspects of plant biology, including the cell-cycle, embryogenesis, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, hormone signaling, homeosis, disease resistance and senescence. Consequently, it appears that the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway rivals transcription complexes and protein kinase cascades as the main player in plant cell regulation.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1991

Conserved amino acid sequences among plant proteins sorted to protein bodies and plant vacuoles. Can they play a role in protein sorting?

Amino acid sequence comparisons were made between the soybean alpha subunit of beta-conglycinin and 34 members of different plant protein families targeted to seed protein bodies or vacuoles. A number of short conserved amino acid sequences were identified in seed storage proteins, plant protease inhibitors and lectins, and the probable functions of these sequences are discussed. For proteins of known tertiary structure, these sequences map to the surface of the respective molecules. It is postulated that these regions produce a common secondary structure which could interact with other molecules involved in the sorting process. One of these regions, region A, is similar to the yeast carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) vacuolar targeting signal, and is present in both storage proteins and lectins. Computer modeling based upon the tertiary structure of concanavalin A (ConA) was used to generate models representing the structure of two highly related lectins from Dolichos biflorus, one of which is targeted to protein bodies and the other secreted. A different glycosylation pattern together with amino acid sequences upstream of the identified conserved amino acid sequences are predicted to modulate the presentation of the sorting domains in the lectins and be the determinant in the sorting of these lectins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Preparation of monospecific polyclonal antibodies against Sambucus nigra lectin related protein, a glycosylated plant protein.

A simple, but highly efficient, method was developed for the purification of monospecific antibodies against the plant glycoprotein Sambucus nigra lectin related protein. In a first step, the antiserum is purified by affinity chromatography on a column with the immobilized antigen. To deplete the affinity-purified antiserum from aspecific cross-reacting antibodies directed against the glycan part of the glycoprotein, a second affinity chromatography on an unrelated plant glycoprotein, in casu the Robinia pseudoacacia agglutinin, is included.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Diets with either beef or plant proteins reduce risk of calcium oxalate precipitation in patients with a history of calcium kidney stones.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of substituting equal amounts of dietary protein as animal protein (beef) for plant protein (legumes, seeds, nuts, and grains) on urinary components associated with calcium oxalate precipitability risk. DESIGN: Randomized crossover trial. SUBJECTS: Twenty-three normocalciuric patients with a history of calcium kidney stones (8 women and 15 men, mean age 50.7+/-14.6 years) with 24-hour urinary calcium < or =10.3 micromol, 24 hour urinary oxalate excretion between 228 and 963 micromol, and a urinary calcium increase of < or =1.0 micromol in 4 hours after a 25 micromol oral calcium load. SETTING: Four-day, free-living adaptation period, followed by 2-day metabolic unit study. INTERVENTION: The study compared consumption of 2 servings of beef (43 g protein for women and 50 g for men) daily with an equal amount of protein from plant foods including legumes, nuts, and grains. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Tiselius risk index (TRI) for calcium oxalate precipitability calculated from urinary calcium, oxalate, magnesium, citrate, and volume. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Paired t tests. RESULTS: Urinary calcium, oxalate, magnesium, citrate, phosphorus, volume, and TRI did not differ between diets. Urinary sodium and potassium were higher for patients on the plant protein diet. After correcting for variations in urinary sodium and potassium between diets, the difference in urinary calcium remained insignificant. TRI was lower on both beef- and plant-protein diets compared with self-selected prestudy diets for all participants. CONCLUSION/APPLICATIONS: Balanced diets containing moderate amounts of either beef or plant protein are equally effective in reducing calcium oxalate kidney stone risk based on changes in urinary composition.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The movement protein NSm of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV): RNA binding, interaction with the TSWV N protein, and identification of interacting plant proteins.

The nonstructural NSm protein of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) represents a putative viral movement protein involved in cell-to-cell movement of nonenveloped ribonucleocapsid structures. To study the molecular basis of NSm function, we expressed the protein in Escherichia coli and investigated protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions of NSm protein in vitro. NSm specifically interacts with TSWV N protein and binds single-stranded RNA in a sequence-nonspecific manner. Using NSm as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified two homologous NSm-binding proteins of the DnaJ family from Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2007

Large-scale plant protein subcellular location prediction.

Current plant genome sequencing projects have called for development of novel and powerful high throughput tools for timely annotating the subcellular location of uncharacterized plant proteins. In view of this, an ensemble classifier, Plant-PLoc, formed by fusing many basic individual classifiers, has been developed for large-scale subcellular location prediction for plant proteins. Each of the basic classifiers was engineered by the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) rule. Plant-PLoc discriminates plant proteins among the following 11 subcellular locations: (1) cell wall, (2) chloroplast, (3) cytoplasm, (4) endoplasmic reticulum, (5) extracell, (6) mitochondrion, (7) nucleus, (8) peroxisome, (9) plasma membrane, (10) plastid, and (11) vacuole. As a demonstration, predictions were performed on a stringent benchmark dataset in which none of the proteins included has > or =25% sequence identity to any other in a same subcellular location to avoid the homology bias. The overall success rate thus obtained was 32-51% higher than the rates obtained by the previous methods on the same benchmark dataset. The essence of Plant-PLoc in enhancing the prediction quality and its significance in biological applications are discussed. Plant-PLoc is accessible to public as a free web-server at: (http://202.120.37.186/bioinf/plant). Furthermore, for public convenience, results predicted by Plant-PLoc have been provided in a downloadable file at the same website for all plant protein entries in the Swiss-Prot database that do not have subcellular location annotations, or are annotated as being uncertain. The large-scale results will be updated twice a year to include new entries of plant proteins and reflect the continuous development of Plant-PLoc.

Plant Proteins↗
PubMed1994

Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition.

Plant protein foods contribute approximately 65% of the per capita supply of protein on a worldwide basis and approximately 32% in the North American region. These sources of protein are discussed in relation to their amino acid content, human amino acid requirements, and dietary protein quality. Mixtures of plant proteins can serve as a complete and well-balanced source of amino acids for meeting human physiological requirements. This short review ends with a list of series of myths and realities concerning the relationship between plant protein and human nutrition and a list of some nutritional issues of concern to the health professional and informed consumer.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2003

Dietary animal and plant protein and human bone health: a whole foods approach.

Urinary calcium excretion is strongly related to net renal acid excretion. The catabolism of dietary protein generates ammonium ion and sulfates from sulfur-containing amino acids. Bone citrate and carbonate are mobilized to neutralize these acids, so urinary calcium increases when dietary protein increases. Common plant proteins such as soy, corn, wheat and rice have similar total S per g of protein as eggs, milk and muscle from meat, poultry and fish. Therefore increasing intake of purified proteins from either animal or plant sources similarly increases urinary calcium. The effects of a protein on urinary calcium and bone metabolism are modified by other nutrients found in that protein food source. For example, the high amount of calcium in milk compensates for urinary calcium losses generated by milk protein. Similarly, the high potassium levels of plant protein foods, such as legumes and grains, will decrease urinary calcium. The hypocalciuric effect of the high phosphate associated with the amino acids of meat at least partially offsets the hypercalciuric effect of the protein. Other food and dietary constituents such as vitamin D, isoflavones in soy, caffeine and added salt also have effects on bone health. Many of these other components are considered in the potential renal acid load of a food or diet, which predicts its effect on urinary acid and thus calcium. "Excess" dietary protein from either animal or plant proteins may be detrimental to bone health, but its effect will be modified by other nutrients in the food and total diet.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Decoding Ca(2+) signals through plant protein kinases.

Plants harbor four families of kinases that have been implicated in Ca(2+) signaling (CDPKs, CRKs, CCaMKs, and SnRK3s). Although each family appears to respond to Ca(2+) via different mechanisms, they all utilize Ca(2+) sensors that bind Ca(2+) through multiple EF-hands. The CDPK (Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase) family is represented by the most genes, with 12 subfamilies comprised of 34 isoforms in Arabidopsis and 27 in rice. Some of the calcium-regulated kinases also show potential for regulation by lipid signals and kinase cascades. Thus, Ca(2+)-regulated kinases provide potential nodes of cross-talk for multiple signaling pathways that integrate Ca(2+) signals into all aspects of plant growth and development.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2001

Distinctive features of plant protein kinase CK2.

In plants, protein kinase CK2 is involved in different processes that control many aspects of metabolism and development. In mammals and yeast the enzyme is a heterotetramer composed of two types of subunits. During years the subunit composition of the maize protein kinase CK2 enzyme has been a source of controversy. We have recently characterized the maize holoenzyme subunits. Our results show that multiple catalytic and regulatory subunits are expressed in maize and are able to specifically interact with other alpha and beta subunits suggesting a high level of heterogeneity in the typical heterotetrameric structure. Here, we summarize data available on plant CK2 enzymes, in order to clarify the distinctive features and functions of plant protein kinase CK2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Copper absorption and retention in pregnant women fed diets based on animal and plant proteins.

Copper absorption was determined by using 65Cu, a stable isotope of copper, in pregnant and nonpregnant women who were confined to a metabolic unit for 21 or 42 days. Absorption and retention of copper were determined from two diets. One diet was comprised primarily of animal protein sources and the other of plant protein sources. The percentage of absorbed copper from the animal protein diet was higher than from the plant protein diet. Copper absorption from the animal protein diet averaged 41.2 and 42.2% in nonpregnant and pregnant women, respectively. Copper absorption from the plant protein diet averaged 33.8% in nonpregnant women and 40.7% in pregnant women. The plant protein diet contained more copper and therefore the absolute amount absorbed was greater from the plant protein diet. The results suggest that either the level of dietary copper or a component of the diet may have an effect on copper absorption. Copper absorption from both diets tended to be higher in pregnant than in nonpregnant women, but the difference was significant only with the plant protein diet. The levels of copper fed in this study, 1.44 and 2.53 mg per day from the animal and plant protein diets, respectively, were sufficient to result in positive balance in all subjects. The amount of copper retained by pregnant women appeared adequate to provide for the increased requirements of pregnancy.

Absorption↗