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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Assessment and management of acute poisoning by petroleum products.

Petroleum products are highly complex chemical mixtures consisting predominantly of hydrocarbons. Their composition varies with source and intended use of the product. Virtually all are blended products that come into contact with man in a wide range of circumstances. Their toxicity for man is generally low and the use of additives rarely affects the toxicity of the final product. Because products are blended to meet performance, and not chemical specifications, their composition varies significantly. Management of toxicity benefits from simplified guidelines that consider the product by its type. Management in most cases is symptomatic, but the doctor needs to be aware of the potential for development of sequelae such as aspiration pneumonia and central nervous system (CNS) depression. Local and systemic effects of exposure to hydrocarbons are reviewed, as are immediate assessment and recommended management of acute exposure to petroleum products. Because of the large scope of this subject, this paper limits itself to acute toxicity of petroleum products encountered inthe public domain. It does not address topics such as chronic toxicity, solvent abuse, petrochemicals, or pesticides.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

32P-postlabeling of DNA adducts arising from complex mixtures: HPLC versus TLC separation applied to adducts from petroleum products.

The carcinogenicity of petroleum products is mainly due to their content of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). These compounds may be activated metabolically and react with DNA to form DNA adducts, which is a critical event in the initiation of cancer. One of the most common techniques for analyzing DNA adducts is (32)P-postlabeling. The chromatographic method often used has been (32)P-TLC (thin-layer chromatography), but the more recently developed (32)P-HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) method has shown advantages. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the (32)P-HPLC method has a better ability of detecting DNA adducts derived from petroleum products than (32)P-TLC. It was found that some DNA adducts migrated from the application point in (32)P-TLC in such a way that it is doubtful if they could be detected and quantified properly. It was also found that, when using (32)P-HPLC, it is possible to use the same protocol for substances with a wide variety of DNA adduct forming potential, whereas (32)P-TLC needs to be optimized regarding time of exposure and/or the amount of DNA applied. Further, a pattern of recognition in (32)P-HPLC enables a selective assessment of DNA adducts derived from complex mixtures whereas (32)P-TLC is very limited when analyzing complex mixtures due to poor resolution. With more knowledge about the properties of the most mutagenic DNA adducts in HPLC, it could be possible to know also which pattern corresponds to a mutagenic or carcinogenic oil. Consequently, (32)P-HPLC is a good alternative when assessing the genotoxicity of petroleum products.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2005

GC-IR based two-dimensional structural group analysis of petroleum products.

To characterize petroleum products, a method based on the combination of IR-spectrometric structural group analysis, GC-simulated boiling analysis and multivariate regression techniques (PLS, PCR) has been developed. The best performance was achieved by a PLS regression model with six aliphatic and aromatic structural groups. Thereby, structural group distribution related to the boiling temperature could be obtained in order to quantify product-specific distribution parameters and to control material-conversion processes caused by biodegradation.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of shale kerogen oxidation products on biodegradation of petroleum and petroleum products in soil and water].

Effect of oxidation products of shale kerogen (high-molecular-weight acids with 6-22 carbon atoms) on biodegradation of oil and oil products in soil and water was studied. High-molecular-weight acids (HMWA) not only affected the layer of oil and/or oil products and dispersed it into small particles, but also stimulated growth of Rhodococcus erythropolis VKM AS-1339D, degraders of oil and oil products. Addition of 0.001-0.003% HMWA to a medium to be purified from oil products increased the extent of bacterial biodegradation by a factor of 1.1-5.0.

Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alternative designs for petroleum product storage tanks for groundwater protection.

In developing countries, there are numerous occurrences of petroleum product spillage in groundwater. The current practice of burying storage tanks beneath the surface without adequate safety devices facilitates this phenomenon. Underground tanks rust and leak, and spilled petroleum products migrate downward. The movement of the oil in the soil depends on its viscosity and quantity, the permeability of the soil/rock, and the presence of fractures within the rock. The oil spreads laterally in the form of a thin pancake due to its lower specific gravity, and soluble components dissolve in water. The pollution plume of petroleum products and dissolved phases moves in the direction of groundwater flow in the aquifer within the pores of soil and sediments or along fractures in basement complex areas. Most communities reply heavily on groundwater for potable and industrial supplies. However, the sustainability of this resource is under threat in areas where there are filling stations as a result of significant groundwater contamination from petroleum product spillage. Drinking water becomes unpalatable when it contains petroleum products in low concentrations, and small quantities may contaminate large volumes of water. Considering the losses incurred from spillage, the cost of cleaning the aquifer, and the fact that total cleansing and attenuation is impossible, the need to prevent spillage and if it happens to prevent it from getting into the groundwater system is of paramount importance. This paper proposes alternative design procedures with a view to achieving these objectives.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Abiotic behavior of entrapped petroleum products in the subsurface during leaching.

Petroleum products are generally volatile hydrocarbon mixtures. These mixtures may contaminate land surfaces, the unsaturated zone and ground waters at numerous sites and thus represent a long-term source of environmental subsurface pollution. Based on laboratory and field evidence obtained by our research groups and others we emphasize in the present review paper the effect of leaching on the abiotic processes controlling the fate of volatile petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures (VPHMs) in the soil environment. The modification of petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures due to changes in the soil water content is considered the result of a "leaching phenomenon". The experimental evidence of VPHM behavior in the porous media is linked to four major processes: retention, redistribution and attenuation in the subsurface, and dissolution in the soil water. Once VPHMs reach the soil surface, their residual concentration and composition is influenced by the amount and quality of the leaching water. The transport and natural attenuation of the VPHMs in the unsaturated zone is affected by the amount and rate of leaching. Since VPHM are a mixture of volatile and non-volatile hydrocarbons whose components differ by several orders of magnitude in their vapor pressure and water solubility, their fates in the soil environment under leaching will be diverse too. This will influence the temporal concentrations of the VPHM components and their distributions with depth, as vapors, solutes, or water-immiscible solutions. Wetting the soil before or after the VPHMs reach it, differentially affects the abiotic processes governing petroleum products behavior into the porous media.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biochemical and haematological assessment of workers exposed to some petroleum products in Enugu Urban, Enugu State, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to petroleum product(s) occurs during extraction, refining, transportation and utilisation. Surprisingly, this relatively common hazard has received little public recognition. We therefore studied the adverse effects of petroleum products among occupationally exposed liquefied petroleum gas and histochemical workers in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. METHODS: Eight industries/departments were surveyed. Sixty workers were tested for some biochemical and haematological parameters (phosphatases, transaminases, complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate), were analysed, using standard methods. Also, 30 age and sex-matched apparently healthy subjects served as the control group. RESULTS: When the test and control results were compared, there were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in: (1) haematocrit, reticulocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, platelet, lymphocyte, monocyte, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase among liquefied petroleum gas workers and (2) haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, platelets, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocytes, acid phosphatases and alkaline phosphatase among histochemical workers. Overall, there was statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in most of the parameters among the test subjects when compared with the control group. Blood films of the workers revealed mild to moderate hypochromia, anisocytosis and poikilocytosis while the controls were normocytic and normochromic. CONCLUSION: We conclude that exposure to petroleum products adversely affects biochemical and haematological parameters. Hence, improved working conditions are recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biochemical and haematological assessment of workers exposed to some petroleum products in Rnugu Urban, Rnugu State, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to petroleum product(s) occurs during extraction, refining, transportation and utilisation. Surprisingly, this relatively common hazard has received little public recognition. We therefore studied the adverse effects of petroleum products among occupationally exposed liquefied petroleum gas and histochemical workers in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. METHODS: Eight industries/departments were surveyed. Sixty workers were tested for some biochemical and haematological parameters (phosphatases, transaminases, complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate), were analysed, using standard methods. Also, 30 age and sex-matched apparently healthy subjects served as the control group. RESULTS: When the test and control results were compared, there were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in: (1) haematocrit, reticulocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, platelet, lymphocyte, monocyte, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase among liquefied petroleum gas workers and (2) haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, platelets, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocytes, acid phosphatases and alkaline phosphatase among histochemical workers. Overall, there was statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in most of the parameters among the test subjects when compared with the control group. Blood films of the workers revealed mild to moderate hypochromia, anisocytosis and poikilocytosis while the controls were normocytic and normochromic. CONCLUSION: We conclude that exposure to petroleum products adversely affects biochemical and haematological parameters. Hence, improved working conditions are recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in soils within the vicinity of facilities handling refined petroleum products in Lagos metropolis.

This article discusses the determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and heavy-metal contamination in soils within areas of refined petroleum products handling in Lagos metropolis. Soil samples were collected randomly from two petrol stations, two auto-mechanic workshops, and a National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) station. Control samples were taken from two low-density residential areas. TPH were estimated gravimetrically following standard methods of TPH analysis, while the heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Sites studied had higher levels of TPH and heavy metals compared to the control samples. For TPH, the petrol stations have mean values of 399.83+/-106.19 and 450.83 +/- 90.58 microg/g, respectively; mechanic workshops, 362.60 +/- 185.84 and 428.55 +/- 119.00 microg/g, respectively; while the NEPA station has 356.20 +/- 210.30 microg/g compared to the control mean of 26.63 +/- 4.58. It revealed that the improper handling of refined petroleum products are potential sources of soil contamination in the sampled sites. This is indicated by the statistically significant levels of TPH and heavy metals observed between the control samples and those collected from the petroleum products handling sites. Bioremediation using microorganisms and plants is recommended.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1998

Composition and toxicity of petroleum products and their additives.

1. All petroleum based products are highly complex chemical mixtures. Although almost exclusively composed of hydrocarbons, the composition varies with the crude oil source. 2. Their toxicity for man is generally low but there are exceptions. Although irritancy and sensitization to specific ingredients may be demonstrated in animals, animal experiments are not a reliable indicator of sensitization potential in man. 3. Both product complexity and commercial considerations can make acceptable and meaningful compositional disclosures difficult. A nomenclature system exists which solves these problems. 4. Frame formulations would have some value to poisons centres dealing with petroleum product enquiries. 5. As legislation for the European Union is developed, the balance must be reached between disclosure of the (often confidential) precise chemical composition of products and a practical and useful composition for the guidance of users and medical personnel. This is a key issue with some petroleum products, mainly due to the additives used in them. 6. For several reasons, such as climatic conditions or logistics of supply, the various components, including additives, used in a branded product may vary because the final product composition is determined not by chemistry but by performance in service. 7. Lubricants may contain between 10 and 20% of additives; fuels contain additives only at parts per million levels. However, for both fuels and lubricants, toxicity from additives is rarely a matter of concern.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Rhodococcus sp. F92 immobilized on polyurethane foam shows ability to degrade various petroleum products.

This work reports on the immobilization and performance of a hydrocarbon-degrading microorganism on polyurethane foam (PUF) in the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons. The ability of four different microorganisms to immobilize on PUF and to degrade various petroleum products (Arabian light crude (ALC), Al-Shaheen crude (ASC), diesel and oil slops) was assessed by measuring the n-alkane fraction remaining in the petroleum products over time. A Rhodococcus sp. (designated as F92) had the highest number of immobilized viable cells (10(9) cells per cm3 PUF) and a maximum attachment efficiency of 90% on PUF of a density of 14 kg/m3. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of extracellular structures that could play an important role in the immobilization of F92 on PUF. Analysis by GC-MS revealed that both free and immobilized F92 cells were able to degrade approximately 90% of the total n-alkanes in the petroleum products tested within 1 week at 30 degrees C. Rhodococcus sp. F92 was efficiently immobilized onto PUF and the immobilized cells were able to degrade a variety of petroleum products such as ALC, ASC, diesel and oil slops. The results suggest the potential of using PUF-immobilized Rhodococcus sp. F92 to bioremediate petroleum hydrocarbons in an open marine environment.

Alkanes↗
PubMed2005

Skin analysis to determine causative agent in dermal exposure to petroleum products.

This study evaluates the usefulness of skin analysis to determine the causative agent in cases of dermal exposure. The study consists of an animal experiment and two human cases. The petroleum components detected at high concentrations in skin samples resembled the composition of those in the corresponding petroleum products. However, the petroleum components in blood were detected at low concentrations and were a different composition. Skin is considered to be an advantageous sample to estimate the petroleum product in clinical and forensic cases of dermal exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Determination of aromatics in light petroleum products by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography].

In recent years, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) have been used widely, and the applications of this technique to many fields have already been reported. In the standard method of oil analysis, the concentrations of aromatics and naphthalene hydrocarbons in light petroleum products must be detected by more than two methods. Mono-aromatics, di-aromatics etc. in light petroleum products were detected only by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. After the proper selection of column system and optimization of chromatographic conditions, the method can achieve the group separations of paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics with 1 to 2 rings and some target components in light petroleum products with good reproducibility and good precision. The recoveries of standard compounds were 89.5% - 106.1%, and the relative standard deviations of repeatedly detecting the components were all lower than 5.8%. It took only 30 min to finish a determination.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2004

Biodegradation of petroleum products by microorganisms adapted to high crude oil concentration in presence of easy assimilated carbon source.

The studies focused on the effect of the addition of low concentrations of glucose - a substrate that is readily subject to microbiological degradation, on the rate of biodegradation of petroleum products. Glucose in concentration 1% was introduced into mineral medium containing 3% crude oil, with or without bacterial inoculum. The rate of degradation of crude oil in the individual cultures was determined for 3 weeks. The degradation of petroleum products in liquid mineral medium reached 56% after 21 days of growth in the presence of 1% concentration of glucose. The introduction of bacteria that had been cultured earlier in the presence of petroleum products had an effect on hydrocarbon removal efficiency - in both the presence and absence of glucose, the percent reduction of crude oil was high, reaching 76 and 86, respectively, after 21 days.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1998

An attempt to use selected strains of bacteria adapted to high concentrations of petroleum oil to increase the effective removal of petroleum products in excess activated sludge in laboratory conditions.

Forty two strains of bacteria were isolated from excess activated sludge from petroleum wastewater treatment plant. The strains were identified and classified to the following groups: Enterobacteriaceae (7 strains), Anitratum (3 strains), Pseudomonas (13 strains), Micrococcus (12 strains), Comamonas (2 strains), Xanthomonas (2 strains), Achromobacter (1 strain) and Vibrio-Aeromonas (1 strain). One of the isolates was found to be a yeast strain. Following preliminary selection ten strains, showing the best growth in medium with oil fraction as sole carbon source, were chosen for further studies. The selected strains belong to Pseudomonas (6 strains), Xanthomonas (2 strains), Micrococcus (1 strain) and Saccharomyces (1 strain). The strains were adapted to high oil concentration (500-2000 mg/L) and an attempt to use them to intensify removal of petroleum products from excess activated sludge was made. The sludge was inoculated with a mixture of the isolated strains. The experiment was carried out three times, each time with a fresh sample of the excess sludge. The obtained results show that the inoculation of activated sludge with the strains active against oil reduced the petroleum products content by 20% in 14 days. The greatest reduction of oil was observed in sludge with the lowest dry weight, that is with the greatest degree of hydration. The dry weight of the excess sludge did not significantly decrease during the course of the experiment, after having been inoculated with the mixture of strains.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Application of the luciferase cell culture bioassay for the detection of refined petroleum products.

A luciferase cell culture-based bioassay, developed to detect 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-like activity of halo-genated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, was optimized to detect refined petroleum products and to determine their relative inducing potency. Quality control standards from 32 refined products (gasolines and diesels, jet fuels, lubricating oils, fuel oils and weathered products) and three commercial products were evaluated. Induction equivalents (I-EQs) were determined by direct comparison of the EC50 and EC20 values (based on the median and 20% TCDD maximal response, respectively) from dose-response curves for each product to those obtained with TCDD. Most petroleum products were active in the luciferase bioassay, with those products composed of fractions produced later in the distillation process (i.e. fuel oils) inducing higher levels. Additionally, weathering of products reduced their induction potency. Based on the high I-EQ estimates of many products, biological effects associated with exposure may have been previously underestimated using other diagnostic methods.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Thermal neutron reflection method for measurement of total hydrogen contents in Ghanaian petroleum products.

A fast and non-destructive technique based on thermal neutron reflection was used to determine total hydrogen contents in petroleum products available in Ghana. A source holder consisting of an 241Am-Be neutron source and 3He neutron probe designed for detection of liquid levels was used to measure reflection parameter as a function of hydrogen contents in liquid hydrocarbons which served as standards. The measured data were fitted to two linear equations for two different geometrical arrangements. The trend of data was found to be consistent with theoretical analysis based on neutron moderation. The calibration lines were used to determine hydrogen contents in 10 petroleum products. The results agree favourably with those obtained using different experimental set-ups with other neutron sources and probes. The technique was also used to determine the quality of diluted petrol with aviation fuel.

Journal Article↗